Introdução: A associação entre tuberculose (TB) e desnutrição é bem reconhecida: a TB pode levar à desnutrição e a desnutrição pode predispor à TB. Levando-se em consideração o risco de mortalidade devido à desnutrição em pacientes com TB e as inúmeras limitações dos estudos realizados até hoje, é necessário realizar uma avaliação nutricional mais completa e precoce com o objetivo de identificar os indivíduos em risco nutricional. Objetivos: Avaliar o estado nutricional dos pacientes hospitalizados com TB, coinfectados ou não pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Métodos: Estudo de prevalência com coleta de dados prospectiva. Foram incluídos pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de TB. Foram utilizados os seguintes métodos para avaliação nutricional: índice de massa corporal (IMC), dobras cutâneas, bioimpedância, circunferência do braço (CB), circunferência muscular do braço (CMB), questionário de frequência alimentar, ferramenta de triagem de desnutrição (MST), avaliação subjetiva global (ASG) e dosagens de hemoglobina, transferrina, proteína C reativa, albumina e linfócitos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 92 pacientes no estudo. Considerando o IMC, 37% dos pacientes avaliados apresentavam critérios para risco nutricional. O percentual de gordura corporal foi baixo em 31,5% dos pacientes. Além disso, mais da metade dos indivíduos estudados apresentou critérios para desnutrição conforme a CB, CMB, dobra cutânea tricipital, ASG, MST ou parâmetros laboratoriais. Com relação aos nutrientes da dieta, em pacientes HIV positivos a ingestão de selênio foi significativamente menor do que nos pacientes HIV negativos. Também foram encontradas correlações positivas entre o IMC e a quantidade de zinco e magnésio da dieta. Conclusões: Identificamos uma prevalência elevada de desnutrição em pacientes com TB pulmonar internados em um hospital terciário, independente do método utilizado para avaliação do estado nutricional. / Introduction: The association between tuberculosis (TB) and malnutrition is well recognized: TB can lead to malnutrition and malnutrition can predispose to TB. Taking into account the risk of mortality due to malnutrition in patients with TB and the numerous limitations of the studies conducted to date, it is necessary to conduct a more thorough and early nutritional assessment in order to identify individuals at nutritional risk. Objectives: To assess the nutritional status of hospitalized patients with TB, co-infected or not by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods: Prevalence study with prospective data collection. Patients with confirmed diagnosis of TB. The following methods of nutritional assessment were used: body mass index (BMI), skinfold thickness, bioelectrical impedance, arm circumference (AC), arm muscle circumference (AMC), food frequency questionnaire, malnutrition screening tool (MST), subjective global assessment (SGA) and serum levels of hemoglobin, transferrin, C-reactive protein, albumin and lymphocytes. Results: We included 92 patients in the study. Considering the BMI, 37% of the patients met the criteria for nutritional risk. The body fat percentage was low in 31.5% of patients. In addition, more than half of the subjects met criteria for malnutrition according to AC, AMC, triceps skinfold thickness, SGA, MST or laboratory parameters. Regarding the components of diet, selenium intake among HIV-positive patients was significantly lower than in HIV-negative patients. It was also found positive correlations between the BMI and the amount of dietary zinc and magnesium. Conclusions: We identified a high prevalence of malnutrition in patients with pulmonary TB admitted in a tertiary hospital, regardless of the method used to assess nutritional status.

Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre os níveis de leptina do leite materno maduro e os escores de dobras cutâneas aos três e seis meses de vida de crianças expostas a diferentes ambientes intrauterinos. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo observacional longitudinal, para o qual foram recrutados pares de mães e crianças residentes em Porto Alegre. Foram excluídas puérperas com teste positivo para HIV, doenças hipertensivas específicas da gravidez, hipertensão arterial sistêmica crônica ou gestacional, crianças gemelares, prematuras, com doenças congênitas ou necessidade de internação hospitalar. Os pares foram divididos, conforme a exposição ao ambiente intrauterino, em grupo Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Tabaco, Pequeno para Idade Gestacional (PIG) e Controle. As entrevistas foram realizadas um, três e seis meses após o parto, e foram coletados dados antropométricos da mãe e da criança, além de informações sobre a alimentação desta. Na entrevista de um mês de vida, foi coletada amostra de leite materno, analisada para quantificação da leptina. Quanto aos procedimentos estatísticos, foi considerado o nível de significância de 5%. Para comparação entre variáveis categóricas e contínuas, quando paramétricas, foi utilizado o teste ANOVA com post hoc de Tukey, e para variáveis não paramétricas, foi utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis com post hoc de Dunn. Na comparação entre variáveis categóricas, foi utilizado o teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson ou Exato de Fisher. Ao analisar variáveis contínuas, foi aplicada a correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Foram analisados os dados de 127 pares mãe-criança, sendo 18 no grupo DM, 34 no grupo Tabaco, 16 no grupo PIG e 59 no grupo Controle. A quantidade de leptina no leite materno não diferiu entre os grupos (p = 0,59). Houve correlação significativa positiva entre a quantidade de leptina do leite e o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) materno, a dobra cutânea tricipital (DCT) e a dobre cutânea subescapular (DCSE) maternas (p < 0,001). Sem considerar o tipo de alimentação, não houve correlação entre a leptina e as variáveis antropométricas da criança (p > 0,05). Dentre as crianças amamentadas exclusivamente aos três meses de vida, a leptina do leite materno correlacionou-se negativamente com o escore Z da DCT aos três meses (r = -0,447; p = 0,032) e seis meses (r = -0,499; p = 0,015), além do peso aos três (r = -0,408; p = 0,043) e seis meses de vida (r = -0,443; p= 0,034). Também houve correlação negativa com o ganho de peso do nascimento aos seis meses (r = -0,472; p = 0,023) e de um a três meses (r = -0,396; p = 0,050). Conclusão: A leptina, oferecida através do aleitamento materno exclusivo, atua na regulação do balanço energético corporal da criança, influenciando precocemente variáveis antropométricas. / Objective: Assess the association between mature breast milk leptin and skinfold thickness Z scores at 3 and 6 months of life of infant exposed to different intrauterine environments. Methods: This is a longitudinal study, for which mother and newborn pairs were recruited from 24-48 hours postpartum in three public hospitals in Porto Alegre city, Brazil. Exclusion criteria were mothers who test positive for HIV, with hypertensive disorders, newborn from twin gestation, preterm (gestational age <37 weeks), with malformations at birth, or requiring hospitalization. Pairs were divided as exposure to intrauterine environment in Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Tobacco, Small for Gestational Age (SGA) and Control group. Interviews occurred in postpartum, 1, 3 and 6 months of infant's life, where mother and infant anthropometric data were collected and information about infant’s complementary food was asked. The breast milk sample was collected in the 1 month interview. About statistical procedures, a significance level of 5% was considered. To compare categorical and continuous variables, was used the ANOVA test with Tukey post hoc, when parametric. For nonparametric variables, was used Kruskal -Wallis test with Dunn post hoc. When comparing categorical variables, was used the chi-square of Pearson or Fisher's exact test. To analyze continuous variables, the Spearman correlation was applied. Results: Data of 127 pairs were analyzed, 18 in DM group, 34 Tobacco, 16 SGA and 59 Control. Value of leptin in breast milk did not differ between groups (p = 0.59). There was a significant positive correlation between leptin milk and maternal anthropometric variables in the overall sample (p < 0.001) and between the groups (p< 0.05). Without considering infant's complementary feeding, there was no correlation between leptin and infant anthropometric variables (p > 0.05). However, among the infants exclusively breastfed at 3 months, leptin significantly negative correlated with Z score of triceps skinfold thickness at 3 (r = -0.447; p = 0.032) and 6 months (r = -0.499; p=0.015), infant weight at 3 (r = -0.408; p = 0.043) and 6 months (r = -0.443; p = 0.034), weight gain from birth to 6 months (r = -0.472; p = 0.023) and from 1 to 3 months (r = -0.396; p = 0.050) in the overall sample. Conclusion: Among the infants exclusively breastfed, leptin in mature milk acts in body energy balance and may impact early infant anthropometric variables.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:59:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 1996084 bytes, checksum: 09744470d202aa00bc1822961cfea571 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Estimating corporeal density and fat in human bodies can be realized by using several laboratory methods: directly, indirectly or double indirect. The direct method is the only one which allows estimating the corporeal fat with such a better precision by means of dissecting the cadaver. In order to get this estimative, one of the most precise indirect method is the one of hydrostatic weight, which is considered the reference one in this study. For estimating the corporeal fat the double indirect method has been used by predicting measure models, which have been developed for populations of different ethnic groups. Many times these models have been employed with no criterion, occasioning errors. In this thesis the corporeal density measuring and fat percentage of 199 undergraduate students were estimated, with 62 female students in the age between 18 and 27 and 137 male students in the age between 18 and 35. Measuring skinfold thickness, height and body mass have been done in the group of undergraduate students. Models for estimating the body density were developed and validated. Thirteen of the models were made for the females and eleven of them were developed for the males. It has been conducted a cross validation of the eleven male measuring models which have been developed in this thesis, as well as of six measuring models which have been developed by other authors. A comparison has been made between the body densities measured by using the standard method and the densities which were estimated by the models.Three models used for the females attended the Heyward & Stolarczyk criterion, as well as the morphology one and the practical one. Through validation they presented a correlation coefficient (R) between 0.802 and 0.835, and an estimating standard error (EPE) between 0.0070 g/cm3 and 0.0075 g/cm3. Four measuring models which have been developed in this study for the male sex, within the cross validation procedure, presented strong correlations between 0.774 and 0.805, and EPE between 0.0065 g/cm3 and 0.0070 g/cm3. These values were classified by Lohman as very good. They attended the Heyward & Stolarczyk criteria, the morphology one and the practical one. No one of the six measuring models which have been developed by other authors was recommended for being used in this sample once they did not attend the validation criteria. / A estimativa da densidade e da gordura corporais pode ser realizada por vários métodos laboratoriais, de forma direta, indireta ou duplamente indireta. O método direto é o único que pode estimar a gordura corporal com maior exatidão, utilizando a dissecação cadavérica. Para essa estimativa, um dos métodos indiretos mais precisos é o da pesagem hidrostática, considerado como padrão nesse estudo. Utiliza-se o método duplamente indireto para essa estimativa, por meio de modelos de medição preditivos, desenvolvidos para populações de etnias diferentes, e empregados, muitas vezes sem os devidos critérios, gerando erros. Neste trabalho, estimaram-se as medidas de densidade corporal e do percentual de gordura de 199 universitários, dos quais 62 são do sexo feminino com idade entre 18 e 27 anos e 137 do sexo masculino com idade entre 18 e 35 anos. Realizaram-se medidas de dobras cutâneas, estatura e massa corporal dos universitários. Foram desenvolvidos e validados modelos de medição da densidade corporal, sendo treze para o sexo feminino e onze para o sexo masculino. Realizou-se a validação cruzada dos onze modelos de medição do sexo masculino desenvolvidos nesse estudo bem como de seis modelos de medição desenvolvidos por outros autores, comparando as densidades medidas pelo método padrão com as densidades estimadas pelos modelos. Três modelos, para o sexo feminino, atenderam ao critério de Heyward & Stolarczyk, bem como, ao de morfologia e ao de praticidade e apresentaram, na validação, coeficiente de correlação (R) entre 0,802 e 0,835 e erro padrão de estimativa (EPE) entre 0,0070 g/cm3 e 0,0075 g/cm3. Quatro modelos de medição, desenvolvidos nesse estudo para o sexo masculino, no procedimento de validação cruzada, apresentaram fortes correlações entre 0,774 e 0,805 e EPE entre 0,0065 g/cm3 e 0,0070 g/cm3, classificados segundo Lohman, como muito bom, atenderam aos critérios de Heyward & Stolarczyk, ao de morfologia e ao de praticidade. Nenhum dos seis modelos de medição desenvolvidos por outros autores foram recomendados para serem utilizados nessa amostra, pois não atenderam aos critérios de validação.

Introdução: A associação entre tuberculose (TB) e desnutrição é bem reconhecida: a TB pode levar à desnutrição e a desnutrição pode predispor à TB. Levando-se em consideração o risco de mortalidade devido à desnutrição em pacientes com TB e as inúmeras limitações dos estudos realizados até hoje, é necessário realizar uma avaliação nutricional mais completa e precoce com o objetivo de identificar os indivíduos em risco nutricional. Objetivos: Avaliar o estado nutricional dos pacientes hospitalizados com TB, coinfectados ou não pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Métodos: Estudo de prevalência com coleta de dados prospectiva. Foram incluídos pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de TB. Foram utilizados os seguintes métodos para avaliação nutricional: índice de massa corporal (IMC), dobras cutâneas, bioimpedância, circunferência do braço (CB), circunferência muscular do braço (CMB), questionário de frequência alimentar, ferramenta de triagem de desnutrição (MST), avaliação subjetiva global (ASG) e dosagens de hemoglobina, transferrina, proteína C reativa, albumina e linfócitos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 92 pacientes no estudo. Considerando o IMC, 37% dos pacientes avaliados apresentavam critérios para risco nutricional. O percentual de gordura corporal foi baixo em 31,5% dos pacientes. Além disso, mais da metade dos indivíduos estudados apresentou critérios para desnutrição conforme a CB, CMB, dobra cutânea tricipital, ASG, MST ou parâmetros laboratoriais. Com relação aos nutrientes da dieta, em pacientes HIV positivos a ingestão de selênio foi significativamente menor do que nos pacientes HIV negativos. Também foram encontradas correlações positivas entre o IMC e a quantidade de zinco e magnésio da dieta. Conclusões: Identificamos uma prevalência elevada de desnutrição em pacientes com TB pulmonar internados em um hospital terciário, independente do método utilizado para avaliação do estado nutricional. / Introduction: The association between tuberculosis (TB) and malnutrition is well recognized: TB can lead to malnutrition and malnutrition can predispose to TB. Taking into account the risk of mortality due to malnutrition in patients with TB and the numerous limitations of the studies conducted to date, it is necessary to conduct a more thorough and early nutritional assessment in order to identify individuals at nutritional risk. Objectives: To assess the nutritional status of hospitalized patients with TB, co-infected or not by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods: Prevalence study with prospective data collection. Patients with confirmed diagnosis of TB. The following methods of nutritional assessment were used: body mass index (BMI), skinfold thickness, bioelectrical impedance, arm circumference (AC), arm muscle circumference (AMC), food frequency questionnaire, malnutrition screening tool (MST), subjective global assessment (SGA) and serum levels of hemoglobin, transferrin, C-reactive protein, albumin and lymphocytes. Results: We included 92 patients in the study. Considering the BMI, 37% of the patients met the criteria for nutritional risk. The body fat percentage was low in 31.5% of patients. In addition, more than half of the subjects met criteria for malnutrition according to AC, AMC, triceps skinfold thickness, SGA, MST or laboratory parameters. Regarding the components of diet, selenium intake among HIV-positive patients was significantly lower than in HIV-negative patients. It was also found positive correlations between the BMI and the amount of dietary zinc and magnesium. Conclusions: We identified a high prevalence of malnutrition in patients with pulmonary TB admitted in a tertiary hospital, regardless of the method used to assess nutritional status.

Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre os níveis de leptina do leite materno maduro e os escores de dobras cutâneas aos três e seis meses de vida de crianças expostas a diferentes ambientes intrauterinos. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo observacional longitudinal, para o qual foram recrutados pares de mães e crianças residentes em Porto Alegre. Foram excluídas puérperas com teste positivo para HIV, doenças hipertensivas específicas da gravidez, hipertensão arterial sistêmica crônica ou gestacional, crianças gemelares, prematuras, com doenças congênitas ou necessidade de internação hospitalar. Os pares foram divididos, conforme a exposição ao ambiente intrauterino, em grupo Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Tabaco, Pequeno para Idade Gestacional (PIG) e Controle. As entrevistas foram realizadas um, três e seis meses após o parto, e foram coletados dados antropométricos da mãe e da criança, além de informações sobre a alimentação desta. Na entrevista de um mês de vida, foi coletada amostra de leite materno, analisada para quantificação da leptina. Quanto aos procedimentos estatísticos, foi considerado o nível de significância de 5%. Para comparação entre variáveis categóricas e contínuas, quando paramétricas, foi utilizado o teste ANOVA com post hoc de Tukey, e para variáveis não paramétricas, foi utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis com post hoc de Dunn. Na comparação entre variáveis categóricas, foi utilizado o teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson ou Exato de Fisher. Ao analisar variáveis contínuas, foi aplicada a correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Foram analisados os dados de 127 pares mãe-criança, sendo 18 no grupo DM, 34 no grupo Tabaco, 16 no grupo PIG e 59 no grupo Controle. A quantidade de leptina no leite materno não diferiu entre os grupos (p = 0,59). Houve correlação significativa positiva entre a quantidade de leptina do leite e o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) materno, a dobra cutânea tricipital (DCT) e a dobre cutânea subescapular (DCSE) maternas (p < 0,001). Sem considerar o tipo de alimentação, não houve correlação entre a leptina e as variáveis antropométricas da criança (p > 0,05). Dentre as crianças amamentadas exclusivamente aos três meses de vida, a leptina do leite materno correlacionou-se negativamente com o escore Z da DCT aos três meses (r = -0,447; p = 0,032) e seis meses (r = -0,499; p = 0,015), além do peso aos três (r = -0,408; p = 0,043) e seis meses de vida (r = -0,443; p= 0,034). Também houve correlação negativa com o ganho de peso do nascimento aos seis meses (r = -0,472; p = 0,023) e de um a três meses (r = -0,396; p = 0,050). Conclusão: A leptina, oferecida através do aleitamento materno exclusivo, atua na regulação do balanço energético corporal da criança, influenciando precocemente variáveis antropométricas. / Objective: Assess the association between mature breast milk leptin and skinfold thickness Z scores at 3 and 6 months of life of infant exposed to different intrauterine environments. Methods: This is a longitudinal study, for which mother and newborn pairs were recruited from 24-48 hours postpartum in three public hospitals in Porto Alegre city, Brazil. Exclusion criteria were mothers who test positive for HIV, with hypertensive disorders, newborn from twin gestation, preterm (gestational age <37 weeks), with malformations at birth, or requiring hospitalization. Pairs were divided as exposure to intrauterine environment in Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Tobacco, Small for Gestational Age (SGA) and Control group. Interviews occurred in postpartum, 1, 3 and 6 months of infant's life, where mother and infant anthropometric data were collected and information about infant’s complementary food was asked. The breast milk sample was collected in the 1 month interview. About statistical procedures, a significance level of 5% was considered. To compare categorical and continuous variables, was used the ANOVA test with Tukey post hoc, when parametric. For nonparametric variables, was used Kruskal -Wallis test with Dunn post hoc. When comparing categorical variables, was used the chi-square of Pearson or Fisher's exact test. To analyze continuous variables, the Spearman correlation was applied. Results: Data of 127 pairs were analyzed, 18 in DM group, 34 Tobacco, 16 SGA and 59 Control. Value of leptin in breast milk did not differ between groups (p = 0.59). There was a significant positive correlation between leptin milk and maternal anthropometric variables in the overall sample (p < 0.001) and between the groups (p< 0.05). Without considering infant's complementary feeding, there was no correlation between leptin and infant anthropometric variables (p > 0.05). However, among the infants exclusively breastfed at 3 months, leptin significantly negative correlated with Z score of triceps skinfold thickness at 3 (r = -0.447; p = 0.032) and 6 months (r = -0.499; p=0.015), infant weight at 3 (r = -0.408; p = 0.043) and 6 months (r = -0.443; p = 0.034), weight gain from birth to 6 months (r = -0.472; p = 0.023) and from 1 to 3 months (r = -0.396; p = 0.050) in the overall sample. Conclusion: Among the infants exclusively breastfed, leptin in mature milk acts in body energy balance and may impact early infant anthropometric variables.

Background: Skinfold thickness (ST), waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) measurements are simple methods for assessing fat tissue at defined body parts. We examined these parameters in a cohort of healthy children and adolescents in Leipzig. Our study provides current percentile curves for biceps, triceps, subscapular and iliac crest ST, plus WC, HC, Waist-to-Hip Ratio and Waist-to-Height Ratio. Materials and methods: 6,344 visits were recorded involving 2,363 individuals from 3 to 16 years in age. Continuous age- and gender-related percentiles (3rd, 10th, median, 90th, 97th percentiles) were estimated using Cole's LMS method. Results: For biceps and triceps ST, boys show a peak at the beginning of adolescence with a subsequent decrease, while percentile values among girls rise across the age range. Subscapular and iliac crest percentiles also show increasing curves with disproportionately high values for P90 and P97. Boys show higher values of WC, girls have higher levels of HC. WC and HC median percentiles constantly increase in both sexes with a plateau at the age of 16 for girls. Conclusion: Trends for all parameters of body fat are in line with other national and international studies. Unlike the KiGGS study, our study provides circumference data across the whole of our age range, i.e. from 3-16 years.:I. Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1. Vorbemerkung 2. Wissenschaftlicher Hintergrund 2.1. Übergewicht und Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter 2.2. Bestimmung des Körperfettanteils bei Kindern und Jugendlichen 2.3. Die Bedeutung kindlichen Übergewichts und dessen Folgeschäden 2.4. Assoziation von Körperfettparametern und kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren im Fokus 2.5. Anthropometrische Referenzwerte für Kinder und Jugendliche in Deutschland 3. Fragestellung 4. Publikation 5. Zusammenfassung der Arbeit 6. Literaturverzeichnis II. Anlagen 1. Abbildungen 2. Tabellen 3. Formeln nach Slaughter zur Abschätzung des Körperfettanteils III. Darstellung des eigenen Beitrags IV. Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit VI. Danksagung

Adiposity has been linked to impaired respiratory function in adults but whether the distribution of adipose tissue has a differential effect on pulmonary function is still uncertain. Moreover, in children, the relationship between adiposity and lung dysfunction is not clearly understood. A two-stage multivariate analysis was conducted using data from 5604 Canadians aged 6 to 79 years who participated in the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). The associations of various anthropometric and skinfold measures with lung function were examined separately in adults and children. After adjustment of covariates, waist circumference and subscapular skinfold thickness showed the strongest inverse associations with FVC and FEV1 in men. In women, BMI and sum of five skinfolds had the largest impact on pulmonary function. FVC and FEV1 in boys were most affected by waist-to-hip ratio and triceps skinfold. In girls, adiposity was not linked to the lung function testing variables. Adiposity measures have differing effects on respiratory function depending on age and sex group.

We seek to observe the association between childhood obesity by different measures and adult obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and diabetes. Thousand two hundred and nine subjects from “Beijing Blood Pressure Cohort Study” were followed 22.9 ± 0.5 years in average from childhood to adulthood. We defined childhood obesity using body mass index (BMI) or left subscapular skinfold (LSSF), and adult obesity as BMI ≥28 kg/m2. MetS was defined according to the joint statement of International Diabetes Federation and American Heart Association with modified waist circumference (≥90/85 cm for men/women). Diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L or blood glucose 2 h after oral glucose tolerance test ≥11.1 mmol/L or currently using blood glucose-lowering agents. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were used to assess the association. The incidence of adult obesity was 13.4, 60.0, 48.3, and 65.1 % for children without obesity, having obesity by BMI only, by LSSF only, and by both, respectively. Compared to children without obesity, children obese by LSSF only or by both had higher risk of diabetes. After controlling for adult obesity, childhood obesity predicted independently long-term risks of diabetes (odds ratio 2.8, 95 % confidence interval 1.2–6.3) or abdominal obesity (2.7, 1.6–4.7) other than MetS as a whole (1.2, 0.6–2.4). Childhood obesity predicts long-term risk of adult diabetes, and the effect is independent of adult obesity. LSSF is better than BMI in predicting adult diabetes.

CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE FACULTY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT ADIPOSE TISSUE DISTRIBUTION BY PRESCHOOL CHILDREN- COMAPARATIVE STUDY ABSTRACT Head of the dissertation: Author: Prof. MUDr. Ivan Dylevský, DrSc. Mgr. Dominika Petrů Prague, 2014 Abstract The dissertation provides information about the distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue in preschool-aged /5-6 years, n=141/ and younger school-aged children /8- 9 years, n=137/ in the Ústí region. In this review, we describe and evaluate the child's body with anthropometric parameters, skinfold, bioelectrical impedance analysis and selected sample /n=31/ with ultrasonography. We found an increased distribution of adipose tissue in older file with a concentration in the abdominal area and a higher reliability of skinfold than the BIA, considering the ultrasound examination. Key words: subcutaneous fat, skinfold, bioelectrical impedance analysis, ultrasonography

Title: Comparison of selected anthropometric parameters of competitive quadrathletes and racing kayakers. Objectives: The aim of this work is to assess the somatotype and anthropometric characteristics in elite athletes in marathon kayakers and quadrathletes. Methods: This research included the analysis and comparison of two groups of athletes. Using the Heath-Carter system of measurement, somatotypes were calculated using the computer formula, 'Somatotype - Calculation and Analysis'. Body composition was determined through the use of skinfold calipers SK in conjunction with noninvasive bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Specifically, the Tanita 980 MS and BIA 2000 measurement units. Results: Two research samples were developed (speed kayakers as one, quadrathletes as the other), whose results (set average) were compared. On the basis of anthropometric data and calculations, it was found that both research samples corresponded in their somatotype category, ectomorphic mesomorph. According to this research, the speed kayakers (with a focus on marathon distances), are generally taller and heavier than the quadrathlete sample, yet had relatively less body fat. Keywords: Somatotype, body composition, BIA, skinfold, quadrathlon, flatwater kayaking