The purpose of this study was to examine the genetic and environmental influences on lifetime quit attempt in three US adolescent and young adult twin samples (N total = 6,322). The study utilized a common-contingent-causal (CCC) model to estimate these factors for lifetime quit attempts, after accounting for the factors for lifetime cigarette use and cigarettes per day. The study also examined age and sex differences, as well as the degree of relationship between these smoking phenotypes. The results demonstrated significant genetic influences for lifetime quit attempts in adolescents and young adults. No sex differences were observed for the contributions of genetic and environmental factors for lifetime quit attempts. Furthermore, separate liabilities for lifetime quit attempts and lifetime cigarette use were found for most age groups. Study findings have important implications for promoting quit attempts in adolescents and young adults.

Background: Tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) is unequivocally harmful to children's health, yet up to 48% of children who visit the pediatric emergency department (PED) and urgent care setting are exposed to tobacco smoke. The incorporation of clinical decision support systems (CDSS) into the electronic health records (EHR) of PED patients may improve the rates of screening and brief TSE intervention of caregivers and result in decreased TSE in children. Objective: We propose a study that will be the first to develop and evaluate the integration of a CDSS for Registered Nurses (RNs) into the EHR of pediatric patients to facilitate the identification of caregivers who smoke and the delivery of TSE interventions to caregivers in the urgent care setting. Methods: We will conduct a two-phase project to develop, refine, and integrate an evidence-based CDSS into the pediatric urgent care setting. RNs will provide input on program content, function, and design. In Phase I, we will develop a CDSS with prompts to: (1) ASK about child TSE and caregiver smoking, (2) use a software program, Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap), to ADVISE caregivers to reduce their child's TSE via total smoking home and car bans and quitting smoking, and (3) ASSESS their interest in quitting and ASSIST caregivers to quit by directly connecting them to their choice of free cessation resources (eg, Quitline, SmokefreeTXT, or SmokefreeGOV) during the urgent care visit. We will create reports to provide feedback to RNs on their TSE counseling behaviors. In Phase II, we will conduct a 3-month feasibility trial to test the results of implementing our CDSS on changes in RNs' TSE-related behaviors, and child and caregiver outcomes. Results: This trial is currently underway with funding support from the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute. We have completed Phase I. The CDSS has been developed with input from our advisory panel and RNs, and pilot tested. We are nearing completion of Phase II, in which we are conducting the feasibility trial, analyzing data, and disseminating results. Conclusions: This project will develop, iteratively refine, integrate, and pilot test the use of an innovative CDSS to prompt RNs to provide TSE reduction and smoking cessation counseling to caregivers who smoke. If successful, this approach will create a sustainable and disseminable model for prompting pediatric practitioners to apply tobacco-related guideline recommendations. This systems-based approach has the potential to reach at least 12 million smokers a year and significantly reduce TSE-related pediatric illnesses and related costs.

The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a difference in opinion between chain and franchise restaurant managers and independent owner/operators toward the effects of a smoking ordinance. Results of this study showed a significant statistical difference between restaurateur groups toward the perception of economic effects.

The study was designed to find a response on the behavioral level that would be an effective index across subjects for determining when conditioned aversive suppression of a response had been achieved. Ten male volunteers received shock during trials in which they had to smoke. Half of the subjects received a brief but more intense shock when they stopped smoking during a trial. A comparison of these subjects to the others showed their average amount of smoking suppression in pre- and post-treatment rates to be significantly (P < .025) greater. In addition, these subjects showed conditioned emotional responding. It was concluded that this behavioral level response was an effective index for determining when suppression of smoking would occur.

Tobacco use and the associated health risks are a major public health concern. Research suggests that parents’ own tobacco use, caregiver-adolescent antismoking communication, and parenting practices (e.g., prompting, parental monitoring) may work to influence adolescents’ tobacco-related attitudes and behavioral outcomes (e.g., refusal efficacy, intentions to use and actual use). Although historically African American adolescents have exhibited lower rates of tobacco use than their racial/ethnic counterparts, there is growing evidence to suggest that this may be changing because of increased use of tobacco products and/or underreporting of the use of alternative tobacco products or ATPs (e.g., cigars, cigarillos), among this population. The present study recruited a community-based sample of 101 urban African American caregivers that smoke (M = 41.1/SD = 9.9), and their adolescents between the ages of 12-17 (M = 14.4/SD = 1.9) to examine how caregiver tobacco-related messages (both verbal and non-verbal) shape adolescents’ tobacco attitudes, and behaviors. Dyads completed paper-pencil surveys separately and were compensated for their time and effort. A majority of the caregivers were single and living in low-income and public housing communities. Results from the analyses revealed high rates of adolescent tobacco use (lifetime) of both cigarettes and alternative tobacco products, and prompting (e.g., caregivers’ request that adolescents retrieve, buy, or smoke tobacco products with them). The findings also showed that all of the caregiver variables including: prompting, monitoring, as well as caregiver antismoking messages together impacted adolescents’ tobacco-related outcomes including their attitudes about tobacco, refusal efficacy and their intentions to use (at six months and adulthood), and their actual use. These findings underscore the need for more tobacco education that includes not only adolescents, but also parents, and other important caregivers (e.g., extended kin/family members) that helps increases knowledge surrounding the dangers of parental prompting, the importance of parental monitoring of youths whereabouts and peers, as well as parent-adolescent antismoking communication in reducing the prevalence of adolescent smoking/tobacco use (including the use of ATPs). This study also highlights the need for tobacco control and policies that limit adolescents’ exposure and access to tobacco products particularly among African Americans living in disadvantaged neighborhoods.

No description available.

Abstract Background: The high prevalence of smoking on the mines contributes significantly to the public health burden due to exposure to crystalline silica dust and high HIV and TB prevalence rates. Progressive anti-tobacco legislation that informs workplace smoking policies is in existence but there are no formal smoking interventions to achieve the objectives of such policies and to facilitate health promotion. Health care workers, in particular have a vital role to play in this regard. Objectives: The objectives of this research study were to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of HCWs regarding prevention of smoking in gold mine workers and to use this information to propose a framework for a smoking intervention programme for the mines. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) study. Data were obtained from 69 HCWs using self-administered questionnaires, from 161 occupational lung disease (OLD) and 30 medical ward admission record reviews, and from 4 informal discussions. Results: While knowledge and attitudes about smoking was good overall and 84.1% of HCWs reported that they would routinely ask smoking status and document it, this was not done in practice. An overwhelming majority of HCWs are aware that smoking is harmful to one’s health (98.6%); is harmful to mine workers’ health (97.1%), and predisposes them to acquiring lung diseases (95.7%). Half (56.7%) of the nurses, but no doctors documented smoking history on admission and poor follow up of this advice (38.5%) is an area of concern. HCWs identified a need for support structures such as workplace and community programmes that include education, training and awareness campaigns. Conclusion: Overall, HCWS are responsive to workplace smoking interventions: they are knowledgeable, and show insight and have positive attitudes towards smoking interventions, but a more enabling environment is required to establish good workplace practices. To this end a “Proposed framework for smoking interventions on the mines, incorporating the HCW programme” has been developed and partially implemented. Awareness of this study and its preliminary findings has already demonstrated a paradigm shift in thinking about tobacco on the gold mines.

Embora o tabagismo seja o maior fator de risco na prevalência, extensão e severidade das doenças periodontais, existem poucos estudos intervencionais sobre os benefícios do abandono do fumo sobre as condições periodontais. O objetivo deste estudo prospectivo de 12 meses foi avaliar o efeito do abandono do tabagismo no tratamento periodontal não-cirúrgico de pacientes com periodontite crônica severa. Materiais e Métodos: Dos 201 pacientes triados, 93 foram considerados elegíveis e receberam tratamento periodontal não-cirúrgico e tratamento para cessação do tabagismo simultâneamente. Foram realizados controle e manutenção periodontal a cada três meses, após o término do tratamento periodontal. Um único examinador calibrado e cego para a condição de fumante realizou exame periodontal completo em seis sítios por dente, no início, 3, 6 e 12 meses após o tratamento não-cirúrgico periodontal. Outro examinador aferiu a concentração de monóxido de carbono expirado e realizou entrevista com base em um questionário estruturado, a fim de coletar dados demográficos e de hábitos tabágicos, nos mesmos períodos. Resultados: Dos 93 indivíduos incluídos, 52 permaneceram no estudo até 12 meses de acompanhamento. Destes, 17 pararam de fumar e 35 continuaram fumando ou oscilaram. Após um ano, somente os que pararam de fumar apresentaram ganho clinico de inserção significante (p = 0,04). No entanto, não houve diferenças entre os grupos de pacientes que pararam de fumar e não pararam de fumar ou que oscilaram em relação ao nível de inserção clínica, profundidade de sondagem, sangramento à sondagem e índice de placa após um ano (p > 0,05). Conclusão: Indivíduos que pararam de fumar apresentaram ganho clinico de inserção significante após um ano de acompanhamento. / Although smoking is the major risk factor in the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontal diseases, there are few data from intervention studies regarding the benefits of quitting smoking on periodontal conditions. The aim of this 12-month prospective study was to assess the adjunctive effect of smoking cessation in nonsurgical periodontal therapy of subjects with severe chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Of the 201 enrolled subjects, 93 were eligible and received non-surgical periodontal treatment and concurrent smoking cessation treatment. Periodontal maintenance was performed every three months. Full-mouth periodontal examination in six sites per tooth was performed by a calibrated examiner, blinded to smoking status, at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months after non-surgical periodontal treatment. Furthermore, expired air carbon monoxide concentration measurements and interviews based on a structured questionnaire were performed in order to collect demographic and smoking data. Results: Of the 93 eligible subjects, 52 remained in the study after one year. Of these, 17 quit smoking and 35 continued smoking or oscillated. After one year, only quitters presented significant clinical attachment gain (p=0.04). However, there were no differences between subjects who quit smoking or who did not regarding clinical attachment level, probing depth, bleeding on probing and plaque index after one year (p>0.05). Conclusion: Quitters presented significant clinical attachment gain after one year of follow-up.

Embora o tabagismo seja um importante fator de risco para as doenças periodontais, ainda não existem estudos a longo prazo que demonstrem o benefício do abandono do fumo sobre as condições periodontais. O objetivo deste estudo prospectivo de 24 meses foi avaliar o efeito do abandono do tabagismo no tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico de pacientes com periodontite crônica severa. Materiais e Métodos: Dos 286 pacientes triados, 116 foram considerados elegíveis e receberam tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico e tratamento para cessação do tabagismo simultaneamente. Foram realizados controle e manutenção periodontal a cada três meses, após o término do tratamento periodontal. Um único examinador calibrado e cego para a condição de fumante realizou exame periodontal completo em seis sítios por dente, no início, 3, 12 e 24 meses após o tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico. Outro examinador aferiu a concentração de monóxido de carbono expirado e realizou entrevista por meio de um questionário estruturado, a fim de coletar dados demográficos e hábitos tabágicos, nos mesmos períodos. Resultados: Dos 116 sujeitos incluídos, 61 permaneceram no estudo por 24 meses de acompanhamento. Destes, 18 pararam de fumar (NF), 32 continuaram fumando (F) e 11 oscilaram (O). Ao longo de 24 meses todos os grupos apresentaram redução significativa no número de cigarros fumados. Os grupos NF e F apresentaram redução significativa no índice de placa e o grupo NF redução significativa no sangramento à sondagem. Quando comparado com F, aos 24 meses, NF apresentou redução significativa na concentração de monóxido de carbono exalado, na porcentagem de sítios com nível clinico de inserção maior igual a 3mm, na profundidade de sondagem de todos os sítios e daqueles inicialmente doentes e ganho de inserção significativo para sítios inicialmente doentes (p> 0,05). Conclusão: Parar de fumar promoveu benefício adicional ao tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico de pacientes com periodontite crônica severa, após 24meses de acompanhamento. / Although smoking is an important risk factor for periodontal diseases, there are no long term studies that demonstrate the benefit of smoking cessation on periodontal conditions. The aim of this 24-month prospective study was to assess the effect of smoking cessation on non-surgical periodontal therapy of subjects with severe chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Of the 286 screened subjects, 116 were eligible and received non-surgical periodontal treatment and concurrent smoking cessation treatment. Periodontal maintenance was performed every three months. Full-mouth periodontal examination in six sites per tooth was performed by a calibrated examiner, blinded to smoking status, at baseline, 3, 12 and 24 months after non-surgical periodontal treatment. Furthermore, expired air carbon monoxide concentration measurements and interviews based on a structured questionnaire were performed in order to collect demographic and smoking data. Results: Of the 116 subjects enrolled, 61 remained in the study up to 24 months of follow-up. Of these, 18 quit smoking (Q), 32 continued smoking (NQ) and 11 oscillated (O). Over the 24 months, all groups showed significant reduction in the number of consumed cigarettes. Q and NQ groups showed significant reduction in plaque index and Q presented significant reduction in bleeding index. When compared with NQ at 24 months, Q showed a significant reduction in the concentration of exhaled carbon monoxide, in the percentage of sites with CAL 3 mm, in probing depth for all sites and for initially diseased sites and greater attachment gain for initially diseased sites (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Smoking cessation promotes adjunctive benefits in non-surgical periodontal therapy of subjects with severe chronic periodontitis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the current level of awareness and use of the Great American Smokeout (GASO) and the extent to which that may vary by lifetime smoking, socioeconomic status, age and gender. We hypothesized and found that the current levels of awareness and use were significantly less than the most recent reports available (over 13 years ago), and that awareness of the GASO was more likely in lifetime smokers, those with more education, and older age groups, but found no significant effect related to gender. The drop in awareness and use of the GASO was more than half and almost five times, respectively, compared to that of most recent previous reports. These findings highlight a critical need for more attention and resources to reinvigorate the GASO as a useful event for smokers. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection