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Uppsatsens syfte är dels att identifiera konsumenternas e-handelspreferenser men även att ta reda på eventuella skillnader gällande användarpreferenser via smartphone respektive persondator. Uppsatsen identifierar e-handel som ett fenomen som blir allt starkare och som är på väg att konkurrera ut den traditionella detaljhandeln.För att kunna svara på vår problemformulering tar vi hjälp av olika metoder. Utifrån våra undersökningar tillsammans med våra utvalda metoder har vi kommit fram till att konsumenterna hellre sitter vid en persondator vid konsumtion av en vara. Det hör samman med att konsumenterna vill sitta i sitt hem där de i lugn och ro kan göra sitt köp. En annan betydande faktor är att skärmstorleken är för liten på smartphone. En detalj som konsumenterna nämner är att gränssnittet på en smartphone är sämre än på en persondator.Nyckelord: e-handel, smartphone, mobil e-handel, persondator / The purpose of this paper is to identify consumer e-commerce preferences but also to trace any differences regarding consumer’s preferences via smartphone or PC. The paper identifies e-commerce as a phenomenon that is becoming stronger and that is going to rival the traditional e-commerce. The goal of this paper is to identify consumer’s e-commerce preferences.To solve our issue we will use different methods. Based on our studies, together with our selected methods, we found that consumers prefer sitting at a personal computer with the consumption of a commodity. It is linked to the consumer wants to sit in their homes where they quietly can make their purchase. Another significant factor is that the screen size is too small on the smartphone. One detail that consumer’s mention is that the interface on a smartphone is worse than on a PC.Key words: e-commerce, smartphone, mobile commerce, Personal Computer

ABSTRACT Smartphones appear to perfectly match travelers' needs due to their portability and easy access to the Internet. The current literature in management information systems (MIS), communication, marketing, and tourism provides a basic foundation with which to understand the adoption and use of information communication technology (ICT) such as smartphones. However, a critical review of this literature indicates that there is a need to develop a much richer theoretical framework that describes the use of smartphones for travel. In particular, our understanding of the use of smartphones for travel is largely established from a quantitative perspective method, and as such, it is argued that this perspective cannot provide an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms that affect the use of smartphones in travel which, in turn, shapes the travel experience. That is, it appears that there is a lack of integration of the various models describing the nature of the use of ICT in travel. Additionally, it is argued that the processes shaping the use of technology which were developed in the organizational settings have been inappropriately applied at the individual level, and therefore should be critically examined within the travel context. The overall goal of this dissertation is to develop a theoretical framework describing the mechanisms shaping the use of smartphones for travel, and can be addressed by answering the following questions: (1) What are the uses of smartphones in the context of travel? (2) What are the factors influencing the use of smartphones in the context of travel? And, (3) What are the mechanisms shaping the use of smartphones for travel (i.e. How are the factors working to shape the use of smartphones in travel context?). A phenomenological approach was used to answer these questions as quantitative methods are believed to be inadequate in describing the processes underlying the use of smartphones for travel. Twenty-four Americans who own one kind of smartphones and traveled at least once for leisure purpose in the most recent three months were interviewed extensively to gain an in-depth understanding of their uses of smartphones and resulting travel experience. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the interview transcripts, and data triangulation based upon a series of follow-up interviews and member check was used to ensure the trustworthiness of the interpretation. This study identified four categories of uses of smartphones for travel (including 25 unique activities) including the uses of smartphones for communication, entertainment, facilitation, and information search. Five sets of factors that are associated with the use of smartphones for travel were identified from both contexts of travel and everyday experience. Three sets of factors that directly lead travelers to use smartphones for travel are travelers' motivations to use smartphones as a tool to achieve some purposes, their cognitive beliefs toward the use of smartphones, and other situational facilitators (e.g. no computer access) that lead the informants to use smartphones rather than any other alternative ways. Besides the three sets of direct factors, the informants indicated that their use of smartphones changed their travel experience. More important, the everyday use of smartphones and the changes brought to people's lives appear to be indirect factors influencing the use of smartphones for travel. These results describing smartphone's uses, outcomes and the mechanisms shaping this behavior were used as the primary basis in proposing a theoretical framework describing the use of smartphones for travel including its antecedents, process, and outcomes. The theoretical framework suggests four propositions. First, the underlying processes shaping the use of smartphones for travel is a process of appropriation in which a person "makes it his/her own" whereby the smartphone user learns, adjusts, and internalizes the `essence' of the smartphone based on their uses in everyday context as well as previous travel experiences (Proposition 1). Second, the use of smartphones in everyday context lead to the changes of communication, information consumption, and the uses of other digital devices, and these changes influenced the use of smartphones for travel through transformation effect and spillover effect (Proposition 2). Third, the changes in everyday experience influence the use of smartphones for travel by influencing traveler's motivations in the context of travel (Proposition 3). Finally, this study indicates that the appropriation process leads to changes in the travel experience. In particular, people change their travel activities including pre-trip planning, en-route arrangements, after-trips activities as well as their interpretations toward trips and sensations (Proposition 4). This study clearly delineates the relationships between use of smartphones and the impact of this use on travel behavior, and suggests several new perspectives with which to study the impact of technology on travel. First, this study indicates that a systems view should be adopted in tourism studies. Travelers are not isolated from their daily lifestyles, personalities, social connections, and other individual background (e.g. knowledge, preferences, etc.). As such, the behavior of travelers cannot be understood without consideration of the influence of other settings. Therefore in tourism studies, a systems perspective is important so as to reflect the intimate relationships (and influences) of the various `subsystems. Second, this study suggests a dynamic view for studies of technology and travel. The results of this study indicate that the uses of smartphones in travel are shaped by the interactions of a variety of factors. Therefore, in the studies of technology and travel it is important to understand the dynamic processes which shape the use of technology for travel. Third, this study suggests a development view for the study of technology and travel. This perspective includes not only the recognition that adoption of new technology may influence travelers and travel experience, but also the evolving use of the new ICT tools (e.g. smartphones) along with the development of these tools may substantially change travelers' behavior and travel experience. Additionally, this study suggests a new perspective is needed regarding the concept of travel experience in that the use of smartphones reconfigures the current relationships between travelers, space, and time and as such, implies that the conceptualization of travel experience should go beyond the argument of the dichotomy of everyday life and travel and evolve with the development of information technology. This study also offers several managerial implications in the areas of mobile marketing, destination marketing and management, and the design of travel information services on the smartphones platform. / Business Administration/Interdisciplinary

The growing ubiquity of modern wireless and mobile electronic devices has brought our daily lives with more convenience and fun. Today's smartphones are equipped with a variety of sensors and wireless communication technologies, which can support not only the basic functions like phone call and web browsing, but also advanced functions like mobile pay, biometric security, fitness monitoring, etc. Internet-of-Things (IoT) is another category of popular wireless devices that are networked to collect and exchange data. For example, the smart appliances are increasingly deployed to serve in home and office environments, such as smart thermostat, smart bulb, and smart meter. Additionally, implantable medical devices (IMD) is the typical type of modern wireless devices that are implanted within human body for diagnostic, monitoring, and therapeutic purposes. However, these modern wireless and mobile devices are not well protected compared with traditional personal computers (PCs), due to the intrinsic limitations in computation power, battery capacity, etc. In this dissertation, we first present the security and privacy vulnerabilities we discovered. Then, we present our designs to address these issues and enhance the security of smartphones, IoT devices, and IMDs. For smartphone security, we investigate the mobile phishing attacks, mobile clickjacking attacks and mobile camera-based attacks. Phishing attacks aim to steal private information such as credentials. We propose a novel anti-phishing scheme MobiFish, which can detect both phishing webpages and phishing applications (apps). The key idea is to check the consistency between the claimed identity and the actual identity of a webpage/app. The claimed identity can be extracted from the screenshot of login user interface (UI) using the optical character recognition (OCR) technique, while the actual identity is indicated by the secondary-level domain name of the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) to which the credentials are submitted. Clickjacking attacks intend to hijack user inputs and re-route them to other UIs that are not supposed to receive them. To defend such attacks, a lightweight and independent detection service is integrated into the Android operating system. Our solution requires no user or app developer effort, and is compatible with existing commercial apps. Camera-based attacks on smartphone can secretly capture photos or videos without the phone user's knowledge. One advanced attack we discovered records the user's eye movements when entering passwords. We found that it is possible to recover simple passwords from the video containing user eye movements. Next, we propose an out-of-band two-factor authentication scheme for indoor IoT devices (e.g., smart appliances) based on the Blockchain infrastructure. Since smart home environment consists of multiple IoT devices that may share their sensed data to better serve the user, when one IoT device is being accessed, our design utilizes another device to conduct a secondary authentication over an out-of-band channel (light, acoustic, etc.), to detect if the access requestor is a malicious external device. Unlike smartphones and IoT devices, IMDs have the most limited computation and battery resources. We devise a novel smartphone-assisted access control scheme in which the patient's smartphone is used to delegate the heavy computations for authentication and authorization. The communications between the smartphone and the IMD programmer are conducted through an audio cable, which can resist the wireless eavesdropping and other active attacks. / Computer and Information Science

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is an extremely common three-dimensional (3-D) deformity of the spine, affecting the population between 10 and 18 years of age. Early detection of AIS is critical, as the earlier that the spinal deformity can be identified, the more likely it is that curve progression can be minimized or arrested using conservative treatment options. However, today much of the responsibility for detecting AIS falls on untrained parents. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis project is to use images taken with a smartphone containing a depth sensor to create a simple and effective machine learning (ML) algorithm that can detect the absence or presence of scoliosis. Secondarily, this thesis project aims to 1) provide a proof of concept for a regression-based ML algorithm that can predict the main curvature of the scoliotic spine and 2) to determine if the depth information from the smartphone contains additional features or information that can improve the performance of the ML algorithm when compared to regular red-green-blue (RGB) images. Thirty-three participants (28 AIS; 5 Control) were recruited from the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO). Images of the unclothed backs of participants were taken with a smartphone (Samsung S20 Ultra 5G) containing a depth sensor, while participants assumed two positions: an upright standing posterior-anterior (PA; mirroring the position participants are in when getting an EOS scan) and a forward bending position. A convolutional-neural-network (CNN)-backed decision tree algorithm was developed and trained using three different data streams: a red-green-blue-depth (RGB-D), a Colourized depth map, and an RGB data stream. It was determined that the model trained with the Colourized forward bending images had the highest overall accuracy. The CNN backed decision tree was able to classify images of participants in a forward bend posture with an accuracy of 93%, specificity of 75%, and a sensitivity of 99%. Additionally, it was found that all algorithms trained with the varying data streams were able to predict the Cobb angle of the spine within 16° of the ground truth Cobb angles. The lowest root mean square error (RMSE) values were obtained from the RGB images when the participants were in the PA position. The PA RGB dataset had RMSE values of 7.17° between the ground truth and predicted Cobb angles. Inter-rater reliability errors typically range between 5-7° for manually measured Cobb angles. Therefore, given the calculated RMSE for the PA RGB dataset were close to this range, there is the potential to use this smartphone technology to screen for scoliosis and predict the curvature of the spine (Morrison et al., 2015). While these results are promising, the dataset is small compared to other studies; therefore, this thesis provides a proof of concept, and more work needs to be done to increase the robustness of the model and to further improve the ability of the model to predict the Cobb angle of the spine.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka faktorer som bidrar till att konsumenter känner tillit till sina enheter vid onlineshopping. Studien avgränsas till datorer och smartphones, och den undersöker även om det finns medietekniska lösningar för att öka tilliten till enheterna. Studiens resultat baseras på en tematisk analys av semistrukturerade intervjuer som hölls med elva studenter vid Medieteknikprogrammet på KTH. Resultatet visade att tio av de intervjuade föredrog att handla via datorn när de onlinehandlade. Några av de bidragande faktorerna till detta är att konsumenten lättare kommer åt information på hemsidan i och med den stora skärmen. Mobilsidor upplevs, enligt deltagarna, som mer plottrig, till följd av den lilla skärmen. Dessutom upplevde deltagarna det som smidigare att byta mellan olika flikar på datorn, än vad det är på en smartphone. Studien startade med att undersöka huruvida tillit påverkade valet av enhet vid onlineshopping, men resultatet påvisar att det handlar mer om kontroll än tillit. Slutsatsen är att tillgång till information är den största anledningen till att man föredrar att använda datorn över en smartphone. / The aim of this study is to investigate the factors that contribute to consumers putting trust in their devices when shopping online. The study is limited to computers and smartphones, and it also examines whether there are solutions within the field of media technology to increase trust in the devices. The results of the study are based on a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews held with eleven students from the chapter of Media Technology at KTH. The results showed that ten of the interviewees preferred to use their computer when shopping online. Some of the contributing factors to this are that the consumer can access information more easily on the website with the big screen. According to the participants, mobile pages are perceived as more cluttered because of the small screen. In addition, the participants felt that it was easier to switch between different tabs on the computer, than it is on a smartphone. The study started by examining whether trust influenced the choice of unit when shopping online, but the results show that it is more about control than trust. The conclusion is that access to information is the biggest reason why one prefers to use the computer over a smartphone.

no / There are a wide variety of ways to objectively detect neurological signs, but these either require special hard-ware (such as wearable technology) or patient behaviour change (such as engagement with smartphone tasks) [2]. Neither constraint applies to the technology of computer vision, which is the processing of single or multiple camera images by computer to automatically derive useful information. The only equipment involved is ubiquitous: camera and computer.We report a computer vision-enhanced video sequence from a 68-year-old man, diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease 2 years previously.

Seamless interconnection of smart mobile devices and cloud services is a key goal in modern mobile computing. Mobile Cloud Computing is the holistic integration of contextually-rich mobile devices with computationally-powerful cloud services to create high value products for end users, such as Apple's Siri and Google's Google Now product. This coupling has enabled new paradigms and fields of research, such as crowdsourced data collection, and has helped spur substantial changes in research fields such as vehicular ad hoc networking. However, the growth of Mobile Cloud Computing has resulted in a number of new challenges, such as testing large-scale Mobile Cloud Computing systems, and increased the importance of established challenges, such as ensuring that a user's privacy is not compromised when interacting with a location-aware service. Moreover, the concurrent development of the Infrastructure as a Service paradigm has created inefficiency in how Mobile Cloud Computing systems are executed on cloud platforms. To address these gaps in the existing research, this dissertation presents a number of software and algorithmic solutions to 1) preserve user locational privacy, 2) improve the speed and effectiveness of deploying and executing Mobile Cloud Computing systems on modern cloud infrastructure, and 3) enable large-scale research on Mobile Cloud Computing systems without requiring substantial domain expertise. / Ph. D.