published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing in Advanced Practice

published_or_final_version / Politics and Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Politics and Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

Background Smoking prevalence is the highest in people with mental illness. As more and more countries develop governmental regulations to protect employees from exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, complete smoking bans or partial smoking bans have been introduced in many psychiatric hospitals. Objectives To systematically review the literature to examine the impact of smoking bans in psychiatric hospitals, to identify the obstacles to implement tobacco-free policy and provide recommendations for policy-making in Mainland China on implementing tobacco-free policy in psychiatric hospitals. Methods Multiple searches for key words were conducted through electronic sources including PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and CNKI database for all relevant English language and Chinese language articles. The PICO (patient problem or population, intervention, comparison and outcomes) indicators were used as basic inclusion/exclusion criteria, data extraction and quality assessment. Results A total of 227 studies were identified (188 English language articles including 4 reviews and 39 Chinese language articles), and 25 articles (19 English articles and 5 Chinese articles) were included in this paper. For the English language studies, psychiatric inpatients generally had positive attitudes towards the tobacco-free policy in psychiatric hospitals and increasing number of inpatients wanted to quit smoking after hospitalized in a tobacco-free psychiatric hospital. Increasing number of staff members working in psychiatric hospitals were supportive of the tobacco-free policy compared to previous reviews. No change in patients’ aggressive behaviors after implementing smoking bans in the psychiatric hospitals was observed in most studies. Factors identified for successful implementation of tobacco-free policy in psychiatric hospitals included comprehensive planning time, good leadership and significant attitudinal and system changes, high level and consistency of staff support and cohesive teamwork, extensive training for staff and effective use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). For the Chinese language studies, negative outcomes of psychiatric inpatients were observed after a total smoking ban in one psychiatric hospital, but positive effects were observed when only the smoking amount was controlled in four psychiatric hospitals. Conclusions The tobacco-free policy aims at eliminating tobacco smoking for both staff members and patients in psychiatric hospitals so as to create a healthy place for work and stay. This goal can be achieved with the efforts of the hospitals and staff, and the cooperation of patients. National legislation to ban smoking in all hospitals, indoor and outdoor, are urgently needed in China Mainland. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Nicotine, the main addictive compound in tobacco, is metabolically inactivated to cotinine primarily by the hepatic enzyme CYP2A6. Substantial genetic variation in the CYP2A6 gene contributes to large variation in nicotine metabolism which alters numerous smoking behaviours. The goal of this study was to identify and characterize novel CYP2A6 variants. The CYP2A6 gene from African American phenotypically slow nicotine metabolizers was sequenced. Seven novel non-synonymous variants were identified: 468G>A (V68M), 1767C>G (I149M), 3515G>A (R265Q), 3524T>C (I268T), 4406C>T (T303I), 5661G>A (E390K), 6531T>C (L462P). They were introduced into a cDNA expression construct where they displayed lower protein expression, reduced nicotine metabolism to cotinine, and/or reduced stability as evaluated by western blotting and enzymatic activity. Genotyping assays were developed and assessed in 512 African Americans. Allelic frequencies ranged from 0.1-0.6% with a collective genotype frequency of 3.2%. Here we identified novel variants with reduced/loss of CYP2A6 activity, increasing our understanding of CYP2A6 variability.

While the sixteenth-century transculturation of tobacco was an event of momentous significance in European and Amerindian history, no thorough, anthropological analysis of its effects has heretofore been attempted. This may be attributed partly to traditional acculturation models which have tended to emphasize only changes inflicted on native populations and have often failed to contextualize natives and newcomers within a single bilateral, historical trajectory. This study surveys the effects of smoking on European culture and on colonial activities in America. This is followed by an extensive scrutiny of ethnohistoric and archaeological evidence relating to the use of pipes and tobacco at all socio-political, economic and ideological levels of contact between Europeans and North American Indians. While sharing the pipe fortified native institutions and served as a lubricant in relations between two very different peoples, it eroded the intellectual boundaries between "savagery" and "civilization." The final chapters of the study trace the reactions to this erosion in both academic and popular discourse.

Nicotine, the main addictive compound in tobacco, is metabolically inactivated to cotinine primarily by the hepatic enzyme CYP2A6. Substantial genetic variation in the CYP2A6 gene contributes to large variation in nicotine metabolism which alters numerous smoking behaviours. The goal of this study was to identify and characterize novel CYP2A6 variants. The CYP2A6 gene from African American phenotypically slow nicotine metabolizers was sequenced. Seven novel non-synonymous variants were identified: 468G>A (V68M), 1767C>G (I149M), 3515G>A (R265Q), 3524T>C (I268T), 4406C>T (T303I), 5661G>A (E390K), 6531T>C (L462P). They were introduced into a cDNA expression construct where they displayed lower protein expression, reduced nicotine metabolism to cotinine, and/or reduced stability as evaluated by western blotting and enzymatic activity. Genotyping assays were developed and assessed in 512 African Americans. Allelic frequencies ranged from 0.1-0.6% with a collective genotype frequency of 3.2%. Here we identified novel variants with reduced/loss of CYP2A6 activity, increasing our understanding of CYP2A6 variability.

Individuals with a substance addiction and/or mental illness use tobacco at rates much higher than the general population. Approximately 21% of the U.S. population smokes, yet 40%-80% of substance abuse and mental health patients smoke and consume more than 44% of all the cigarettes sold in the United States each year. As a result, these individuals experience increased tobacco related morbidity and mortality. Tobacco use is common and accepted within this population, and has become a norm even within treatment programs. Only 30%-40% of treatment facilities offer smoking cessation resources, and many organizations are hesitant to address cessation or to adopt a tobacco-free campus policy. This toolkit addresses the unique barriers and challenges that a residential substance addiction facility will face when adopting a tobacco-free policy. A tobacco-free campus policy protects all individuals from dangerous secondhand smoke and promotes the health and recovery of clients from all addictions, including nicotine. This toolkit provides step-by-step information and resources to allow a facility to become tobacco-free and implement a full smoking cessation program over a six month time period. This project helps fill a need for specific resources related to concurrent smoking cessation and substance abuse/mental health treatment. This resource will be made available to residential substance abuse facilities in Georgia and will be provided to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration’s Smoking Cessation Leadership Center.

Jeigu įmonė patiria nuostolių dėl savo darbuotojų rūkymo, vadovybė gali imtis priemonių, skatinančių darbuotojus mesti rūkyti, tuo pagerinant įmonės ekonominius rodiklius. Lietuvoje tyrimų, siejančių rūkymą ir įmonės ekonomiką, atlikta nebuvo. Darbo tikslas: nustatyti ryšį tarp rūkymo ir dėl jo patiriamo nedarbingumo, bei su tuo susijusiais organizacijos ekonominiais rodikliais. Uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti rūkymo paplitimą organizacijoje X; 2. Susieti rūkymo įpročius su buvusiu darbuotojų nedarbingumu; 3. Nustatyti galimą pagalbos metantiems rūkyti ekonominį efektą. Tyrimo metodika: anketinė apklausa, dalyvavo 182 organizacijos X (toliau organizacija) darbuotojai. Laikino nedarbingumo organizacijoje analiz���. Statistinė duomenų analizė atlikta, naudojant SPSS 12.0 programinį paketą. Rezultatai: rūkymo paplitimas organizacijoje yra 42,9 procento. Vyrų tarpe rūkymo paplitimas siekia 43,9 proc., o moterų tarpe – 36 proc. Vienam rūkančiam organizacijos darbuotojui tenka 1,144 (p=0,003) laikino nedarbingumo dėl ligos atvejo daugiau, nei ner��kan��iam organizacijos darbuotojui. Vienam rūkančiam organizacijos darbuotojui tenka 4,971 (p=0,012) praleistos dėl laikino nedarbingumo dėl ligos darbo dienos daugiau, nei nerūkančiam organizacijos darbuotojui. Organizacija dėl savo darbuotojų rūkymo per metus vidutiniškai praranda 58164,6 lito Išvados: pagalbos metantiems rūkyti ekonominis efektas organizacijoje būtų teigiamas. Vienas, metęs rūkyti, darbuotojas organizacijai galėtų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / If organization suffers losses because of employees smoking, the administration can encourage employees to give up smoking and improve economic indicators of organization. There were no researches done, relating smoking and economy of organization, in Lithuania. Aim of study: to find the link between smoking and temporary incapacity, which is related to economic indicators of organization. Objectives: 1. To estimate smoking prevalence in organization X; 2. To find the link between smoking habits and previous temporary incapacity of employees; 3. To estimate a possible economic effect of helping those, who are giving up smoking. Methods: questionnaire was answered by 182 employees of the organization. The analysis of a temporary incapacity in the organization. Data was analysed using SPSS 12.0 programe. Results: smoking prevalence in the organization is 42,9 percent. Smoking prevalence among men reaches 43,9 percent, among women – 36 percent. One smoking employee of the organization gets 1,144 (p=0.003) temporary incapacity cases more, than non smoking employee. One smoking employee of the organization gets 4.971 (p=0.012) temporary incapacity days more, than non smoking employee. The organization suffer an average loses of 58164.6 Lithuanian litas every year, because of the employees smoking. Conclusions: the economic effect of helping those, who are giving up smoking, would be positive. One employee of the organization could save 559.28 Lithuanian litas every year if he... [to full text]