Background: Tobacco dependence is among the strongest of addictions and smoking is a significant risk factor for a large number of diseases as well as premature death. New treatment options for tobacco dependence have emerged with the implementation of eHealth approach, especially those provided remotely. In the field of addictology we are mainly talking about applications for smoking cessation, which can be an attractive option for those who want to quit smoking, but their effectiveness needs to be further examined. Aims: The main objective of this study is to describe user experience of tobacco smokers using the online intervention Endre. Partial aims were to find how users rated the visual interface of the intervention, the user-friendliness and what method of cessation they would choose for their future atempts to quit. Material and methods: Data collection was carried out using a quantitative method of probability selection, namely a simple intentional (criteria) selection through an online questionnaire tool sent by e-mail to selected participants of the ongoing RCT study. The research group consisted of 105 respondents, of whom 60 were women and 45 men. To evaluate the collected data, MS excel was used, where frequency analyzes, summary statistics and testing of statistical hypotheses were...

Magister Chirurgiae Dentium (MChD) / Water-pipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is a form of tobacco use with different names. There is a misconception that passing tobacco smoke through water reduces its harmful effects to increase its popularity. One million individuals smoke water-pipe daily, resulting in approximately five million deaths per annum globally. The toxic effects of WTS are related to the several components of the tobacco mixture. WTS contains 100 times more tar, four-fold more nicotine, eleven-fold more Carbon Monoxide (CO), and two to five-fold more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons than cigarettes.

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Smoking in childhood and adolescence is associated with a range of health issues, as is the exposure of young people to the second hand smoke of their parents and other family members. The initiation of smoking in adolescence is also associated with an increased risk of smoking in adulthood and all the subsequent health problems that are attached to this. Whilst smoking rates in adolescent have fallen in recent years there remains a significant number of adolescent who initiate smoking every year, and this risk is higher in certain groups such as those from areas of low socio-economic status. Under-age adolescents also continue to be able to obtain cigarettes despite recent changes in legislation and availability. Social influence has been identified as a major causal factor of initiation of adolescent smoking. This can take place in a number of settings, including the home, at school and in the community. Whilst the evidence for the relative effects of these sources of influence is mixed there is an overall lack of research in the UK on familial influences and factors. A survey of 100 adolescents was conducted for the current study at a local college and included items on smoking behaviour, family structure and several other factors. No overall significant effects of parental attitudes were found. However in light of the existing literature recommendations are made to further research family and home influences and to develop anti-smoking health education strategies which more fully take these factors into account.

Within the last few decades, the prevalence of cigarette smoking has decreased because of the vast amount of research which indicates that smoking leads to health problems many of which are potentially fatal. Also, smoking harms not only those whom choose to smoke but non-smokers in the area are affected by even low levels of cigarette smoke. Thus, cigarette smoking has become a public health concern. Around the globe, countries are passing smoke-free laws in public areas such as businesses, restaurants, and bars. In the United States, many universities have enacted smoke-free campus policies to ensure the health of all their students in all places on campus. The purpose of this research is to identify the support or opposition for a smoke-free campus policy at the University of Central Florida by UCF students. A survey was distributed to undergraduate students at UCF which asks whether they would support such a policy along with characterizing questions about their smoking habits, lifestyle, history, and opinion. The analysis of the data shows that the majority of UCF student would support a smoke-free campus policy.

Cryptorchidism is a male congenital disorder with an unspecified, multifactorial etiology. This review evaluated the strength of select factors in the development of cryptorchidism to better understand its etiology. The strength of relationship between factors and their respective functions during testicular descent was evaluated. Factors evaluated in the causal pathway include the signaling mechanisms Desert Hedgehog (DHH), Insulin-like Hormone 3 (INSL3) and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), as well as sex hormone regulation (androgen: estrogen ratio, aromatase expression). Articles supporting a factor in testicular descent were evaluated and scored. These scores were summed to create the “Step Score” for each step in the causal pathway. An arrow system was developed which ranked the strength of each pathway step as either “weak”, “moderate” or “strong”. Thus, step scores and the strength of factors in the pathological pathway were determined: DHH (15-moderate), PDGF (10-weak), INSL3 (24-strong) and Androgen: Estrogen ratio, Aromatase (23-strong). The pathological pathway produced by this review represents a literature based perspective of the research regarding cryptorchidism etiology. Literature indicates that prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals in animals and humans may lead to abnormal genital development. Recently, prenatal maternal cigarette smoke was demonstrated to be a risk factor for cryptorchidism. This controversial finding was explored in the context of endocrine disrupting chemicals. However, literature has provided very little evidence in support of this hypothesis and more research is needed to better evaluate prenatal maternal smoking as a risk factor for undescended testis.

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When examining data and statistics one thing is very clear. Smoking tobacco is causing a lot of different problems both in an individual’s health and in the society. Even though there is abundant evidence regarding its hazardous consequences, tobacco holds still a lot of users under its influence. Most of tobacco users do want to quit but they cannot make it last and relapse on their old habits. Tobacco is consumed everywhere in the world but effective products for quitting it, are still not that many available. Thus, it is made clear that there is a need for a product that will help counterattack this addiction. Deversify is an Uppsala-based start-up that wants to introduce to the market a tool for facilitating permanent smoking cessation. Their solution is a product called Aspirable. Aspirable is a breathalyzer that records the level of carbon monoxide (CO) in the exhaled breath, and it is accompanied with an app that will make use not only the recordings of the CO levels for a factual check but also help the user identify their habits to facilitate quitting. Regardless of the size of ones’ business, one thing is the same; it is better to first analyse if an idea is an endeavor worth trying. This project has utilized a case study for Aspirable, in order to explore in depth, the product and most importantly its market. Information available on the web was used to construct a picture on the smoking cessation market. Different aspects were examined inside theoretical frameworks such as the 7 dimensions of Aaker and Porter’s 5 forces. We made comparisons between Greece and Sweden to explore if another geographical market would be a better start for launching the product. In addition, we looked into what kind of consumer would be the best. Among those options, were governments, businesses, and individuals. The recommendation would be to aim at entering the Swedish market by approaching clinical trials so as to gain more scientific proof for the effectiveness of the product and also help indirectly another research be more reliable. Meanwhile, it would be best to avoid the public health system due to complicated regulations, segmented market due to each county having its own budget and decision-making processes.

<p>Cigarette smoking is prevalent in HIV-infected people, resulting in higher mortality rate and more premature heart and lung diseases in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Smoking is a modifiable risk factor for these adverse outcomes and smoking cessation in HIV-positive smokers is feasible, although further efforts are needed to improve smoking cessation programs in HIV-positive persons.</p> <p>In this thesis, I examined the role of smoking in mortality and morbidity in HIV-positive Ontarians, and piloted a smoking cessation program featuring a novel smoking cessation aid, varenicline, in HIV-infected smokers. In addition, I explored three different methods to resolve missing data, by excluding, grouping and multiply imputing missing data. I adopted three different study designs in my thesis studies: retrospective cohort, cross-sectional and open label study.</p> <p>We found smoking prevalence in HIV-infected people was consistently higher than in the general population. Smoking was associated with a higher risk of death, of respiratory symptoms, hospitalization and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and with reduced lung function and less CD4-T-lymphocyte improvement over time. We found varenicline was as effective in HIV-positive smokers as in non-HIV smokers reported by previous studies.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Det finns ca 1,9 miljoner människor som dagligen använder tobak i Sverige. 6,1 procent av den svenska befolkningen röker tobak. Hjärt-och kärlsjukdomar, cancer och lungsjukdomar har stark koppling till tobaksrökning, dessa kan leda till döden. Sjuksköterskans roll är att främja hälsa och förebygga sjukdomar och leder på så sätt till syftet som denna litteraturstudie vill utforska. Syftet i denna litteraturstudie är att belysa sjuksköterskans roll att främja rökavvänjning. Litteraturstudien är kvalitativ och sökningarna gjordes i databaserna Pubmed samt Cinahl. Litteraturstudien baseras på tio kvalitativa studier som sedan kvalitetsgranskats enligt SBU:s granskningsmall. Resultatet påvisade att sjuksköterskans roll berör rådgivning, motivation, information och utbildning samt proaktiv identifiering. Sjuksköterskans främsta roll är att främja hälsa, detta går i enlighet med att aktivt arbeta med rökavvänjning för patienter. Sjuksköterskans roll stötte även på etiska dilemman vid svårmotiverade patienter och på så sätt påverkades sjuksköterskans roll negativt. Konklusionen av denna litteraturstudie visade att sjuksköterskans roll för att främja rökavvänjning är att skapa goda relationer för att vinna förtroende hos patienterna för att därefter öka motivationen hos patienten för att främja rökavvänjning. Vidare forskning är nödvändig för att kunna nå ett rökfritt samhälle i Sverige / There are approximately 1.9 million people who use tobacco daily in Sweden. 6.1 percent of the Swedish population smokes tobacco. Cardiovascular diseases, cancer and lung diseases are strongly linked to tobacco smoking, these can lead to death. The nurses role is to promote health and prevent disease and thus leads to the purpose that this literature study wants to explore. The purpose of this literature study is to highlight the nurses role in promoting smoking cessation. The literature study is qualitative and the searches were made in the databases Pubmed and Cinahl. The literature study is based on ten qualitative studies which have then been quality-reviewed according to SBU's review template. The results showed that the nurses role concerns counselling, motivation, information and education as well as proactive identification. The nurses main role is to promote health, this goes in accordance with actively working with smoking cessation for patients. The nurses role also encountered ethical dilemmas with difficult-to-motivate patients and in this way the nurse's role was negatively affected. The conclusion of this literature study showed that the nurse's role in promoting smoking cessation is to create good relationships in order to gain the trust of the patients in order to subsequently increase the motivation of the patients to promote smoking cessation. Further research is necessary to be able to reach a smoke-free society in Sweden.