Bakgrund: Omkring 250,000 personer i Sverige lever med hjärtsvikt och det uppskattas att cirka 60,000 insjuknar varje år. Riskerna för hjärtsvikt ökar med stigande ålder och ungefär 10 % av befolkningen över 80 år har hjärtsvikt. Hjärtsvikt är en av Sveriges mest vårdtunga diagnoser och kostar samhället cirka 60 miljarder kronor per år. Hjärtsviktspatienter rapporterar även att de har lägre livskvalité än befolkningen utan hjärtsvikt. Sister Callista Roys adaptionsteori användes i diskussionen av resultatet. Syfte: Att beskriva vad det innebär att leva med hjärtsvikt. Metod: Litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats och deskriptiv design. Resultatanalysen utgick från Popenoes modell. Tio artiklar inkluderades och alla bedömdes ha hög eller medelhög kvalité. Resultat: Fem kategorier med nitton subkategorier framkom: Egenvård, Så här ser mitt liv ut nu, Känslomässiga förändringar, En hjälpande hand, Upplevelser av vården. Slutsats: Hjärtsvikt är ett syndrom som innebär stora förändringar för den som drabbas. Förändringarna uppkommer när individens kroppsliga förmågor förändras och påverkar dennes dagliga liv. Utöver fysiska begränsningar upplever patienter att familjeförhållanden förändras, sociala livet och framtidsplaner minskar. För många innebär hjärtsvikt en ökad oro och ångest, och behandlingen kan upplevas påfrestande och svår att följa. För att denna patientgrupp ska få de bästa förutsättningarna krävs en väl fungerande och mångprofessionell sjukvård med stor stöttning från hjärtsviktsmottagningarna. Att få stöttning i egenvård är också av största vikt då stor del av behandlingen består där i.  Nyckelord: Vårdvetenskap, Upplevelse, Hjärtsvikt, litteraturstudie, Sister Callista Roy

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The sister city concept has now been around for several decades and yet there remains to be a paucity of literature dealing with the subject. Despite this unfortunate fact, there has been some literature written trying to deal with the progression of what sparked cities to try to establish sister city relationships with one another. However, this is still not enough. Diasporas have been neglected as a potential cause, which I try to remedy by employing the method of explaining outcome process tracing in a case study of the sister city relationship that began to be explored between the cities of Governador Valadares, Brazil and Framingham, United States.Information was collected using materials such as news articles from such sources as the Metrowest Daily News and official websites such as Governador Valadares’ official city webpage, and various histories, ethnographies, and other sources were also considered especially focusing on Framingham and the Greater Boston Area, allowing for the collection of materials of both primary and secondary nature and thus an in-depth analysis.What was found was that indeed, it is true that diaspora had a hand in influencing the negotiation of a sister city relationship between the two cities; First, the context of the Brazilian Diaspora in the United States was explained and analysed and it was found that it could be termed a termed a proletarian labour diaspora.Explaining outcome process tracing was then employed to inductively explain how the spark can be created, which suggested that the causal mechanism between the diaspora and the negotiations for the SCR to begin were that of an enclave forming due to the diaspora which then allowed social capital to be accumulated, allowing for Governador Valadares to grow despite Brazil’s bad economic conditions due to remittances, leading to the mayor of Governador Valadares initiating the talks.

In the present study DNA damage was measured in peripheral blood lymphocytes from polyposis coli and colorectal cancer patients, treated with different dietary and environmental compounds and compared with lymphocytes from healthy individuals. In addition, confounding factors such as age, gender, alcohol intake and smoking habits were taken into consideration. The assays used in this study included the Comet assay, the Micronucleus assay, the Micronucleus-FISH assay and the sister chromatid exchange assay. The food mutagens, PhIP and IQ, as well as titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) induced a dose dependent increase in the DNA damage and chromosomal abnormalities in all tested groups regardless of confounding factors. Prior to experiments physicochemical characterisation of nanoparticles was conducted. In the presence of the flavonoids, quercetin and rutin that were acting in an antioxidant manner, the DNA damage resulting from the highest doses of food mutagens was significantly reduced. Thus, dietary supplementation with flavonoid-rich vegetables and fruits may prove very effective in protection against oxidative stress. The polyposis coli and colon cancer patients were more susceptible to food mutagens, PhIP and IQ, as well as TiO2 NPs, and in the majority of cases had a higher level of DNA damage in the Comet assay and higher cytogenetic damage in the Micronucleus assay. In the final project, twelve frequently encountered (NewGeneris) chemical compounds were evaluated to establish their damaging potential in lymphocytes and spermatozoa from healthy donors. The highest damage was produced by DNA reactive aldehydes, food mutagens and benzo[a]pyrene when assessed with the neutral and alkaline Comet assay with and without metabolic activation.

This dissertation explores how recent feminist authors uses their literature to create, sustain, and expand the feminist movement through their creation of communities and readerships. This project consists of four case studies, each of which examines how a feminist author represents feminist identity, where she locates herself in relation to the mainstream marketplace, which strategies she uses to circulate her representation, and what forms of small and large feminist communities she is able to create. To develop this analysis of feminist literary public culture, I focus on playwright Eve Ensler and her work with the V-Day movement, novelist Alisa Valdes-Rodriguez and her expansion of the chick lit genre, poet Lorna Dee Cervantes and her online small press, and the members of spoken word group Sister Spit and their traveling road show. These individual case studies, taken as a whole, speak to the ways that feminist authors are engaging mainstream and feminist readers in ways that create and energize feminist communities. / text

Le complexe cohésine maintient associées les chromatides sœurs depuis la réplication jusqu’à leur ségrégation en mitose. Une question majeure est de comprendre comment la cohésion est établie lors de la phase S. Chez les mammifères et S. pombe, les cohésines sont associées de manière labile aux chromosomes pré-réplicatifs et l’établissement de la cohésion en phase S s’accompagne de la stabilisation de l’association des cohésines aux chromosomes. L’objectif de ce travail est de comprendre comment la dynamique des cohésines est régulée et comment son inhibition créée la cohésion.En G1 les cohésines associées aux chromosomes s’échangent avec le pool soluble et leur dissociation dépend de Pds5 et Wapl. La première partie de ce travail présente les résultats d’un crible génétique visant à identifier de nouveaux régulateurs de la dynamique des cohésines.L’établissement de la cohésion nécessite l’acétyltransférase Eso1 mais pas en contexte Δwpl1, indiquant que la seule mais essentielle fonction d’Eso1 est de s’opposer à celle de Wapl. L’acétylation de Smc3 par Eso1 contribue mais n’est pas suffisante pour contrecarrer Wapl, suggérant l’existence d’un autre événement dépendant d’Eso1. En G1, Pds5 agit avec Wapl pour dissocier les cohésines des chromosomes mais après la phase S, Pds5 est requise pour leur maintien sur les chromosomes et pour la cohésion à long terme. Pds5 co-localise avec la fraction stable de cohésines mais pas Wapl. Nous suggérons un modèle dans lequel la cohésion est créée par deux événements d’acétylation couplés à la progression de la fourche de réplication conduisant à l’éviction de Wapl des cohésines destinées à produire la cohésion. / Following DNA replication, sister chromatids are connected by cohesin to ensure their correct segregation during mitosis. How cohesion is created is still enigmatic. The cohesin subunit Smc3 becomes acetylated by ECO1, a conserved acetyl-transferase, and this change is required for cohesion. As in mammals, fission yeast cohesin is not stably bound to G1 chromosomes but a fraction becomes stable when cohesion is made. The aim of this work was to understand how cohesin dynamics is regulated and how the change in cohesin dynamics creates cohesion.In G1 chromatin bound cohesin exchange with the soluble pool and the unloading reaction relies in part on Wapl. The first part of this study reports on the identification of G1/S factors as new candidate regulators of cohesin dynamics.Following S phase a stable cohesin fraction is made. The acetyl-transferase Eso1 is not required for this reaction when the wpl1 gene is deleted. Yet, it is in wild-type cells, showing that the sole but essential Eso1 function is counteracting Wapl. Eso1 acetylates the cohesin sub-unit Smc3. This renders cohesin less sensitive to Wapl but does not confer the stable binding mode, suggesting the existence of a second Eso1-dependent event. The cohesin sub-unit Pds5 act together with Wapl to promote cohesin removal from G1 chromosomes but after S phase Pds5 is essential for cohesin retention on chromosomes and long term cohesion. Pds5 co-localizes with the stable cohesin fraction whereas Wapl does not. We suggest a model in which cohesion establishment is made by two acetylation events coupled to fork progression leading to Wapl eviction while keeping Pds5 on cohesin complexes intended to make cohesion.

Les Républiques soeurs, sont les républiques créées, aux Pays-Bas, en Italie, et en Suisse, pendant la Révolution, grâce à l'intervention militaire française et dont la constitution s'inspire fortement de celle du Directoire. Parmi ces dix constitutions datées de 1796 à 1799, certaines ont été simplement octroyées par la France, d'autres ont été adoptées plus librement. A ce moment où les puissances européennes font face à l'expansion de la Grande nation, celle-ci veut être entourée de républiques faites à son image, alliées, et même dociles, afin de se constituer un glacis protecteur. Ces constitutions sont donc établies grâce à la force des armes françaises, mais elles sont censées réaliser la liberté des peuples révolutionnés. Ces derniers, libérés d'une tutelle étrangère, ou d'un système inégalitaire, doivent connaître une émancipation à travers l'idéal républicain exprimé dans les constitutions. Or, la Constitution de l'an III, qui leur a servi de modèle, est elle-même la traduction d'un dilemme. Les Thermidoriens veulent clore l'épisode jacobin, tout en maintenant les acquis républicains. Les Républiques soeurs sont ainsi souvent décrites comme le lieu des expérimentations constitutionnelles qui ne peuvent être menées en France. Il s'agit donc, à travers une analyse constitutionnelle, de comparer les traductions de l'idéal républicain dans ces textes, et d'en montrer les différences par rapport au modèle français de 1795, afin de mesurer leur possibilité d'adaptation. Cette recherche des originalités des Constitutions des Républiques soeurs devant l'apport de l'idéal républicain, nécessite de passer par les thèmes qui constituent cet idéal, à savoir ceux de l'égalité, des droits, des libertés, de la garantie des droits, de la citoyenneté, de la souveraineté, de la représentation, et de la séparation des pouvoirs. / The Sister Republics were created in Italy, Switzerland and the Netherlands through military intervention, during the French Revolution, and their constitutions are very much alike that of the Directoire. Of these ten Constitutions, adopted between 1796 and 1799, some were simply granted by France while others were passed on a more autonomous basis.At a time when the European powers were unable to contain the expansion of the Great nation, the latter wanted to surround itself with Republics built in its image, allied, even docile so as to surround itself in a protective glacis. These Constitutions were, thus, set up thanks to the French army's action, although they were meant to enforce the freedom of these revolutionized peoples. Freed from foreign dominion or from a non-equalitarian regime, they would experience emancipation through the republican ideal expressed in their constitutions. However, the Constitution de l'an III, upon which they were designed, was itself the expression of a dilemma. Thermidorians wanted to put an end to the Jacobin episode, while maintaining the gains of the republican regime. The Sister Republics are, hence, often described as the place of the constitutional experiments which could not be done in France. It is then question, through constitutional analysis, to compare the various translations of the republican ideal found in those texts, and to show the differences between them and the French model of 1795, so as to find out how adaptable they are. This investigation into the originality of the Constitutions of the Sister Republics in front of the republican ideal, will deal with the themes which are constitutive of this idea : equality, rights, liberties, protection of rights, citizenship, sovereignty, political representation and separation of powers.

Este trabalho de dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a dinâmica de continuidade socioterritorial e econômica, dos camponeses do P.A Irmã Adelaide, bem como entender a situação socioeconômica das famílias observando as possibilidades e expectativas de continuidade socioterritorial perante as contradições do modo de produção capitalista. Para realização da análise baseou-se em uma revisão bibliográfica e leituras conceituais referentes ao tema da pesquisa, foram coletadas informações acerca de fonte(s) de renda e através de trabalhos de campo, aplicação de questionários e entrevistas, a respeito do cultivo nos lotes, número de membros das famílias residentes no P.A e fora dele, motivos que levaram à migração, dificuldades encontradas pelas famílias que permanecem. O P.A Irmã Adelaide faz parte do município de Miracema do Tocantins - TO, conta com 106 famílias assentadas, foi criado em 1998, e seu nome é uma homenagem a freira militante Irmã Adelaide, assassinada em 1985 em virtude de estar ligada às questões de disputas por terras e conflitos no sul do estado do Pará sempre defendendo o trabalhador camponês. Dentro do contexto histórico de formação do movimento que lutou pela criação do P.A Irmã Adelaide, podemos destacar a participação direta de pessoas que vieram de vários cantos do Brasil. No entanto a maioria dos trabalhadores é de origem do próprio município de Miracema do Tocantins – TO. A presença de trabalhadores de outras regiões nos faz acreditar como é alta a demanda de trabalhadores sem terra também nos outros estados brasileiros. A realidade do projeto de assentamento Irmã Adelaide não é diferente da maioria dos assentamentos existentes no Tocantins, guardada suas devidas especificidades do cotidiano e da luta por permanecer na terra. Observou-se que no assentamento predomina as culturas de ciclos curtos, como é o caso do milho, da mandioca, do feijão e do arroz, para o sustento familiar. A renda da pequena produção agrícola e da pecuária no P.A Irmã Adelaide pode se aproximar ao valor de um salário mínimo ou mais, Fo identificado a predominância de problemas sociais ainda não solucionados, e que devem ser superados, como reforma das habitações, atendimento médico no posto de saúde, a busca por créditos bancários para que possam investir no cultivo da produção. Diante disso as perspectivas dos assentados são de continuar no Projeto de Assentamento tendo em vista que esperam serem atendidos pelas políticas de Reforma agrária do governo federal. / This work of dissertation had as objective to analyze the dynamics of socioterritorial and economic continuity, of the peasants of P.A Sister Adelaide; as well as to understand the socioeconomic situation of families observing the possibilities and expectations of socioterritorial continuity in the face of the contradictions of the capitalist mode of production. The analysis was based on a bibliographical review and conceptual readings related to the research theme, information was collected about income source (s) and through fieldwork, application of questionnaires and interviews, regarding the cultivation in the lots ; number of family members residing in and outside Brazil, reasons that led to the migration, difficulties encountered by the families that remain. FrA. Adelaide is part of the municipality of Miracema do Tocantins - TO, has 106 families settled, was created in 1988, its name is a nun tribute militant Sister Adelaide. Murdered in 1985 for being always linked to issues of disputes over land and conflict in the southern state of Pará. Within the historical context of formation of the movement that fought for the creation of PA Sister Adelaide, we can highlight the direct participation of people who came from several corners of Brazil. Most of the workers are from the municipality of Miracema do Tocantins - TO. The presence of workers from other regions makes us believe how high the demand for landless workers is also high in other Brazilian states. The reality of the Sister Adelaide settlement project is no different from most of the existing settlements in Tocantins, preserving their proper specificities of daily life and the struggle to remain on earth. It was observed that short-cycle crops predominate in the settlement, as is the case of maize, cassava, beans and rice, for family sustenance. The income of small-scale agricultural and livestock production in Sister Adelaide PA can approach a minimum wage value or more, it has been identified, the predominance of social problems still unresolved, such as that must be overcome, such as housing reform, care doctor in the health clinic, and bank credit so that they can invest in the cultivation of the products, the prospects of the settlers are to continue in the PA and that they are attended by the agrarian Reform policies.

Prostitutes have played a significant role in society and literature for many centuries, both as subjects of irresistible desire and repentant shame. Although prostitution plays a role in patriarchy, female prostitutes have often defied the conventions of patriarchal society by supporting themselves outside marriage, outside the reign of religious conviction and, more recently, by seeking to continue their professional work with legal sanction. Other groups of women, such as those active in civic reform interests, have yearned for the reformation of prostitute behaviors, powerfully countering the cry from those who support prostitution and call for their legal right to pursue their profession. As a literary theme, prostitution makes a remarkably consistent showing throughout time, but it was not until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that the prostitute as a character was portrayed in such a way as to allow prevailing assumptions to disperse. This study discusses the representations of prostitutes in two novels by American authors, Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser, as read through the lens of social science literature existing during the authors' lives. The social science literature noted here spans most of the nineteenth century and was known to maintain a high degree of influence over social scientists of the time. The novels cover a period stretching from 1893 (with the first publication of Maggie) to 1907 (with the second publication of Sister Carrie). This study explores how each author's portrayal of the prostitute character corresponds with the stereotypical assumptions of the day and how the representations differ from those stereotypes. The study also examines portraits taken of the Storyville Prostitutes by a commercial photographer in New Orleans, E. J. Bellocq, in order to exemplify the visual aspects and constructions of prostitution. Due in part to the principles of scientific determinism that influenced writers like Crane and Dreiser, the prostitute was observed and portrayed through a lens presumed to filter out subjective convictions which had so long colored the prostitute in a reddish light. By analyzing three forms of representation--the photograph, the sociological report, and the novel--my thesis shows that accepted ideologies were beginning to change with respect to the ways people viewed prostitutes.