Espécies carbonílicas tripletes formadas quimicamente no escuro, por exemplo, durante a peroxidação de lipídios, têm reatividade química análoga à de radicais alcoxilas. Aventou-se que tais espécies possam estar implicadas na fisiopatologia de doenças degenerativas (\"estresse carbonílico\"). A pesquisa dos efeitos de espécies tripletes sobre algumas biomoléculas e consequentes respostas biológicas, propostas e pesquisadas no período 1970 - 1990 (hipótese de \"fotoquímica sem luz\" dos Profs. G. Cilento, IQUSP, e Emil H. White, Johns Hopkins University), encontrou empecilhos instrumentais e relativamente poucas propostas foram confirmadas. Com o uso de técnicas de alta resolução, tais como EPR, HPLC e MS, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar intermediários e produtos de tais processos e estudar mecanismos de reação de acetona triplete, produzida quimicamente pela decomposição térmica de 3,3,4,4-tetrametildioxetano (TMD) ou, enzimaticamente, pela oxidação aeróbica de isobutanal (IBAL), catalisada por peroxidase de raiz forte (HRP), na presença de aminoácidos e proteínas. Este trabalho demonstra a formação de um radical acetila, presumidamente formado da clivagem α de acetona triplete, e um radical terciário centrado em carbono, formado pela abstração de hidrogênio do IBAL. Resultados de espectrometria de massas demonstraram a formação de três diferentes adutos entre o radical terciário de IBAL, com L-Trp. Aventou-se que um dos produtos era resultante de alteração no nitrogênio e os outros no carbono 3, ambos no anel indólico. Observou-se também a formação de produto correspondente ao radical hidroxipropionil com L-Trp. Também se observaram dois produtos de L-Trp típicos de sua oxidação por oxigênio singlete, a formilquinurenina, e um aduto de função álcool. A formação de base de Schiff entre o L-Trp estudado e o IBAL também é apresentada. A formação de oxigênio singlete foi evidenciada indiretamente via EPR utilizando o spin trap TEMP e através de um captador de adição-9,10 (tipo Diels-Alder) em derivado de antraceno. Foram realizados, também, experimentos com precursores de melanina e demonstrou-se a formação de espécies excitadas do ácido 5,6-dihidroxi-indol-2-carboxílico (DHICA) que poderiam explicar a formação de produtos de DNA tipicamente resultantes de reação fotoquímica, mas na ausência de luz. Tais resultados corroboram a reação de espécies tripletes com biomoléculas, possibilitando a compreensão de número significativo de eventos biológicos conhecidos, mas teoricamente \"proibidos\" de ocorrer no estado fundamental, em tecidos não expostos à luz / Electronically excited triplet carbonyl species formed as products of some biochemical reactions, such as lipid peroxidation, behave similarly as alcoxyl radicals. It has long been hypothesized that such excited species could have a role in some diseases (\"carbonyl stress\"). Research of chemical lesions of triplet carbonyls over biomolecules and their biological response took place principally from 1970 to 1990 (the \"photochemistry without light\" hypothesis proposed by Profs. G. Cilento, IQUSP, and Emil H. White, Johns Hopkins University), but it suffered from the lack of required instrumentation, and just few cases of photo(bio)chemistry without light were confirmed. The aim of this work, using high resolution techniques (EPR, HPLC, and MS), is to analyze the reaction products of excited triplet acetone with aminoacid and protein targets. Triplet acetone was produced from the thermal decomposition of 3,3,4,4-tetramethyldioxetane (TMD) or from the aerobic oxidation of isobutanal (IBAL) catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP). We revealed the generation of acetyl radical, putatively originated from α-cleavage of triplet acetone, and a carbon-centered tertiary radical, proposed as an IBAL radical formed by hydrogen abstraction from IBAL. Mass spectrometry showed production of three adducts from the reaction of IBAL radical with L-Trp, one of them at the nitrogen 1 and the other two at carbon 3 from the amino acid indole ring. Two adducts with m/z correspondent to the reaction between L-Trp (at carbon 3) and a hydroxypropionyl radical, and two products typically formed from singlet oxygen (formylkynurenine and an alcohol L-Trp adduct) were also observed. A Schiff base between L-Trp and IBAL was also observed. Singlet oxygen production from triplet-triplet energy transfer from excited acetone to ground state molecular oxygen was indirectly showed by EPR spin trapping with TEMP, and by MS using the anthracene derivative EAS to trap (9,10-cycloaddition) of 18O2 (1Δg). Other data reported here include the demonstration of excited species formed when DHICA, a melanin precursor, was oxidized. These results might explain the generation of DNA photochemical products (thymine dimers) in the absence of light. Altogether, we collect strong and significant evidence in this thesis that corroborate the reactivity of triplet excited species with a couple of biomolecules, providing insights over some reportedly known molecular events that are theoretically forbidden to occur in the ground state but happen in tissues non-exposed to light

O oxigênio molecular eletronicamente excitado ao estado singlete 1Δg (1O2) é bastante reativo frente a moléculas orgânicas com alta densidade eletrônica. As reações do 1O2 com o ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA) têm sido estudadas extensivamente, uma vez que, provocam lesões que têm sido relacionadas com diversos processos citotóxicos e patológicos. Esse trabalho visou estudar os mecanismos pelos quais ocorrem os processos de oxidação de bases do DNA por 1O2. Para isso, um parâmetro essencial foi a identificação dos produtos de oxidação gerados na reação dessa biomolécula com 1O2. Foi desenvolvida uma fonte de 1O2, com caráter não-iônico, preparada com oxigênio-18 molecular e a N,N\'-di(2,3-dihidroxipropil)-3,3\'-(1 ,4-naftilideno) dipropanamida (DHPN18O2 ). A fonte é capaz de gerar 1O2 isotopicamente marcado (18[1O2]). A incubação de DNA de timo de bezerro e células de fibroblastos com os endoperóxidos hidrofílicos do 3,3\'-(1 ,4-naftilideno)dipropanoato de sódio (NDPO2) e da N, N\'-di(2,3-dihidroxipropil)-3,3\' -( 1,4-naftilideno )dipropanamida (DHPNO2), como fontes puras de 1O2, mostrou que a 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro-2\'-desoxiguanosina (8-oxodGuo) é a lesão majoritária. Quando o DHPNO2 foi usado, níveis mais altos de 8-oxodGuo foram detectados devido ao seu maior rendimento de formação de 1O2 e por ser capaz de penetrar em células. O uso do DHPN 18O2 na incubação de células demonstrou que o 1O2 lesa diretamente o DNA nuclear e forma 8-oxodGuo com oxigênio-18 incorporado. A identificação dos principais produtos de oxidação da 8-oxodGuo por 1O2 ou 18[1O2] foi feita usando análises de HPLC e espectrometria de massas em tandem com ionização por electrospray. Dessa forma, a imidazolona, oxazolona e os diastereoisômeros da espiroiminodihidantoína marcados com oxigênio-18 foram detectados. Além disso, foi caracterizado um nucleosídeo modificado que exibe as características da guanidinohidantoína oxidada. O uso do EAS para captação de 1O2 em sistemas aquosos e detecção do produto EASO2 por HPLC e espectrometria de massas possibilitou mostrar que a decomposição espontânea de ONOO- não gerava 1O2. O trabalho desenvolvido contribuiu na elucidação de algumas propostas fundamentais para esclarecer os mecanismos que envolvem a geração do 1O2 e sua interação com o DNA. A compreensão desses processos é importante para desvendar fenômenos biológicos importantes como envelhecimento e câncer. / Singlet oxygen (1O2) exhibits a substantial reactivity towards electron-rich organic molecules. Since DNA damage has been related to aging, cancer and other cytotoxic effects, its reaction with 1O2 have been extensively studied. Although, the mechanism and products of these reactions are not yet completely elucidated. The aim of the present work was to study the mechanism of DNA oxidation by 1O2. Emphasis was placed on the identification of the main products generated by the reaction of 1O2 with DNA. For this purpose, we developed a water-soluble naphthalene endoperoxide, the DHPN18O2, whose thermodecomposition leads to the formation of isotopically labeled singlet oxygen (18[1O2]). Calf thymus DNA and fibroblast cells were incubated with the hydrophilic endoperoxides NDPO2 and DHPNO2, as chemical generators of pure 1O2. It was found that 8-oxodGuo is the major 1O2-mediated DNA damage product. In order to demonstrate that 1O2 is directly involved in the formation of 8-oxodGuo, the DHPN18O2 was used. Incubation of the cells with such a generator of 18[1O2] resulted in the formation of 18O-labeled 8-oxodGuo in the nuclear DNA, clearly demonstrating that 1O2, when released within cells, is able to directly oxidize cellular DNA. The qualitative identification of the 1O2-oxidation products of 8-oxodGuo was achieved using HPLC coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Thus, the [18O]-labeled and unlabeled imidazolone, oxazolone, together with the diastereoisomeric spiroiminodihydantoin nucleosides, were detected as the main degradation products. In addition, a modified nucleoside that exhibits similar features than those of the oxidized guanidinohydantoin molecule was also produced. In this way, we contributed in the elucidation of some proposals of great importance to clarify the mechanisms that are involved in the interaction of 1O2 with DNA.

Die Ausbreitung antimikrobieller Resistenzen stellt ein zunehmendes gesundheitliches und gesellschaftliches Risiko dar. Alternative antimikrobielle Verfahren mit einem geringen Resistenzpotenzial, breiten Wirkspektrum und geringen Umweltrisiko gewinnen an Bedeutung. Ein solches Verfahren stellt die Photodynamische Inaktivierung (PDI) dar. Ihr Wirkmechanismus beruht auf der photosensibilisierten Anregung von Singulettsauerstoff (1O2), der durch oxidativen Stress zum Zelltod führt. Der für die katalytische Aktivierung des Sauerstoffs verantwortliche Photosensibilisator (PS), muss nicht in die Mikroorganismen eindringen und wird durch sichtbares Licht angeregt. Die Übertragung einer stationär vermittelten PDI auf Oberflächen erscheint daher besonders sinnvoll. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden erstmalig zwei Ansätze untersucht, die sowohl kommerzielle Substrate als auch industrielle Standardverfahren zur Oberflächenveredelung verwenden: Eine Elektronenstrahl-Funktionalisierung von Mikrofiltrationsmembranen und eine textiltechnologische Funktionalisierung von Polyestergeweben, insbesondere Reinraumtextilien. Für die Charakterisierung der Polymeroberflächen werden neben Versuchen zur Zellviabilität, optisch-spektroskopische Methoden und erstmalig orts- sowie zeit-aufgelöste Messungen der 1O2-Lumineszenz herangezogen. Im Resultat erweisen sich beide Funktionalisierungsansätze als geeignet für eine stationär vermittelte PDI. Dabei sind die textiltechnologisch funktionalisierten Polyestergewebe besonders Wirkungsvoll und erzielen bereits nach kurzer Weißlichtbestrahlung von unter 30 Minuten eine antimikrobielle Wirkung. Die Messungen der 1O2-Lumineszenzkinetik erweisen sich als eine vielversprechende Methode eine mögliche PDI-Aktivität vorab zu bewerten und bei der Entwicklung wichtige Impulse für die Oberflächenfunktionalisierung zu setzen. Schließlich ist eine systematisierte Methodologie zur Bewertung PDI-aktiver Oberflächen ein wesentliches Resultat dieser Arbeit. / The spread of antimicrobial resistance is an increasing health and social risk. Alternative antimicrobial methods with a low resistance potential, broad spectrum of activity and low environmental risk are gaining importance. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is one such method. Its mechanism of action is based on the photosensitised excitation of singlet oxygen (1O2), which leads to cell death through oxidative stress. The photosensitizer (PS), which is responsible for the catalytic activation of the oxygen, does not have to penetrate the microorganisms and is excited by visible light. The transfer of a stationary-mediated PDI to surfaces therefore seems particularly useful. In the present work, two approaches are investigated for the first time that use both commercial substrates and standard industrial processes for surface modification: An electron beam functionalisation of microfiltration membranes and a textile-technological functionalisation of polyester fabrics, especially cleanroom textiles. In addition to experiments on cell viability, optical spectroscopic methods and, for the first time, spatially and temporally resolved measurements of 1O2 luminescence are used to characterise the polymer surfaces. As a result, both functionalisation approaches prove to be suitable for a stationary-mediated PDI. The textile-technologically functionalised polyester fabrics are particularly effective and achieve an antimicrobial effect after only a short white light irradiation of less than 30 minutes. Measurements of 1O2 luminescence kinetics are proving to be a promising method of evaluating possible PDI activity in advance and providing important impetus for surface functionalisation during development. Finally, a systematised methodology for the evaluation of PDI-active surfaces is an essential result of this work.

L’oxygène singulet ($^1O_2$) est la principale espèce réactive de l’oxygène produite dans le chloroplaste lors d'un stress photo-oxydant. L’$^1O_2$ est hautement cytotoxique s'attaquant aux protéines et lipides membranaires. L’$^1O_2$ est une molécule signal impliquée dans une signalisation rétrograde entre les chloroplastes et le noyau via des médiateurs, menant à la mort cellulaire programmée (MCP), ou à l’acclimatation. Nous avons caractérisé l’implication de la phytohormone salicylate, agissant en aval de la signalisation de la MCP dépendante d’OXI1 (OXIDATIVE SIGNAL INDUCIBLE 1) et du jasmonate. Nous avons mis en évidence une voie de régulation négative faisant intervenir des protéines inhibitrices de la MCP : DAD1 et DAD2. La sur-expression de ces protéines permet à la plante d’éviter de la MCP en inhibant la signalisation contrôlée par OXI1. Dans le Réticulum Endoplasmique (RE) a lieu la conformation d’une grande partie des protéines. Une perturbation dans ce compartiment induit l’activation d’une réponse adaptative appelée l’UPR (Unfolded Protein Response). Nous avons monté que la production d’$^1O_2$ active l’UPR. L’acclimatation à la forte lumière (FL) fait intervenir la branche bZIP28/BiP3 de l’UPR. Un pré-traitement modéré d’un inducteur de stress RE (tunicamycine), induisant l'UPR, déclenche une réponse d’acclimatation à l’$^1O_2$ permettant l’évitement de la MCP lors de l’exposition à la FL. Nous avons réalisé un crible génétique pour rechercher des révertants du mutant \textit{ch1} (un surproducteur d’1$^1O_2$) où l’inhibition de la croissance par l’$^1O_2$ est partiellement levée. Les gènes candidats identifiés feront l’objet d’études complémentaires. / Singlet oxygen ($^1O_2$) is a major reactive oxygen species produced within the chloroplasts during high light (HL) stress. $^1O_2$ has a cytotoxic effect due to its high reactivity towards macromolecules including proteins and membrane lipids. $^1O_2$ also acts as a signal molecule that plays a role in chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling involving mediators and leading either to programmed cell death (PCD) or to stress acclimation.We have shown the involvement of the phytohormone salicylic acid in HL-induced cell death, acting downstream of the OXI1 kinase and jasmonate. We have also shown a negative regulation of this signaling pathway by PCD inhibitory proteins: DAD1 and DAD2 (DEFENDER AGAINST CELL DEATH 1 and 2). Overexpressing those proteins inhibits OXI1-mediated PCD. Protein folding of most secreted proteins takes place in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). Perturbations in this compartment lead to the activation of an adaptive response called UPR (Unfolded Protein Response). When ER stress is too intense, NRPs-mediated ER stress-induced cell death is activated. We have shown that 1O2 production activates UPR. In particular, the bZIP28/BiP3 UPR branch is activated during acclimation to HL. The induction of UPR by a chemical inducer of ER stress (Tunicamycin) can induce acclimation to $^1O_2$ production and can avoid HL-induced PCD.We performed a genetic screen to search for revertants of the $^1O_2$ overproducing \textit{ch1} mutants in which growth inhibition by$^1O_2$2 is partially released. The candidate genes will have to be confirmed by further phenotypic studies.

Title: Development of novel photoactive cationic zirconocene complexes Author: Bc. David Dunlop Department: Department of inorganic chemistry Supervisor: RNDr. Martin Lamač Ph.D. Advisor: prof. RNDr. Petr Štěpnička, Ph.D., DSc. Abstract: Environmental concerns have brought about an unprecedented demand for sustainable energy sources among which electromagnetic radiation, light, currently dominates. Development of novel light- harvesting compounds and materials is at the forefront of current science, as it is essential to further our technological progress. This thesis contributes to the field by development of novel photoactive cationic group 4 metallocene complexes stabilized by pendant imine and pyridinyl donor groups, or N,O-donor aromatic ligands, as crystalline [B(C6F5)4]− salts. The complexes are prepared either by protonation of the intramolecularly bound imine moiety by PhNMe2H[B(C6F5)4] or by chloride ligand abstraction, by Li[B(C6F5)4]·2.5Et2O or in situ generated Et3Si[B(C6F5)4]. Prepared compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Solid state structures of the compounds were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The cationic complexes of Zr and Hf exhibited significantly enhanced luminescence which originates from triplet ligand-to-metal (3 LMCT) excited states with lifetimes of up to...

Die Onychomykose ist eine sehr häufige Erkrankung, deren Auftreten weltweit zunimmt und mit einer Pilzinfektion der Nägel einhergeht. Die Ineffizienz der verabreichte Antimykotika motiviert Bemühungen, nach alternativen Behandlungsmethoden zu suchen. Diese Dissertation untersucht die Auswirkungen der photodynamischen Inaktivierung (PDI) auf Dermatophyten und Schimmelpilze. Als Modellorganismen werden drei der Onychomykose auslösenden Pathogene untersucht: Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton interdigitale und der Schimmelpilz Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. Um das Potenzial der PDI gegen Onychomykose verursachende Pathogene, abzuschätzen, wurden Phototoxizitätstests mit drei Photosensibilisatoren (PS) durchgeführt: 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl) porphyrintetra(p-toluenesulfonate) (TMPyP) und and 5,10,15-tris-(1-methylpyridinium-2-yl) corrolato-(trans-dihydroxo) phosphorus(V) (PCor+) sowie 4',5',7'-tetrabromo-3',6'-dihydroxyspiro[2-benzofuran-3,9'-xanthene] -1-one (Eosin G). Neben den Phototoxizitätstests wurden zeitaufgelöste Singulettsauerstoff-Lumineszenz Scans aufgenommen, die zur Verifizierung der PDI Effizienz genutzt wurden. Alle drei PS zeigen in vitro eine hohe phototoxische Wirkung. Diese konnte mit Singulettsauerstoff-Lumineszenzmessungen korreliert werden, bei denen ein hohes Singulettsauerstoff-Lumineszenzsignal erfasst wurde. An infizierten menschlichen Nägeln konnten die PS keinen phototoxischen Effekt induzieren. Singulettsauerstoff-Scans, die für einen Einblick in die zugrundeliegenden Ursachen durchgeführt wurden, zeigten fast kein Singulettsauerstoff-Lumineszenzsignal an menschlichen Nägeln. Könnten die verschiedenen bekannten Herausforderungen im Zusammenhang mit PDI an infizierten menschlichen Nägeln bewältigt werden, hätte die PDI das Potenzial, eine schnellwirkende Behandlung dieser Pilzinfektion im Zehennagel zu werden. Diese Studie zeigt erstmals den Zusammenhang zwischen der PDI-Behandlung von Onychomykose und Singulettsauerstoff. / Onychomycosis is a very common illness that befalls an increasing number of individuals worldwide and involves a fungal infection of the nails. The inefficiency of current treatments justifies the efforts to look for alternative treatment modalities. This dissertation investigates the impact of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) against dermatophytes and molds. Three of the causing pathogens of onychomycosis are under investigation: Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum), Trichophyton interdigitale (T. interdigitale) and the mold Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (S. brevicaulis). To assess the potential of PDI against onychomycosis causing pathogens, phototoxicity tests were performed using three photosensitizers (PSs): the cationic 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl) porphyrintetra(p-toluenesulfonate) (TMPyP) and 5,10,15-tris-(1-methylpyridinium-2-yl) corrolato-(trans-dihydroxo) phosphorus(V) (PCor+) as well as the anionic 4',5',7'-tetrabromo-3',6'-dihydroxyspiro[2-benzofuran-3,9'-xanthene]-1-one (Eosin Y). Alongside the phototoxicity tests, time resolved singlet oxygen luminescence scans were conducted to serve as a control method of PDI. All three PSs proved to have a high phototoxic effect against the three fungi species in vitro. Those could be correlated with singlet oxygen measurements, where a high singlet oxygen luminescence signal was acquired. Contrary to the expectations from the in vitro experiments were the results obtained ex vivo: On infected human nails, the PSs were not able to induce a phototoxic effect. Singlet oxygen scans conducted to get insight into the reasons behind these results showed nearly no singlet oxygen luminescence signal on human nails. Addressing the various known challenges associated with PDI on infected human nails PDI would have a great impact within short time on treating the toenail fungal infection. This study, for the first time, shows the correlation between PDI treatment of onychomycosis and singlet oxygen.

Biofilme aeroterrestrischer Mikroorganismen stellen im nicht-medizinischen Bereich ein ständig größer werdendes Problem dar. Sie tragen ebenfalls wesentlich zur Verwitterung von Fassaden bei und verursachen durch die daraus resultierende Notwendigkeit der Entfernung des Biofilms und Instandsetzung der Fassaden hohe Kosten. Auch das von Biofilmen auf Innenwänden von Gebäuden ausgehende Gesundheitsrisiko für den Menschen ist schwerwiegend. Solarzellen sind aufgrund ihrer rauen Glasoberfläche ebenfalls ein bevorzugter Siedlungsort für Biofilme. Auf diesen können sie durch Verschattung die Effizienz der Solarzellen deutlich herabsetzen. Die Entfernung von Biofilmen erfordert vor allem den Einsatz von Bioziden, welche ihrerseits eine Belastung für die Umwelt darstellen und zudem oft nur begrenzte Wirksamkeit zeigen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist daher, das Potenzial der Photodynamischen Inaktivierung (PDI) als alternative Methode zur Beseitigung oder zur Prävention der Bildung von Biofilmen zu bestimmen. Dazu wurden unterschiedliche Photosensibilisatoren (PS) bezüglich ihrer Phototoxizität auf im Rahmen dieser Arbeit etablierte phototrophe Modellkulturen in Suspension, subaquatischen und subaerialen Biofilmen untersucht. Neben der Entwicklung der Biomasse während der PDI wurde mittels spektroskopischer Methoden zudem die Aktivität der Kulturen sowie die EPS-Sekretion und die Biofilmbildung gemessen. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass die kationischen PS PCor+ und TMPyP zur PDI phototropher Kulturen erfolgreich genutzt und die Biofilmbildung verhindert werden kann. Es wurde gezeigt, dass dieses Resultat ohne Aufnahme der PS in die Zellen erzielt wird. Dies ist bezüglich der Vermeidung einer möglichen Resistenzentwicklung der Mikroorganismen von entscheidender Bedeutung. Somit wurden mit dieser Arbeit die Voraussetzungen für die Entwicklung photodynamisch aktiver, antimikrobieller Oberflächenbeschichtungen zur Prävention des Wachstums aeroterrestrischer Biofilme geschaffen. / Biofilms of aeroterrestrial microorganisms are an ever-increasing problem in non-medical applications. They also contribute significantly to the weathering of facades and cause high costs due to the resulting necessity of removing the biofilm and repairing the facades. Furthermore, the health risk for humans caused by biofilms on interior walls of buildings is serious. In addition, solar cells are a preferred location for biofilms due to condensation on their rough glass surface. Growing there, they can significantly reduce the efficiency of the solar cells by shading, a problem which gains even more importance with increasing operating times of solar modules. In the removal of biofilms, biocides are prevalent. They are in turn a burden on the environment and often show only limited effectiveness. The aim of this work is therefore to determine the potential of Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) as an alternative method to eliminate or prevent the formation of biofilms. Different Photosensitizers (PSs) were investigated with respect to their phototoxicity on phototrophic model cultures established in suspension, subaquatic and subaerial biofilms. In addition to biomass development during PDI, spectroscopic methods were used to measure culture activity, EPS secretion and biofilm formation. It was shown that the cationic PSs PCor+ and TMPyP can be successfully used for PDI of phototrophic cultures and that biofilm formation can be prevented. It has been shown that this result is achieved without uptake of PS into the cells. This is of decisive importance with regard to the avoidance of a possible resistance development in the microorganisms. Thus, this work created the prerequisites for the development of photodynamically active, antimicrobial surface coatings for the prevention of the growth of aeroterrestrial biofilms.

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die photophysikalische Untersuchung Photosensibilisator-beladener Nanopartikel als Transportsysteme für aktives und passives Tumor-Targeting. Zu diesem Zweck wurden sowohl stationäre, als auch zeitaufgelöste spektroskopische Methoden angewandt. Der erste Teil beschäftigt sich mit der photophysikalischen Charakterisierung von Pheo-HSA-Nanopartikeln. Mittels stationärer und zeitaufgelöster Messungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Phäophorbid a und den HSA-Nanopartikeln sehr stark ist. Diese Wechselwirkungen bewirken eine geringe Singulettsauerstoffquantenausbeute (0,07) in D2O verglichen mit dem von Phäophorbid a in Ethanol (0,52). Im Gegensatz dazu konnte nach der Inkubation in Jurkat- und HT-29-Zellen eine intrazelluläre Singulettsauerstoffgenerierung der Pheo-HSA-NPs nachgewiesen werden. Im zweiten Teil wurden mit den Photosensibilisatoren mTHPP and mTHPC beladene HSA- und PLGA-Nanopartikel untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Photosensibilisator-Beladungsrate die photophysikalischen Eigenschaften der HSA- und PLGA-Nanopartikel stark beeinflusst. Für die HSA-Nanopartikel dominieren bei geringen Beladungsraten die Wechselwirkungen zwischen HSA und den Photosensibilisatormolekülen. Mit steigender Beladung spielen Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Photosensibilisatormolekülen eine zunehmende Rolle. Diese Wechselwirkungen verringern bei hoher Beladung der HSA-Nanopartikel die Generierung von Singulettsauerstoff. Auch für die PLGA-Nanopartikel konnte mit zunehmender Beladung ein verstärktes Singulettsauerstoffquenching nachgewiesen werden. Im dritten Teil dieser Arbeit wurden, für aktives Targeting von Tumorzellen, Oberflächenmodifizierte PLGA- und HSA-Nanopartikel untersucht. Die intrazellulären Singulettsauerstoffmessungen weisen auf eine erleichterte Aufnahme in Tumorzellen von Antikörper- und PEG-modifizierten HSA-Nanopartikeln in vitro hin. / The main goal of this PhD thesis is the photophysical investigation of biodegradable photosensitizer-nanoparticle carrier systems achieving passive and active tumour targeting strategies. For this purpose both steady state and time-resolved spectroscopic methods accompanied by data analysis were utilized. This work contains three main parts: First the photophysical properties of Pheo-HSA nanoparticles were compared to free pheophorbide a. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence experiments have already proved that the interaction between pheophorbide a and HSA nanoparticles is strong. This interaction leads to low singlet oxygen quantum yield (0.07) in D2O compared to free Pheo (0.52) in ethanol. But when incubated in Jurkat and HT-29 cell lines, Pheo-HSA nanoparticles have been proved to generate singlet oxygen inside cells. In the second part the well-known photosensitizers mTHPP and mTHPC were loaded to HSA- and PLGA- nanoparticles. It was found that the loading ratio determines the photophysical properties of both photosensitizer-loaded HSA and PLGA nanoparticles. For HSA nanoparticles, photosensitizer-nanoparticle interaction is the preferential mechanism in low loading ratio sample. But in high loading ratio sample, photosensitizer-photosensitizer interaction becomes the determining interaction. This interaction prevents singlet oxygen generation from high loading sample. For PLGA nanoparticles, high drug loading ratio also leads to a strong singlet oxygen quenching. At high drug loading ratio PLGA nanoparticles, some photosensitizer molecules may be localized deeply inside PLGA matrices and far away from surface. In the third part of this work, active tumour targeting behaviour achieved by surface modification of HSA and PLGA nanoparticles has been tested. Intracellular singlet oxygen measurement reveals that HSA nanoparticles, both with antibody and PEG surface modification have an enhanced targeting of tumour cells in vitro.

L'objectif principal du travail effectué au cours de cette thèse était de développer, caractériser et analyser des matériaux originaux pour des réactions d'oxydation photosensibilisée. Une attention particulière a été accordée à la détermination des propriétés photophysiques des sensibilisateurs (PSs) et à l'effet induit par l'immobilisation sur un support inerte (silice). Les espèces réactives formées lors de l'irradiation ont été identifiées et analysées. La production d'oxygène singulet a été suivie par deux méthodes complémentaires. Les sensibilisateurs supportés ont été employés, sous la forme de monolithes ou de poudres, pour la photo-oxydation du diméthyl sulfure à l'interface gaz-solide et de l’-terpinène à l'interface liquide-solide. L'oxygène singulet est la principale espèce réactive de l’oxygène formée par les PSs sélectionnés; néanmoins, les produits de réaction ont été analysés afin de mettre en évidence d’autres mécanismes. / The main aim of the work carried out during this PhD project was to develop, characterize and analyze original materials for photosensitized oxidation reactions. Particular attention was paid to the determination of the photophysical properties of the selected photosensitizers (PSs) and the effect induced by the immobilization on an inert support (silica). The reactive species formed upon irradiation were identified and analyzed. Singlet oxygen production was monitored by two complementary methods. The solid-supported sensitizers were employed, in the form of either monoliths or powders, for the photooxidation of dimethyl sulfide at the gas-solid interface and of -terpinene at the liquid-solid interface. Singlet oxygen was the main reactive oxygen species formed by the selected PSs; nonetheless, the reaction products were analyzed and other possible mechanistic scenarios investigated.

Nous évaluons des films polymères poreux structurés en tant que nouveaux supports pour des photosensibilisateurs de l’oxygène singulet. L’objectif de cette association est l’obtention de matériaux photo-actifs à grande surface d’échange. Ces surfaces polymères, structurées ici en nid d’abeille, sont obtenues par la technique « breath figure » (trad. figure de souffle), à partir de polymères bien définis synthétisés par polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée par des nitroxydes (NMP), par transfert d’atome (ATRP) et par transfert réversible par addition/fragmentation (RAFT). Le photosensibilisateur rose Bengale a été greffé de manière covalente au polymère, soit par post-greffage sur un polymère précurseur, soit par modification d’un monomère fonctionnel puis copolymérisation de ce dernier avec du styrène. Ces différentes synthèses conduisent à des films contenant différents taux de rose Bengale. Les films ont été examinés en microscopie (fluorescence, confocale et champ large, électronique à balayage) afin d’établir la structuration des films et la localisation des espèces fluorescentes. L’efficacité des films polymères pour la photo-oxydation a été testée à l’interface liquide/solide en suivant par spectroscopie UV-visible la dégradation du dihydroxynaphtalène (DHN) ou de l’α-terpinène par l’oxygène singulet produit sous irradiation visible. Les films structurés sont environ cinq fois plus efficaces que les films non-poreux de même composition utilisés dans les mêmes conditions, ce qui s’explique par leur surface spécifique et par la localisation préférentielle du rose Bengale à la surface du matériau. / We evaluate structured porous polymer films as new substrates for photosensitizers of singlet oxygen, with a view to obtaining photo-active materials with high specific exchange areas. Here, honeycomb polymer films are obtained by the breath figure process, using well defined polymers synthesized by nitroxide-controlled radical polymerization (NMP), atom transfer polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition/fragmentation transfer (RAFT). The photosensitizer, rose Bengal, is either post-grafted covalently to the polymer precursor, or pre-grafted to a monomer functional unit which is copolymerized with polystyrene. These syntheses lead to films with different rose Bengal concentrations. We determine the structure of the films and the location of the fluorescent dye by scanning electron microscopy and widefield and confocal microscopy. Efficiency of production of singlet oxygen was tested at a solid/liquid interface by monitoring the oxidation of dihydroxynaphthalene and α-terpinene, using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. Honeycomb films are about five times more efficient than non-porous films of the same composition used in the same, as may be explained by their higher specific surface area and the preferential location of the photosensitizer at the film surface.