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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Hidroperóxidos de lipídios como fonte biológica de oxigênio singlete: estudos com marcação isotópica, espectrometria de massas e luminescência / Lipid hydroperoxides as a biological source of singlet oxygen: studies using isotopic labelling, mass spectrometry and luminescence

Miyamoto, Sayuri 08 April 2005 (has links)
Evidências apontam para o envolvimento da peroxidação lipídica em diversas patologias. Os hidroperóxidos de lipídios (LOOH) são os produtos primários da peroxidação lipídica e sua decomposição resulta em produtos de maior reatividade e toxicidade, como os radicais peroxila. Esses radicais desempenham papel importante na propagação da peroxidação lipídica e também podem gerar oxigênio molecular singlete (1O2) por meio da combinação de dois radicais peroxila. Neste trabalho investigamos a possibilidade dos LOOH, em particular dos hidroperóxidos de ácido linoléico (LAOOH), de servirem como fonte 1O2 na presença de oxidantes de relevância biológica como metais, peroxinitrito ou ácido hipocloroso. A formação de 1O2 foi claramente demonstrada na reação de LAOOH com esses oxidantes pelas detecções (i) da emissão bimolecular na região espectral do vermelho (λ>570 nm), (ii) da emissão monomolecular no infravermelho-próximo (λ=1270 nm), (iii) do espectro de emissão no infravermelho, e (iv) da intensificação e supressão da luminescência na presença de D2O e azida, respectivamente. Além disso, os mecanismos de reação foram estudados utilizando LAOOH marcados com oxigênio-18 (LA18O18OH) e captadores químicos específicos para 1O2 aliada à tecnica de detecção por HPLC acoplada à espectrometria de massa. Os resultados mostraram a formação de 1O2 marcado [18(1O2) ] na reação de LA18O18OH com os três oxidantes, revelando que os átomos de oxigênio do 1O2 são derivados do hidroperóxido. Em conjunto, as evidências obtidas levam à conclusão de que os LOOH podem servir como fontes potenciais de 1O2 em sistemas biológicos em situações onde haja a coexistência de LOOH e metais, peroxinitrito ou ácido hipocloroso. / Evidences point to the involvement of lipid peroxidation in several diseases. Lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) are the primary products of lipid peroxidation and their decomposition generates more reactive and toxic compounds, such as peroxyl radicals. These radicals play an important role in the propagation of lipid peroxidation and may also generate singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) by the combination of two peroxyl radicals. In this study we have investigated the possibility of LOOH, in particular linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LAOOH), to be a source of 1O2 in the presence of biologically relevant oxidants such as, metal ions, peroxynitrite or hypochlorous acid. The formation of 1O2 was clearly demonstrated in the reaction of LAOOH with all the three tested oxidants by detecting: (i) the dimol light emission in the red spectral region (λ>570 nm), (ii) the monomol light emission in the near-infrared region (λ=1270 nm), (iii) the infrared light emission spectrum, and (iv) the enhancing effect of deuterium oxide and the quenching effect of azide on light emission. Furthermore, the mechanism was studied using LAOOH labeled with 18-oxygen isotope (LA18O18OH) and specific 1O2 chemical traps in combination with HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry detection. The results have showed the formation of 18-oxygen labeled 1O2 [18(1O2) ] in the reaction of LA18O18OH with the three oxidants, indicating that oxygen atoms in 1O2 are derived from the hydroperoxide. Altogether, the obtained evidences lead to the conclusion that LOOH may serve as a potential source of 1O2 in biological systems, in situations where LOOH can interact with metals, peroxynitrite or hypochlorous acid.
82

Propriedades fotoquímicas dos fotossensibilizadores cristais violeta e azul de metileno em sistemas microheterogêneos e em células cancerosas em cultura / Photochemical properties of the photosensitizers crystal violet and methylene blue in microheterogeneous systems and cancerous cells in culture

Oliveira, Carla Santos de 20 December 2006 (has links)
As propriedades fotofísicas e fotoquímicas de cristal violeta (CV) foram investigadas em soluções isotrópicas e verificou-se que solventes com constante dielétrica pequena favorecem a formação do par iônico, já o aumento na viscosidade do meio restringe a movimentação rotacional dos anéis aromáticos, resultando em um aumento no tempo de vida de fluorescência e, portanto no rendimento quântico de fluorescência (Φf) (Oliveira 2002). Os experimentos com CV foram conduzidos em micelas reversas do tensoativo aniônico bis-2-etilhexil sulfoccinato de sódio (AOT) em isooctano. A localização interfacial do CV nas micelas reversas de AOT em valores da razão molar entre água e surfactante (W0)pequenos e grandes foram encontrados através da técnica de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) de próton e de carbono 13. Utilizando-se espectroscopia UV-Vis identificou-se que pares iônicos de contato estão presentes a valores pequenos de W0 e com o aumento do W0 pares iônicos separados por solventes são as espécies que predominam em solução. A comparação da eficiência de fotodegradação de CV em micelas reversas de AOT em função do W0 indicou que a fotoreatividade é maior em baixos valores de W0 . Este efeito deve estar relacionado à restrição da movimentação dos anéis aromáticos de CV devido ao ambiente restrito no qual este se localiza na micela reversa de OAT a W0 pequenos. A formação de intermediários reativos foi verificada através de Fotólise de Relâmpago a Laser e Emissão no infra-vermelho próximo, indicando a presença de espécies triplete, radical e oxigênio singlete com valor de rendimento quântico menor que 1%. Os produtos de fotólise foram identificados por técnicas cromatográficas e espectroscópicas. Na presença de oxigênio, houve maior formação de cetona de Michler. Com baixa concentração de oxigênio, o produto observável foi leuco-CV. Destes estudos propomos o mecanismo de CV neste meio. Após os estudos com micelas reversas, células cancerosas HeLa foram empregadas para comparar fotoatividade do CV com o azul de metileno (MB). As proporções de CV e MB dentro das células são altas, incorporando 70% e 80% da concentração da solução de incubação, respectivamente. Com o aumento da concentração de MB, um favorecimento da formação de dímero foi identificada. Já CV não sofre agregação nas condições estudadas. Nenhum dos fotossensibilizadores estudados tem um efeito danoso sobre as células HeLa em concentrações abaixo de 10µM. Após irradiação, MB causou uma diminuição de cerca de duas vezes maior na taxa de sobrevivência celular comparado com CV. A formação de formação de oxigênio singlete após incorporação dos fotossensibilizadores foi investigada. Há formação de oxigênio singlete em células incubadas com MB, já com CV a geração de oxigênio singlete é pouco significativa sugerindo um mecanismo radicalar. O processo de morte celular foi estudado por citometria de fluxo e verificou-se que MB induz apoptose depois da irradiação em células HeLa. A absorção de luz por ambos fotossensibilizadores é similar, o que indica que a diminuição na sobrevivência não se deve à diferença de absorção luminosa. As diferenças de sobrevivência observadas com células incubadas com CV e MB e irradiadas foram relacionadas às diferenças das propriedades fotoquímicas destes fotossensibilizadores. A localização celular de CV e MB em células foram caracterizadas por microscopia de fluorescência. Verificou-se que ambos localizam-se em mitocôndrias. O aumento na concentração de CV não alterou o seu perfil de localização. Já para MB ao aumentar a concentração de MB, observa-se que o mesmo localiza-se além das mitocôndrias, em lisossomos. A comparação das propriedades fotoquímicas e de localização foram consideradas para explicar as diferenças de atividade fotodinâmica do CV e do MB em células HeLa / The photophysical and photochemical properties of crystal violet (CV) were investigated in isotropic solutions and it was found that solvents with small dielectric constants favor the formation of the ion pair and that the increase in viscosity of the medium restricts the rotational movement of the aromatic rings, resulting in an increase in fluorescent lifetime and therefore in the fluorescence quantum yield (Φf) (Oliveira 2002). CV experiments were conducted in reverse micelles of the anionic tensoactive sodium bis-2-ethylhexyl-sulfosuccinate (AOT) in isooctane. The interfacial localization of CV in the AOT reverse micelles at low and high values of molar ratio between water and surfactant (W0 was found through the proton and carbon 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance techniques (NMR). Using UV-Vis spectroscopy, it was identified that contact ion pairs are present in low W0 values and with the increase in the W0 solvent separated ion pairs are the species that predominate in solution. The comparison of the photobleaching efficiency of CV in AOT reverse micelles as a function of W0indicated that the photoreactivity is high with low W0 values. This effect must be related to the restrict environment in which CV is located. The reactive intermediate formation was found through the Laser Flash Photolysis and Near Infra-Red Emission, indicating the presence of triplet, radical and singlet oxygen species with a yield quantum of less than 1%. The photolysis products were identified through the chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. In the oxygen presence, there was high Michler ketone formation. With the low oxygen concentration, the observable product was leuco-CV. With these studies we hypothesized a mechanism of CV in these proposed media. After the reverse micelles studies, the HeLa cancerous cells were used, in order to compare the CV and methylene blue (MB) photoactivity. The CV and MB proportion inside the cell was high, reaching 70% and 80% of concentration of the incubation solution, respectively. With the increase of MB concentration, a favoring of dimmer formation was identified. CV does not suffer aggregation in the studied conditions. None of the studied photosensitizers has a damaging effect upon the HeLa cells in concentrations below 10µM. After irradiation, MB caused a decrease about twice higher in the cellular survival rate compared to CV. The singlet oxygen formation after the photosensitizer incorporation was investigated. There is a singlet oxygen formation in the cells incubated with MB, though with the CV the singlet oxygen generation is significantly low suggesting the radicalar mechanism. The cellular death process was studied by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting and MB-induced apoptosis was found after MB irradiation in HeLa cells. The light absorption by both photosensitizers is similar, which means that the survival decrease is not because of the light absorption difference. The survival differences observed with the cells incubated with CV and MB and irradiated were related to the differences in the photosensitizer photochemical properties. The cellular location of the CV and MB in cells were characterized by fluorescence microscopy. Both photosensitizers are located in mitochondrias. An increase in the CV concentration does not alter its local profile. However, with an increase in the MB concentration, MB was located not only in mitochondrias but also in lysosomes. The comparison of the photochemical and localization properties was considered in order to explain the differences in the photodynamic activity of CV and MB in HeLa cells
83

Synthèse et caractérisations de matériaux photosensibles à partir de lignines - Vers une utilisation en Traitement Photodynamique Antimicrobien appliqué à l'agronomie / Synthesis and caracterization of photosensitive materials from lignins – Towards Antimicrobial Photodynamic Treatments applied to agronomy

Marchand, Guillaume 22 November 2018 (has links)
La surexploitation des ressources de la planète est aujourd’hui une problématique de premier ordre, et fait du remplacement des sources non renouvelables, d'énergie et de matières premières, l’un des défis majeurs du XXIe siècle. Dans cet objectif, les lignines, par leur disponibilité et leur biocompatibilité, apparaissent comme l’une des alternatives aux ressources fossiles. C’est dans ce contexte que le Laboratoire PEIRENE a décidé de mener ce travail de thèse portant sur le développement de nouveaux matériaux photosensibles à base de lignines modifiées. Dans ce but, trois lignines d’origines différentes ont été acétylées. Leur étude par spectroscopie RPE a révélé que le blocage de leurs fonctions antioxydantes augmente considérablement la quantité d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène qu’elles sont capables de générer sous irradiation lumineuse, permettant ainsi d’envisager l’utilisation de ce biopolymère modifié dans de nombreux domaines tels que le traitement photodynamique antimicrobien. Afin de les rendre hydrodispersibles et d’élargir ainsi leur champ d’applications, ces matériaux aux propriétés prometteuses ont été mis sous forme de nanoparticules puis, leur comportement photosensible a été lui aussi évalué par spectroscopie RPE. Il a ainsi été démontré qu’une fois dispersées dans l’eau sous la forme de nanoparticules, les lignines acétylées étaient toujours capables de produire de l’oxygène singulet sous irradiation lumineuse. Cette activité, qui n’a pas encore été reportée dans la littérature à notre connaissance, reste cependant assez restreinte et nécessite donc d’être améliorée. Afin d’élargir le domaine du spectre solaire permettant leur activation, un photosensibilisateur a par ailleurs été associé à ces nano-objets par encapsulation et par greffage covalent. L’ensemble des résultats découlant de ces travaux permettent d’envisager le développement de systèmes à base de nanoparticules de lignines acétylées dans de nombreux domaines, notamment pharmaceutique et phytosanitaire. / The overexploitation of the planet's resources is nowadays a major problem and makes the replacement of non-renewable sources of energy and raw materials, one of the major challenges of the XXIe century. For this purpose, lignins, by their availability and their biocompatibility, appear as one of the alternatives to fossil resourcesIn this context, the PEIRENE Laboratory decided to carry out this PhD work on the development of new photosensitive materials based on modified lignins. For this purpose, three lignins from different origin were acetylated. Their study by EPR spectroscopy revealed that blocking their antioxidant functions considerably increases the quantity of reactive oxygen species they are able to generate under light irradiation. Thus it is possible to envisage the use of this modified biopolymer in many areas such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. In order to make them water-dispersible and thus to widen their field of applications, these materials with promising properties were put in the form of nanoparticles. Their photosensitive behavior has been also valuated by EPR spectroscopy. It has been demonstrated that once dispersed in water in the form of nanoparticles, the acetylated lignins were still capable of producing singlet oxygen under light irradiation. This activity, which has not yet been reported in the literature to our knowledge, however, remains quite limited and therefore needs to be improved. In order to widen the range of the solar spectrum allowing their activation, a photosensitizer has also been associated with these nano-objects by encapsulation and covalent grafting. The results of these studies make possible to envisage the development of systems based on acetylated lignins nanoparticles in in many field, in particular pharmaceutical and phytosanitary.
84

REGULATION OF HCN CHANNEL FUNCTION BY DIRECT cAMP BINDING AND SINGLET OXYGEN

Idikuda, Vinaykumar 01 January 2018 (has links)
Hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic-nucleotide gated ion channels (HCN channels) are activated by membrane hyperpolarization and modulated by cyclic nucleotides. HCN channels are important to maintain the resting membrane potential and input resistance in neurons and have important physiological functions in the brain and heart. Four mammalian HCN isoforms, HCN1-4, and the isoform cloned from sea urchin, spHCN, have been extensively studied. Among these, only spHCN channel shows a voltage dependent inactivation. Previous studies have shown that the ligand binding in mHCN2 channel is activity dependent: cAMP binding increases along with channel opening or channels in the open state have higher binding affinity for cAMP. But to date, information pertaining to the ligand binding to an inactivated ion channel or desensitized receptor is lacking. To address this gap, we used fluorescently labelled cAMP analogues in conjunction with patch clamp fluorometry (PCF) to study the ligand binding to the spHCN channel in various conformational states. We show that inactivated spHCN channel shows reduced binding affinity for cAMP, compared to that of the closed or open channel. Parallelly, we noticed significant changes to channel function when a combination of laser and photosensitizer was used to study ligand binding. A reactive oxygen species called singlet oxygen has been confirmed to be the major player in this process. Both photo-dynamically generated and chemically generated singlet oxygen modifies spHCN channel by removing the inactivation. The effect of singlet oxygen on channel can be abolished by the mutation of a key histidine (H462) residue in the ion conducting pore. Taken together, these two projects expanded our understanding about the physicochemical nature of fluorophores from two aspects: (i) the release of photon as a valuable tool to study the conformational dynamics in proteins; (ii) the generation of singlet oxygen as an effective modulator of protein function.
85

Phototransformation de matières actives à la surface des végétaux . Mécanismes des réactions directes et sensibilisées / Phototransformation of active ingredients on the surface of plants. Mechanisms of direct and sensitized reactions

Mohammad Ali Monadjemi, Shirin 14 December 2012 (has links)
La phototransformation des matières actives à la surface des plantes après pulvérisation a une influence considérable sur l’efficacité des traitements. Dans ce travail, l’ensemble des réactions photochimiques se produisant sur des supports modèles des cires végétales dans des conditions proches des conditions environnementales ont été étudiées dans le cas d’un fongicide (le chlorothalonil) et d’un herbicide (la cycloxydime). Nous avons considéré les réactions photochimiques induites par l’absorption de lumière par les composés eux-mêmes et celles faisant intervenir des sensibilisateurs comme les métabolites secondaires des plantes. Dans chacun des cas, des études mécanistiques détaillées ont été conduites. Nous montrons que le chlorothalonil possède la capacité remarquable de produire de l’oxygène singulet avec un rendement quantique proche de l’unité. En parallèle, la réactivité de la cycloxydime avec l’oxygène singulet a été montrée. De ce fait, la phototransformation de la cycloxydime sur film de cire est accélérée lorsque des sensibilisateurs naturels, tels que les phytoalexines sont ajoutés à la cire, ou lorsque des traces de chlorothalonil sont présents à la surface du modèle foliaire. Ce travail a permis 1) de comprendre le mécanisme de phototransformation par excitation directe et sensibilisées du chlorothalonil et de la cycloxydime, 2) de mesurer de nombreuses données physico-chimiques (constantes de vitesse de réaction, rendements quantiques, durées de vie, caractéristiques spectrales des transitoires) et 3) de mettre au point un protocole expérimental permettant d’étudier la photochimie de molécules à l’état solide incluses dans des films de cire. / The phototransformation of active ingredients on plant surfaces after spraying has a significant impact on the treatment efficiency. In this work, the photochemical reactions taking place on leaf models and environmental conditions close to real ones have been overviewed for two pesticides: chlorothalonil and cycloxydim. We considered the photochemical reactions induced by light absorption by the compounds themselves and the reactions involving natural sensitizers such as plants secondary metabolites. Detailed mechanistic studies were conducted. We show that chlorothalonil has a noteworthy capacity to produce singlet oxygen with a quantum yield close to unity. Besides, the reactivity of cycloxydim towards singlet oxygen was demonstrated. Hence, the phototransformation of cycloxydim deposited on wax films is accelerated when natural sensitizers, such as phytoalexins, are included in the wax, or when chlorothalonil traces are present on the leaf model. This work allowed 1) to understand the mechanism of phototransformation by direct excitation and sensitization of chlorothalonil and cycloxydim, 2) to measure many physicochemical data (reaction rate constants, quantum yields, lifetime, spectral characteristics oft ransients and 3) to put in work an experimental protocol for the photochemical study of organic compounds in solid state and included in wax films.
86

Hidroperóxidos de lipídios como fonte biológica de oxigênio singlete: estudos com marcação isotópica, espectrometria de massas e luminescência / Lipid hydroperoxides as a biological source of singlet oxygen: studies using isotopic labelling, mass spectrometry and luminescence

Sayuri Miyamoto 08 April 2005 (has links)
Evidências apontam para o envolvimento da peroxidação lipídica em diversas patologias. Os hidroperóxidos de lipídios (LOOH) são os produtos primários da peroxidação lipídica e sua decomposição resulta em produtos de maior reatividade e toxicidade, como os radicais peroxila. Esses radicais desempenham papel importante na propagação da peroxidação lipídica e também podem gerar oxigênio molecular singlete (1O2) por meio da combinação de dois radicais peroxila. Neste trabalho investigamos a possibilidade dos LOOH, em particular dos hidroperóxidos de ácido linoléico (LAOOH), de servirem como fonte 1O2 na presença de oxidantes de relevância biológica como metais, peroxinitrito ou ácido hipocloroso. A formação de 1O2 foi claramente demonstrada na reação de LAOOH com esses oxidantes pelas detecções (i) da emissão bimolecular na região espectral do vermelho (λ>570 nm), (ii) da emissão monomolecular no infravermelho-próximo (λ=1270 nm), (iii) do espectro de emissão no infravermelho, e (iv) da intensificação e supressão da luminescência na presença de D2O e azida, respectivamente. Além disso, os mecanismos de reação foram estudados utilizando LAOOH marcados com oxigênio-18 (LA18O18OH) e captadores químicos específicos para 1O2 aliada à tecnica de detecção por HPLC acoplada à espectrometria de massa. Os resultados mostraram a formação de 1O2 marcado [18(1O2) ] na reação de LA18O18OH com os três oxidantes, revelando que os átomos de oxigênio do 1O2 são derivados do hidroperóxido. Em conjunto, as evidências obtidas levam à conclusão de que os LOOH podem servir como fontes potenciais de 1O2 em sistemas biológicos em situações onde haja a coexistência de LOOH e metais, peroxinitrito ou ácido hipocloroso. / Evidences point to the involvement of lipid peroxidation in several diseases. Lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) are the primary products of lipid peroxidation and their decomposition generates more reactive and toxic compounds, such as peroxyl radicals. These radicals play an important role in the propagation of lipid peroxidation and may also generate singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) by the combination of two peroxyl radicals. In this study we have investigated the possibility of LOOH, in particular linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LAOOH), to be a source of 1O2 in the presence of biologically relevant oxidants such as, metal ions, peroxynitrite or hypochlorous acid. The formation of 1O2 was clearly demonstrated in the reaction of LAOOH with all the three tested oxidants by detecting: (i) the dimol light emission in the red spectral region (λ>570 nm), (ii) the monomol light emission in the near-infrared region (λ=1270 nm), (iii) the infrared light emission spectrum, and (iv) the enhancing effect of deuterium oxide and the quenching effect of azide on light emission. Furthermore, the mechanism was studied using LAOOH labeled with 18-oxygen isotope (LA18O18OH) and specific 1O2 chemical traps in combination with HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry detection. The results have showed the formation of 18-oxygen labeled 1O2 [18(1O2) ] in the reaction of LA18O18OH with the three oxidants, indicating that oxygen atoms in 1O2 are derived from the hydroperoxide. Altogether, the obtained evidences lead to the conclusion that LOOH may serve as a potential source of 1O2 in biological systems, in situations where LOOH can interact with metals, peroxynitrite or hypochlorous acid.
87

Propriedades fotoquímicas dos fotossensibilizadores cristais violeta e azul de metileno em sistemas microheterogêneos e em células cancerosas em cultura / Photochemical properties of the photosensitizers crystal violet and methylene blue in microheterogeneous systems and cancerous cells in culture

Carla Santos de Oliveira 20 December 2006 (has links)
As propriedades fotofísicas e fotoquímicas de cristal violeta (CV) foram investigadas em soluções isotrópicas e verificou-se que solventes com constante dielétrica pequena favorecem a formação do par iônico, já o aumento na viscosidade do meio restringe a movimentação rotacional dos anéis aromáticos, resultando em um aumento no tempo de vida de fluorescência e, portanto no rendimento quântico de fluorescência (Φf) (Oliveira 2002). Os experimentos com CV foram conduzidos em micelas reversas do tensoativo aniônico bis-2-etilhexil sulfoccinato de sódio (AOT) em isooctano. A localização interfacial do CV nas micelas reversas de AOT em valores da razão molar entre água e surfactante (W0)pequenos e grandes foram encontrados através da técnica de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) de próton e de carbono 13. Utilizando-se espectroscopia UV-Vis identificou-se que pares iônicos de contato estão presentes a valores pequenos de W0 e com o aumento do W0 pares iônicos separados por solventes são as espécies que predominam em solução. A comparação da eficiência de fotodegradação de CV em micelas reversas de AOT em função do W0 indicou que a fotoreatividade é maior em baixos valores de W0 . Este efeito deve estar relacionado à restrição da movimentação dos anéis aromáticos de CV devido ao ambiente restrito no qual este se localiza na micela reversa de OAT a W0 pequenos. A formação de intermediários reativos foi verificada através de Fotólise de Relâmpago a Laser e Emissão no infra-vermelho próximo, indicando a presença de espécies triplete, radical e oxigênio singlete com valor de rendimento quântico menor que 1%. Os produtos de fotólise foram identificados por técnicas cromatográficas e espectroscópicas. Na presença de oxigênio, houve maior formação de cetona de Michler. Com baixa concentração de oxigênio, o produto observável foi leuco-CV. Destes estudos propomos o mecanismo de CV neste meio. Após os estudos com micelas reversas, células cancerosas HeLa foram empregadas para comparar fotoatividade do CV com o azul de metileno (MB). As proporções de CV e MB dentro das células são altas, incorporando 70% e 80% da concentração da solução de incubação, respectivamente. Com o aumento da concentração de MB, um favorecimento da formação de dímero foi identificada. Já CV não sofre agregação nas condições estudadas. Nenhum dos fotossensibilizadores estudados tem um efeito danoso sobre as células HeLa em concentrações abaixo de 10µM. Após irradiação, MB causou uma diminuição de cerca de duas vezes maior na taxa de sobrevivência celular comparado com CV. A formação de formação de oxigênio singlete após incorporação dos fotossensibilizadores foi investigada. Há formação de oxigênio singlete em células incubadas com MB, já com CV a geração de oxigênio singlete é pouco significativa sugerindo um mecanismo radicalar. O processo de morte celular foi estudado por citometria de fluxo e verificou-se que MB induz apoptose depois da irradiação em células HeLa. A absorção de luz por ambos fotossensibilizadores é similar, o que indica que a diminuição na sobrevivência não se deve à diferença de absorção luminosa. As diferenças de sobrevivência observadas com células incubadas com CV e MB e irradiadas foram relacionadas às diferenças das propriedades fotoquímicas destes fotossensibilizadores. A localização celular de CV e MB em células foram caracterizadas por microscopia de fluorescência. Verificou-se que ambos localizam-se em mitocôndrias. O aumento na concentração de CV não alterou o seu perfil de localização. Já para MB ao aumentar a concentração de MB, observa-se que o mesmo localiza-se além das mitocôndrias, em lisossomos. A comparação das propriedades fotoquímicas e de localização foram consideradas para explicar as diferenças de atividade fotodinâmica do CV e do MB em células HeLa / The photophysical and photochemical properties of crystal violet (CV) were investigated in isotropic solutions and it was found that solvents with small dielectric constants favor the formation of the ion pair and that the increase in viscosity of the medium restricts the rotational movement of the aromatic rings, resulting in an increase in fluorescent lifetime and therefore in the fluorescence quantum yield (Φf) (Oliveira 2002). CV experiments were conducted in reverse micelles of the anionic tensoactive sodium bis-2-ethylhexyl-sulfosuccinate (AOT) in isooctane. The interfacial localization of CV in the AOT reverse micelles at low and high values of molar ratio between water and surfactant (W0 was found through the proton and carbon 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance techniques (NMR). Using UV-Vis spectroscopy, it was identified that contact ion pairs are present in low W0 values and with the increase in the W0 solvent separated ion pairs are the species that predominate in solution. The comparison of the photobleaching efficiency of CV in AOT reverse micelles as a function of W0indicated that the photoreactivity is high with low W0 values. This effect must be related to the restrict environment in which CV is located. The reactive intermediate formation was found through the Laser Flash Photolysis and Near Infra-Red Emission, indicating the presence of triplet, radical and singlet oxygen species with a yield quantum of less than 1%. The photolysis products were identified through the chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. In the oxygen presence, there was high Michler ketone formation. With the low oxygen concentration, the observable product was leuco-CV. With these studies we hypothesized a mechanism of CV in these proposed media. After the reverse micelles studies, the HeLa cancerous cells were used, in order to compare the CV and methylene blue (MB) photoactivity. The CV and MB proportion inside the cell was high, reaching 70% and 80% of concentration of the incubation solution, respectively. With the increase of MB concentration, a favoring of dimmer formation was identified. CV does not suffer aggregation in the studied conditions. None of the studied photosensitizers has a damaging effect upon the HeLa cells in concentrations below 10µM. After irradiation, MB caused a decrease about twice higher in the cellular survival rate compared to CV. The singlet oxygen formation after the photosensitizer incorporation was investigated. There is a singlet oxygen formation in the cells incubated with MB, though with the CV the singlet oxygen generation is significantly low suggesting the radicalar mechanism. The cellular death process was studied by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting and MB-induced apoptosis was found after MB irradiation in HeLa cells. The light absorption by both photosensitizers is similar, which means that the survival decrease is not because of the light absorption difference. The survival differences observed with the cells incubated with CV and MB and irradiated were related to the differences in the photosensitizer photochemical properties. The cellular location of the CV and MB in cells were characterized by fluorescence microscopy. Both photosensitizers are located in mitochondrias. An increase in the CV concentration does not alter its local profile. However, with an increase in the MB concentration, MB was located not only in mitochondrias but also in lysosomes. The comparison of the photochemical and localization properties was considered in order to explain the differences in the photodynamic activity of CV and MB in HeLa cells
88

Geração química de oxigênio-18 molecular no estado singlete, 18O2 (1Δg), e estudos de lesões em DNA / Chemical generation of oxygen-18 molecular in singlet state, 18O2 (1Δg), and studies of lesions in DNA

Glaucia Regina Martinez 13 March 2003 (has links)
O oxigênio molecular eletronicamente excitado ao estado singlete 1Δg (1O2) é bastante reativo frente a moléculas orgânicas com alta densidade eletrônica. As reações do 1O2 com o ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA) têm sido estudadas extensivamente, uma vez que, provocam lesões que têm sido relacionadas com diversos processos citotóxicos e patológicos. Esse trabalho visou estudar os mecanismos pelos quais ocorrem os processos de oxidação de bases do DNA por 1O2. Para isso, um parâmetro essencial foi a identificação dos produtos de oxidação gerados na reação dessa biomolécula com 1O2. Foi desenvolvida uma fonte de 1O2, com caráter não-iônico, preparada com oxigênio-18 molecular e a N,N\'-di(2,3-dihidroxipropil)-3,3\'-(1 ,4-naftilideno) dipropanamida (DHPN18O2 ). A fonte é capaz de gerar 1O2 isotopicamente marcado (18[1O2]). A incubação de DNA de timo de bezerro e células de fibroblastos com os endoperóxidos hidrofílicos do 3,3\'-(1 ,4-naftilideno)dipropanoato de sódio (NDPO2) e da N, N\'-di(2,3-dihidroxipropil)-3,3\' -( 1,4-naftilideno )dipropanamida (DHPNO2), como fontes puras de 1O2, mostrou que a 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro-2\'-desoxiguanosina (8-oxodGuo) é a lesão majoritária. Quando o DHPNO2 foi usado, níveis mais altos de 8-oxodGuo foram detectados devido ao seu maior rendimento de formação de 1O2 e por ser capaz de penetrar em células. O uso do DHPN 18O2 na incubação de células demonstrou que o 1O2 lesa diretamente o DNA nuclear e forma 8-oxodGuo com oxigênio-18 incorporado. A identificação dos principais produtos de oxidação da 8-oxodGuo por 1O2 ou 18[1O2] foi feita usando análises de HPLC e espectrometria de massas em tandem com ionização por electrospray. Dessa forma, a imidazolona, oxazolona e os diastereoisômeros da espiroiminodihidantoína marcados com oxigênio-18 foram detectados. Além disso, foi caracterizado um nucleosídeo modificado que exibe as características da guanidinohidantoína oxidada. O uso do EAS para captação de 1O2 em sistemas aquosos e detecção do produto EASO2 por HPLC e espectrometria de massas possibilitou mostrar que a decomposição espontânea de ONOO- não gerava 1O2. O trabalho desenvolvido contribuiu na elucidação de algumas propostas fundamentais para esclarecer os mecanismos que envolvem a geração do 1O2 e sua interação com o DNA. A compreensão desses processos é importante para desvendar fenômenos biológicos importantes como envelhecimento e câncer. / Singlet oxygen (1O2) exhibits a substantial reactivity towards electron-rich organic molecules. Since DNA damage has been related to aging, cancer and other cytotoxic effects, its reaction with 1O2 have been extensively studied. Although, the mechanism and products of these reactions are not yet completely elucidated. The aim of the present work was to study the mechanism of DNA oxidation by 1O2. Emphasis was placed on the identification of the main products generated by the reaction of 1O2 with DNA. For this purpose, we developed a water-soluble naphthalene endoperoxide, the DHPN18O2, whose thermodecomposition leads to the formation of isotopically labeled singlet oxygen (18[1O2]). Calf thymus DNA and fibroblast cells were incubated with the hydrophilic endoperoxides NDPO2 and DHPNO2, as chemical generators of pure 1O2. It was found that 8-oxodGuo is the major 1O2-mediated DNA damage product. In order to demonstrate that 1O2 is directly involved in the formation of 8-oxodGuo, the DHPN18O2 was used. Incubation of the cells with such a generator of 18[1O2] resulted in the formation of 18O-labeled 8-oxodGuo in the nuclear DNA, clearly demonstrating that 1O2, when released within cells, is able to directly oxidize cellular DNA. The qualitative identification of the 1O2-oxidation products of 8-oxodGuo was achieved using HPLC coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Thus, the [18O]-labeled and unlabeled imidazolone, oxazolone, together with the diastereoisomeric spiroiminodihydantoin nucleosides, were detected as the main degradation products. In addition, a modified nucleoside that exhibits similar features than those of the oxidized guanidinohydantoin molecule was also produced. In this way, we contributed in the elucidation of some proposals of great importance to clarify the mechanisms that are involved in the interaction of 1O2 with DNA.
89

Porphyrins and heme in microorganisms : Porphyrin content and its relation to phototherapy and antimicrobial treatments in vivo and in vitro

Fyrestam, Jonas January 2017 (has links)
One of the greatest threats to human health is increasing antimicrobial resistance among pathogens, and finding alternatives for treatment of bacterial infections is of highest importance together with a more controlled use of antibiotics. Porphyrins and heme have both been shown to be a promising class of compounds for inactivation of bacteria; porphyrins by their excellent properties to act as a photosensitizer, and heme by its importance as an iron source during a bacterial infection in vertebrates. This thesis describes the development of analytical methods for the identification and determination of porphyrins and heme using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Subsequently, these developed methods were applied to bacterial samples to investigate different culture conditions and additives effect to the intracellular porphyrin and heme composition. Singlet oxygen production of three naturally occurring porphyrins have been determined together with the photosensitivity for blue light and the porphyrin content in E. coli. Toothbrushes equipped with a LED, emitting light with a wavelength of 450 nm, were used in an eight week randomized clinical trial to investigate any positive periodontal effect of blue light. Porphyrin and heme content in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were highly affected by the different cultivation conditions. The culture age of A. actinomycetemcomitans affected the porphyrin profile, while only small changes were observed for P. gingivalis during growth. A large change of the porphyrin profile could be observed when the bacteria were passaged onto a new growth medium. Additional porphyrins were detected and the total porphyrin content increased up to 28 times. These findings highlight the need for more standardized cultivation procedures when performing in vitro experiments. Heme content in Escherichia coli was affected when different additives related to biosynthesis of heme were added to the growth medium. The uptake of heme could be reduced with 52% when a compound that chemically looks similar to heme was added to the growth medium. Since heme acquisition is important for many pathogens, this could be a promising target for antimicrobial drugs. E. coli showed no sensitivity for 405 nm light using light doses up to 172.8 J/cm2 and only low concentrations of porphyrins could be quantified. By adding a porphyrin precursor to E. coli the intracellular concentration of porphyrins increased remarkably and a light dose of 57.6 J/cm2 reduced the bacterial number with &gt; 5 log10 steps. This shows that E. coli can be killed due to their endogenous porphyrins. In the clinical study we could see a weak trend that the 450 nm LED toothbrush possessed a phototherapeutic effect for three clinical indices. All indices were decreased in the intervention group, but there were no statistically significant difference compared to the control group. However, four inflammation markers were significantly decreased in the intervention group while only one decreased significantly in the control group. In conclusion, this thesis has shown that porphyrins and heme are produced endogenously in microorganisms and that the porphyrin profiles vary depending on culture conditions and different additives. Furthermore, porphyrins may be used as endogenous photosensitizers to inactivate bacteria, but more research is necessary to determine if there is a specific porphyrin that contributes more to the photosensitivity. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.</p>
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Síntese e estudo das propriedades fotoinduzidas de derivados fenotiazínicos em sistemas biomiméticos / Synthesis and study of photoinduced properties of phenothiazine derivatives on biomimetic systems

Helena Couto Junqueira 24 November 2008 (has links)
Neste trabalho são apresentados estudos do efeito de interfaces nas propriedades fotofísicas e fotoquímicas do azul de metileno (AM) e de derivados fenotiazínicos com o intuito de avaliar o potencial destes compostos como fotossensibilizadores (FS) em terapia fotodinâmica. As propriedades físico-químicas do AM foram estudadas em soluções de SOS e observou-se que a presença do AM em solução altera o equilíbrio entre as micelas de SOS, diminuindo o valor da concentração micelar crítica de 7mmolL-1 para 70&#181;moIL-1. A presença das micelas em solução também interfere nas propriedades do AM. Em baixas concentrações de SOS há formação de dímeros de AM, constatados pelo aumento da absorbância em 580nm e diminuição da emissão de fluorescência. A caracterização das espécies transientes mostrou a existência de moléculas de azul de metileno no estado triplete (3AM) e de oxigênio singlete em soluções com altas concentrações de SOS e a formação de espécies radicalares do AM em baixas concentrações do tensoativo. Esta observação sugere que o mecanismo fotoquímico do AM é dependente da sua concentração local próxima de interfaces carregadas. As interações do AM e de alguns de seus derivados fenotiazínicos (tionina, azure A e azure B) com vesículas e com células HeLa foram estudadas e em ambos os casos observou-se que as moléculas com estruturas assimétricas são incorporadas em maior extensão. Em estudos de fototoxicidade, os compostos assimétricos apresentaram maior nível de morte celular do que o verificado para os compostos simétricos. Entretanto, ao se considerar a incorporação em células, os compostos simétricos se mostraram mais eficientes por molécula. Foi desenvolvido um método para determinação do 10gP dos fotossensibilizadores (FS) por voltametria com microeletrodos que se mostrou reprodutível. Novos FSs assimétricos derivados do Azure A com duas caudas hidrofóbicas de 4, 6 e 8 carbonos (AzC4, AzC6 e AzC8) foram sintetizados. Esses novos compostos possuem eficiências de fluorescência semelhantes ao AM. O composto AzC4 apresenta eficiência de geração de oxigênio singlete bem próxima à do AM (0,56), enquanto os outros dois compostos têm uma eficiência de geração de oxigênio singlete cerca de duas vezes menor. Este comportamento se deve ao fato dos FSs com cadeias carbônicas maiores interagirem mais fortemente entre si, apresentando maior grau de agregação. Os compostos sintetizados apresentam maior incorporação em vesículas que os compostos anteriormente estudados, indicando que a assimetria da molécula favorece a incorporação, assim como, o comprimento da cadeia hidrofóbica. Resultados de incorporação em células HeLa, mostraram que o composto AzC4 interage mais facilmente com a membrana celulare apresenta maior nível de morte celular devido à sua maior incorporação. / The effect of interfaces on photophysical and photochemical properties of methylene blue (MB) and its derivatives was studied in this work, aiming to emploit their potencial as photosensitizers (PS) in photodynamic therapy.The presence of MB in SDS solutions affect the micelle equilibrium decreasing the apparent critical micelle concentration of SDS from 7mmolL-1 to 70&#181;moIL-1. The properties of MB were also affected. At low SDS concentrations the formation of MB dimers was detected by the increase in the absorption in 580 nm and decrease of fluorescence emission. The characterization of transient species of MB showed the existence of MB molecules in the triplet state and emission of singlete oxygen at large SDS concentration and the formation of MB radicals in small surfactant concentration. These observations suggest that the photochemical mechanism of MB depends on its local concentration close to charged interfaces.The interactions of MB as well as other phenotiazine derivatives with synthetic vesicles and HeLa cells were studied. In both cases, the PS with asymmetrical structure presented higher degrees of incorporation. Studies of phototoxicity showed that the PS with asymmetrical structures present higher degree of cell death than the symmetrical compounds. However, if one consider the degree of incorporation the symmetrical compounds are more efficient per molecule. A method to determinate logP by voltammetry with microelectrodes was developed, showing good repeatability. New asymmetric photosensitizers derived from Azure A with two hydrophobic chains of 4, 6 or 8 carbons (AZC4, AZC6 e AzC8) were synthesized in order to study structure/activity relationship. These new compounds presented similar fluorescence efficiency to MB. The oxygen singlet generation efficiency of AZC4 is similar to MB, while the efficiency of the other PSs was twice smaller. This behavior was explained in terms PS aggregation, due to their longer hydrophobic chains. The synthesized PSs presented larger degree of incorporation than the commercial PSs, showing the role of asymmetry and hydrophobicity in incorporation yields. Incorporation in HeLa cells showed that AZC4 interacts more strongly with cells than the other synthesized PSs due to the rigidity of plasmatic membrane. Under the same illumination conditions, AzC4 was the PS that presented higher degree of cell death as a result of its larger incorporation in cells.

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