Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:57:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 isabel.pdf: 1058986 bytes, checksum: e20efcd5cf981bdfd9ed317fd48b5875 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-10 / Having like reference a reflection of B. F. Skinner about Education and its considerations about the use coercive practices noxious effects and considering that these ones do present in our society, it developed the present work that had as objective to identify there was the coercive practices use during teachers' Fitness pedagogical activities, and, in positive case, propose intervention in the sense of decreasing the frequency of such practices. The work was going developed in a Beneficent Institution located in São Paulo's city. They were participants three professionals that exercised the educator function in footsal, volleyball, and capoeira modalities. The data were going obtained for question (structured and informal situations) and for observation in natural context (the different modalities classes). The intervention proposal involved three stages: 1) Pre-intervention observation of three classes, of each modality, for coercive practices presents detection during the pedagogical activities; 2) Intervention - classes observation and discussion of encounter, with the educator about situations evidenced in the pedagogical interactions; the observed classes set varied between 8 and 10, for teacher; 3) Post-intervention observation of three classes, of each modality, with the goal of verifying the intervention effects. In Pre-intervention, it detected the coercive practices use in three different situations: a) the inadequate behaviors occurrence by the students; b) the incorrect behaviors occurrence; and c) like form of motivating the group. It verified that the occurrence of such coercive practices was current of the educators inability in the performance of your function and how certain contexts favored the inadequate behaviors appearance: a) organization lack during the teaching activities; b) lines frequent use during the movements teaching; c) information clearness excessive number and lack in the supplied instructions; d) classes planning lack; e) teacher's attention occasioning inadequate behaviors and not academic behaviors. During the Intervention process, the relative information to the observed educational practices were going treated having like model the Functional Analysis, what it allowed select the situations that would be objective of discussion with the teachers. The intervention it showed efficient, since, among the reached results, there was teachers actions alteration, in the sense of administer their classes in a reforce ambient, and not coercive. For so much, it was fundamental the modification in the teaching own activities - the teachers proceeded creating situations that favored the academic behaviors emission, behaving incompatible or that turned less probable the inadequate behaviors emission by the students, the which ones would passed be reforces consequences objectives. The obtained data allow to suggest that there is coercive practices use for educators when its pedagogical proposals are little efficient / Tendo como referência a reflexão de B. F. Skinner sobre Educação, e suas considerações sobre os efeitos nocivos do uso de práticas coercitiva, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos identificar o uso de tais práticas nas atividades pedagógicas de professores de Educação Física, e, em caso positivo, propor intervenção no sentido de diminuir a freqüência de tais práticas. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em uma instituição beneficente, localizada na cidade de São Paulo. Foram participantes três profissionais que exerciam a função docente nas modalidades de futsal, voleibol e capoeira. Os dados foram obtidos por questionamento, (em situações estruturadas e informais), e por observação, nas aulas das diferentes modalidades. A proposta de intervenção envolveu três etapas: 1) Pré-intervenção observação de três aulas, de cada modalidade, para detecção das práticas coercitivas; 2) Intervenção observação de aulas e encontro de discussão, com o docente, sobre situações evidenciadas nas interações pedagógicas. O conjunto de aulas observadas variou entre 8 e 10, por professor; 3) Pós-intervenção observação de três aulas, de cada modalidade, com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos da intervenção. Na Pré-Intervenção, detectou-se o uso de práticas coercitivas em três situações diferentes: a) na ocorrência de comportamentos inadequados pelos alunos; b) na ocorrência de comportamentos incorretos; e c) na intenção de motivar a turma. Constatou-se que a ocorrência de práticas coercitivas era decorrente da inabilidade dos docentes no desempenho de sua função e que determinados contextos favoreciam a eclosão de comportamentos inadequados: a) falta de organização nas atividades de ensino; b) uso freqüente de filas durante o ensino de movimentos; c) número excessivo de informações e falta de clareza nas instruções fornecidas; d) falta de planejamento das aulas; e) atenção do professor consequenciando comportamentos inadequados e não comportamentos acadêmicos. Durante o processo de intervenção, as informações relativas às práticas educativas observadas foram tratadas tendo como modelo a Análise Funcional, o que permitiu elencar as situações tomadas como alvo de discussão com os docentes. A intervenção mostrou-se eficiente, já que, dentre os resultados alcançados, houve alteração das ações dos professores, no sentido de ministrarem suas aulas em um ambiente reforçador, e não coercitivo. Para tanto, foi fundamental a modificação nas próprias atividades de ensino - os professores passaram a criar situações que favoreciam a emissão de comportamentos acadêmicos, portando incompatíveis ou que tornavam menos provável a emissão de comportamentos inadequados pelos alunos, os quais passaram a ser alvo de conseqüências reforçadoras. Os dados obtidos permitem sugerir que há uso de práticas coercitivas por docentes quando suas propostas pedagógicas são pouco eficientes

<p>In 2001 Sweden founded the government agency of VINNOVA, named after the OECD-endorsed innovation system concept. Criticising the common assumption that countries are passive and uncritical recipients of the approaches promoted by the OECD, this dissertation tries to show that Swedish actors were in fact very active and strategic as they contributed to the national adoption of the concept.</p><p>With inspiration from conceptual history and Quentin Skinner’s analysis of the rhetorical use of concepts, this study focuses on the research funding reform process between 1995 and 2001, investigating how actors trying to defend the contested institution of sectoral research used the innovation system concept to rhetorically legitimise their project. To compare these uses with earlier ways of discussing innovation in Sweden, the innovation debate that arose in relation to the industrial crises of the 1970s and 1990s has also been studied.</p><p>It was found that the early Swedish innovation debate had paid little attention to the university sector. When <i>Research 2000</i> in 1998 proposed that researcher-dominated research councils should be given control over sectoral research funding, a coalition in favour of industrially relevant research mobilised to protect its influence over research funding. The concept was now appropriated and used to rhetorically reframe the universities as part of a system with the main function of promoting innovations. By using the concept it was also possible to draw on the legitimacy offered by the OECD and science.</p>

In 2001 Sweden founded the government agency of VINNOVA, named after the OECD-endorsed innovation system concept. Criticising the common assumption that countries are passive and uncritical recipients of the approaches promoted by the OECD, this dissertation tries to show that Swedish actors were in fact very active and strategic as they contributed to the national adoption of the concept. With inspiration from conceptual history and Quentin Skinner’s analysis of the rhetorical use of concepts, this study focuses on the research funding reform process between 1995 and 2001, investigating how actors trying to defend the contested institution of sectoral research used the innovation system concept to rhetorically legitimise their project. To compare these uses with earlier ways of discussing innovation in Sweden, the innovation debate that arose in relation to the industrial crises of the 1970s and 1990s has also been studied. It was found that the early Swedish innovation debate had paid little attention to the university sector. When Research 2000 in 1998 proposed that researcher-dominated research councils should be given control over sectoral research funding, a coalition in favour of industrially relevant research mobilised to protect its influence over research funding. The concept was now appropriated and used to rhetorically reframe the universities as part of a system with the main function of promoting innovations. By using the concept it was also possible to draw on the legitimacy offered by the OECD and science.

Durant els darrers quaranta anys la geometria diferencial ha estat una eina fonamental per entendre la teoria de control òptim. Habitualment la millor estratègia per resoldre un problema és transformar-lo en un altre problema que sigui més tractable. El Principi del Màxim de Pontryagin proporciona al problema de control òptim d’una estructura Hamiltoniana. Les solucions del problema Hamiltonià que satisfan unes determinades propietats són candidates a ésser solucions del problema de control òptim. Aquestes corbes candidates reben el nom d’extremals. Per tant, el Principi del Màxim de Pontryagin aixeca el problema original a l’espai cotangent. En aquesta tesi desenvolupem una demostració completa i geomètrica del Principi del Màxim de Pontryagin. Investiguem cuidadosament els punts més delicats de la demostració, que per exemple inclouen les perturbacions del controls, l’aproximació lineal del conjunt de punts accessibles i la condició de separació. Entre totes les solucions d’un problema de control òptim, existeixen les corbes anormals. Aquestes corbes no depenen de la funció de cost que es vol minimitzar, sinó que només depenen de la geometria del sistema de control. En la literatura de control òptim, existeixen estudis sobre l’anormalitat, tot i que només per a sistemes lineals o afins en el controls i sobretot amb funcions de cost quadràtiques en els controls. Nosaltres descrivim un mètode geomètric nou per caracteritzar tots els diferents tipus d’extremals (no només les anormals) de problemes de control òptim genèrics. Aquest mètode s’obté com una adaptació d’un algoritme de lligadures presimplèctic. El nostre interès en les corbes anormals es degut a les corbes òptimes estrictament anormals, les quals també queden caracteritzades mitjançant l’algoritme descrit en aquesta tesi. Com aplicació del mètode mencionat, caracteritzem les extremals d’un problema de control òptim lliure, aquell on el domini de definició no està donat. En concret, els problemes de temps mínim són problemes de control òptim lliures. A més a més, som capaços de donar una corba extremal estrictament anormal aplicant el mètode descrit per a un sistema mecànic. Un cop la noció d’anormalitat ha estat estudiada en general, ens concentrem en l’estudi de l’anormalitat per a sistemes de control mecànics, perquè no existeixen resultats sobre l’existència de corbes òptimes estrictament anormals per a problemes de control òptim associats a aquests sistemes. En aquesta tesi es donen resultats sobre les extremals anormals quan la funció de cost és quadràtica en els controls o si el funcional a minimitzar és el temps. A més a més, la caracterització d’anormals en casos particulars és descrita mitjançant elements geomètrics com les formes quadràtiques vector valorades. Aquests elements geomètrics apareixen com a resultat d’aplicar el mètode descrit en aquesta tesi. També tractem un altre enfocament de l’estudi de l’anormalitat de sistemes de control mecànics, que consisteix a aprofitar l’equivalència que existeix entre els sistemes de control noholònoms i els sistemes de control cinemàtics. Provem l’equivalència entre els problemes de control òptim associats a ambdós sistemes de control i això permet establir relacions entre les corbes extremals del problema nonholònom i del cinemàtic. Aquestes relacions permeten donar un example d’una corba òptima estrictament anormal en un problema de temps mínim per a sistemes de control mecànics. Finalment, i deixant de banda per un moment l’anormalitat, donem una formulació geomètrica dels problemes de control òptim no autònoms mitjançant la formulació unificada de Skinner-Rusk. La formulació descrita en aquesta tesis és fins i tot aplicable a sistemes de control implícits que apareixen en un gran nombre de problemes de control òptim dins de l’àmbit de l’enginyeria, com per exemple els sistemes Lagrangians controlats i els sistemes descriptors. / Durante los últimos cuarenta años la geometría diferencial ha sido una herramienta para entender la teoría de control óptimo. Habitualmente la mejor estrategia para resolver un problema es transformarlo en otro problema que sea más tratable. El Principio del Máximo de Pontryagin dota al problema de control óptimo de una estructura Hamiltoniana. Las soluciones del problema Hamiltoniano que satisfagan determinadas propiedades son candidatas a ser soluciones del problema de control óptimo. Estas curvas candidatas se llaman extremales. Por lo tanto, el Principio del Máximo de Pontryagin levanta el problema original al espacio cotangente. En esta tesis doctoral, desarrollamos una demostración completa y geométrica del Principio del Máximo de Pontryagin. Investigamos minuciosamente los puntos delicados de la demostración, como son las perturbaciones de los controles, la aproximación lineal del conjunto de puntos alcanzables y la condición de separación. Entre todas las soluciones de un problema de control óptimo, existen las curvas anormales. Estas curvas no dependen de la función de coste que se quiere minimizar, sino que sólo dependen de la geometría del sistema de control. En la literatura de control óptimo existen estudios sobre la anormalidad, aunque sólo para sistemas lineales o afines en los controles y fundamentalmente con funciones de costes cuadráticas en los controles. Nosotros presentamos un método geométrico nuevo para caracterizar todos los distintos tipos de extremales (no sólo las anormales) de problemas de control óptimo genéricos. Este método es resultado de adaptar un algoritmo de ligaduras presimpléctico. Nuestro interés en las extremales anormales es debido a las curvas óptimas estrictamente anormales, las cuales también pueden ser caracterizadas mediante el algoritmo descrito en esta tesis. Como aplicación del método mencionado en el párrafo anterior, caracterizamos las extremales de un problema de control óptimo libre, aquél donde el dominio de definición de las curvas no está dado. En particular, los problemas de tiempo óptimo son problemas de control óptimo libre. Además, somos capaces de dar un ejemplo de una curva extremal estrictamente anormal aplicando el método descrito. Una vez la noción de anormalidad en general ha sido estudiada, nos centramos en el estudio de la anormalidad para sistemas de control mecánicos, ya que no existen resultados sobre la existencia de curvas óptimales estrictamente anormales para problemas de control óptimo asociados a estos sistemas. En esta tesis, se dan resultados sobre las extremales anormales cuando la función de coste es cuadrática en los controles o el funcional a minimizar es el tiempo. Además, la caracterización de las anormales en casos particulares es descrita por medio de elementos geométricos como las formas cuadráticas vector valoradas. Dichos elementos geométricos aparecen como consecuencia del método descrito para caracterizar las extremales. También se considera otro enfoque para el estudio de la anormalidad de sistemas de control mecánicos, que consiste en aprovechar la equivalencia que existe entre sistemas de control noholónomos y sistemas de control cinemáticos. Se prueba la equivalencia entre problemas de control óptimo asociados a ambos sistemas de control, lo que permite establecer relaciones entre las extremales del problema noholónomo y las extremales del problema cinemático. Estas relaciones permiten dar un ejemplo de una curva optimal estrictamente anormal en un problema de tiempo óptimo para sistemas de control mecánicos. Por último, olvidándonos por un momento de la anormalidad, se describe una formulación geométrica de los problemas de control óptimo no autónomos aprovechando la formulación unificada de Skinner-Rusk. Esta formulación es incluso válida para sistemas de control implícitos que aparecen en numerosos problemas de control óptimo de ámbito ingenieril, como por ejemplo, los sistemas Lagrangianos controlados y los sistemas descriptores. / For the last forty years, differential geometry has provided a means of understanding optimal control theory. Usually the best strategy to solve a difficult problem is to transform it into a different problem that can be dealt with more easily. Pontryagin's Maximum Principle provides the optimal control problem with a Hamiltonian structure. The solutions to the Hamiltonian problem, satisfying particular conditions, are candidates to be solutions to the optimal control problem. These candidates are called extremals. Thus, Pontryagin's Maximum Principle lifts the original problem to the cotangent bundle. In this thesis, we develop a complete geometric proof of Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. We investigate carefully the crucial points in the proof such as the perturbations of the controls, the linear approximation of the reachable set and the separation condition. Among all the solutions to an optimal control problem, there exist the abnormal curves. These do not depend on the cost function we want to minimize, but only on the geometry of the control system. Some work has been done in the study of abnormality, although only for control-linear and control-affine systems with mainly control-quadratic cost functions. Here we present a novel geometric method to characterize all the different kinds of extremals (not only the abnormal ones) in general optimal control problems. This method is an adaptation of the presymplectic constraint algorithm. Our interest in the abnormal curves is with the strict abnormal minimizers. These last minimizers can be characterized by the geometric algorithm presented in this thesis. As an application of the above-mentioned method, we characterize the extremals for the free optimal control problems that include, in particular, the time-optimal control problem. Moreover, an example of an strict abnormal extremal for a control-affine system is found using the geometric method. Furthermore, we focus on the description of abnormality for optimal control problems for mechanical control systems, because no results about the existence of strict abnormal minimizers are known for these problems. Results about the abnormal extremals are given when the cost function is control-quadratic or the time must be minimized. In this dissertation, the abnormality is characterized in particular cases through geometric constructions such as vectorvalued quadratic forms that appear as a result of applying the previous geometric procedure. The optimal control problems for mechanical control systems are also tackled taking advantage of the equivalence between nonholonomic control systems and kinematic control systems. In this thesis, it is found an equivalence between time-optimal control problems for both control systems. The results allow us to give an example of a local strict abnormal minimizer in a time-optimal control problem for a mechanical control system. Finally, setting aside the abnormality, the non-autonomous optimal control problem is described geometrically using the Skinner-Rusk unified formalism. This approach is valid for implicit control systems that arise in optimal control problems for the controlled Lagrangian systems and for descriptor systems. Both systems are common in engineering problems.