Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1995.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1995.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-107).

Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 85-88.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2010.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Also available in print.

This dissertation deals with the issue of smoking. Its practical part specifies several objectives, one of them being finding out whether the prevalence of smoking within the population is dependant upon the attained qualifications. Establishing the respondents{\crq} views on the harm of smoking is another goal. The approach of the respondents towards a smoking ban in restaurants is demonstrated in this dissertation, so is their awareness of quitting-smoking methods. The decision to give up is also affected by the knowledge and understanding of all the risks bred by smoking, therefore determining the level of the respondents{\crq} awareness of these health risks is another aim of this dissertation. A quantitative research was used in my dissertation to obtain results. A questionnaire of 18 questions was answered by 211 addressed respondents being in the age group of 45-60 years of age. Analysing the outcome it can be said that the prevalence of smoking within the population is not dependant upon the attained qualifications. Nicotine dependence is referred to as a disease therefore the risk of developing an addiction is the same for everyone irrespective of the qualifications accomplished. Nonetheless, the outcome manifests the fact that smokers with lower qualifications smoke a higher amount of cigarettes a day as opposed to smokers with higher qualifications. Considering the results it can be, furthermore, assumed that smokers with lower qualifications are more tolerant towards the nicotine addiction and they feel less unpleasant in a smoky environment. Moreover, their favour for a smoking ban in restaurants and at working places is lower. At the same time, their awareness of possibilities to treat their nicotine addiction as well as of the negative health effects of smoking proved to be lower. Most smokers would like to quit their nicotine addiction (app. 50% lower- qualified individuals and 72% university and college graduates). However, only a very small percentage would seek any professional help when giving up smoking. The unwillingness to treat the nicotine addiction with the help of an expert reflects the unawareness of the severity of such addiction by the smokers themselves. Therefore, the prevention aimed at non-smokers is as important as effecting smokers so that they become more aware of the seriousness and vast consequences of their addiction.

Para investigar fatores que contribuem para o sucesso no abandono do tabagismo, foram entrevistados 16 fumantes em abstinência há mais de seis meses com dependência ≥ 5 na escala de Fagerström, recrutados intencionalmente junto à comunidade de Porto Alegre, no período de 2004 a 2006. Escolheu-se entrevistar indivíduos abstêmios no período de seis meses com base nos estágios seqüenciais da história natural das tentativas de abandonar o hábito de fumar. A fase de manutenção é aquela em que os indivíduos mantêm-se convictos em abstinência ao fumo, por mais de 6 meses. A captação dos sujeitos se deu por intermédio de cartazes, divulgação entre amigos e indicação dos próprios participantes. As entrevistas foram realizadas pela pesquisadora na residência ou local de trabalho dos participantes. A entrevista, que teve por base a conversação, foi um evento psicológico e social que envolveu o perguntar ou discutir o tema “Como você conseguiu parar de fumar?”, em linguagem de domínio dos participantes, com abordagem dos motivos da decisão, estratégias utilizadas, mudanças de hábitos, recaídas e vivência de não fumar. Após a transcrição, as entrevistas foram examinadas pela Análise de Conteúdo, que envolveu exploração, sistematização e operacionalização das informações, mediante classificação e recorte das falas pela diferenciação e, posteriormente, pela agregação em unidades de significado, culminando com a interpretação das categorias e possíveis explicações para o fenômeno investigado. A confirmação das informações se deu pelo mecanismo de conferência com pares e pela participação de um revisor externo, que fez a leitura e análise das entrevistas e elaborou um resumo interpretativo, chegando aos mesmos resultados na versão original final. Da análise emergiram sete categorias: determinação de abandonar o tabagismo, apoio recebido, informação sobre os malefícios do cigarro, campanhas de esclarecimento, utilização de artifícios, restrições sociais ao fumo e benefícios relacionados ao parar de fumar. Os resultados são os seguintes: os indivíduos precisam estar determinados a parar de fumar e os profissionais de saúde, grupos familiar e social devem apoiar, compreender e motivar os fumantes a abandonarem o tabagismo; informações e campanhas que alertam para os prejuízos à saúde desacomodam o fumante e reforçam a conscientização e o comprometimento com a decisão de parar de fumar; os artifícios utilizados auxiliam na substituição da vontade de fumar; as restrições sociais mobilizam e educam, assim como constrangem e banem o fumar em locais públicos; e a divulgação dos benefícios advindos do ato de parar de fumar constitui uma importante contribuição que os mantém abstêmios do fumo. O processo de abandono do tabagismo variou entre os indivíduos estudados, tendo cada um precisada escolher a melhor maneira para permanecer longe do hábito. Acredita-se que o querer de fato parar predomina sobre os outros fatores e que o fumante necessita de muita determinação e apoio de toda a sociedade para conseguir vencer a barreira da dependência à nicotina. / To investigate factors that contribute to the success in tobacco smoking cessation we have interviewed 16 smokers in abstinence for more than six months with a dependence ≥ 5 in the Fagerström scale. They were intentionally recruited before the Porto Alegre community in the period of 2004 to 2006. We have chosen to interview abstemic individuals in a period of six months based on sequential stages of the natural history of the trials to cease the smoking habit. The maintenance phase is a phase where those that, for more than 6 months, are convict in abstaining from smoking. The gathering of subjects was done through posters, spreading out the word to friends and indication of the participants themselves. Interviews were conducted by the researcher at the residence or working place of the participants. The interview was based on conversations and, as such, it was a psychological and social event that involved asking and discussing the theme “How were you able to stop smoking?”, using a language that was dominated by the participants, being approached the reasons for the decision, strategies used, change of habits, relapses and non-smoking experience. After transcription, interviews were examined by the Content Analysis that involved the exploitation, systematization and operacionalization of information, classifying and cutting off speeches by differentiation and further gathering in units of signification, culminating with the interpretation of categories and possible explanations for the investigated phenomenon. Confirmation of information was done by means of a conference mechanism with pairs and for the participation of external proof readers that read and analyze the interviews and put together an interpretative abstract, reaching the same results in the final original version. From the analysis seven categories emerged: determination to tobacco smoking cessation, support received, information on the misdeeds of cigarettes, elucidating campaigns, the use of artifices, social restrictions to smoking and benefits related to smoking cessation. Results point out to the need of the individuals to be determined to quit smoking and the support of health professionals and family and social members to support, understand and motivate smokers to cease tobacco smoking; information and campaigns that alert to harms to health displace smokers and reinforce the awareness and the commitment with the decision to quit smoking; artifices used help in the substitution of will to smoke; social restrictions mobilize and educate, as well as restrain and ban smoking in public places and the disclosure of the benefits arising from the act of stop smoking is an important contribution that keep them abstemious from smoking. The process of tobacco smoking cessation did not occur the same way among individuals of the studied group, each one had to choose the best way to remain far from the habit. It is believed that the fact or really willing to quit is preponderant over other factors and that the smoker needs a lot of determination together with the support of the society to be able to overcome the barrier of nicotine dependence.

This diploma thesis deals with restaurants employee's attitude to smoking and restaurant smoking ban. The main goal of my diploma thesis is to reveal these restaurant employee's attitudes. I composed a theofetical part for fulfilling this goal, where all the crucial terms, related to smoking, second-hand smoking, health consequences and smoking precaution are explained. Current anti-smoke legislation and occupational safety and health in restaurants are analysed at the end of the theoretical part. In the practical part, there I describe the set main goal and other goals of the thesis, its hypotheses and methodology. The survey is carried out via a self-constructed. questionnaire, which was handed to randomly chosen restaurants employees in České Budějovice. I used statistical methods - chi-square tests - to assess all the gained data and test the hypotheses that had been settled in advance. The results are consequently assessed and interpreted.

Para investigar fatores que contribuem para o sucesso no abandono do tabagismo, foram entrevistados 16 fumantes em abstinência há mais de seis meses com dependência ≥ 5 na escala de Fagerström, recrutados intencionalmente junto à comunidade de Porto Alegre, no período de 2004 a 2006. Escolheu-se entrevistar indivíduos abstêmios no período de seis meses com base nos estágios seqüenciais da história natural das tentativas de abandonar o hábito de fumar. A fase de manutenção é aquela em que os indivíduos mantêm-se convictos em abstinência ao fumo, por mais de 6 meses. A captação dos sujeitos se deu por intermédio de cartazes, divulgação entre amigos e indicação dos próprios participantes. As entrevistas foram realizadas pela pesquisadora na residência ou local de trabalho dos participantes. A entrevista, que teve por base a conversação, foi um evento psicológico e social que envolveu o perguntar ou discutir o tema “Como você conseguiu parar de fumar?”, em linguagem de domínio dos participantes, com abordagem dos motivos da decisão, estratégias utilizadas, mudanças de hábitos, recaídas e vivência de não fumar. Após a transcrição, as entrevistas foram examinadas pela Análise de Conteúdo, que envolveu exploração, sistematização e operacionalização das informações, mediante classificação e recorte das falas pela diferenciação e, posteriormente, pela agregação em unidades de significado, culminando com a interpretação das categorias e possíveis explicações para o fenômeno investigado. A confirmação das informações se deu pelo mecanismo de conferência com pares e pela participação de um revisor externo, que fez a leitura e análise das entrevistas e elaborou um resumo interpretativo, chegando aos mesmos resultados na versão original final. Da análise emergiram sete categorias: determinação de abandonar o tabagismo, apoio recebido, informação sobre os malefícios do cigarro, campanhas de esclarecimento, utilização de artifícios, restrições sociais ao fumo e benefícios relacionados ao parar de fumar. Os resultados são os seguintes: os indivíduos precisam estar determinados a parar de fumar e os profissionais de saúde, grupos familiar e social devem apoiar, compreender e motivar os fumantes a abandonarem o tabagismo; informações e campanhas que alertam para os prejuízos à saúde desacomodam o fumante e reforçam a conscientização e o comprometimento com a decisão de parar de fumar; os artifícios utilizados auxiliam na substituição da vontade de fumar; as restrições sociais mobilizam e educam, assim como constrangem e banem o fumar em locais públicos; e a divulgação dos benefícios advindos do ato de parar de fumar constitui uma importante contribuição que os mantém abstêmios do fumo. O processo de abandono do tabagismo variou entre os indivíduos estudados, tendo cada um precisada escolher a melhor maneira para permanecer longe do hábito. Acredita-se que o querer de fato parar predomina sobre os outros fatores e que o fumante necessita de muita determinação e apoio de toda a sociedade para conseguir vencer a barreira da dependência à nicotina. / To investigate factors that contribute to the success in tobacco smoking cessation we have interviewed 16 smokers in abstinence for more than six months with a dependence ≥ 5 in the Fagerström scale. They were intentionally recruited before the Porto Alegre community in the period of 2004 to 2006. We have chosen to interview abstemic individuals in a period of six months based on sequential stages of the natural history of the trials to cease the smoking habit. The maintenance phase is a phase where those that, for more than 6 months, are convict in abstaining from smoking. The gathering of subjects was done through posters, spreading out the word to friends and indication of the participants themselves. Interviews were conducted by the researcher at the residence or working place of the participants. The interview was based on conversations and, as such, it was a psychological and social event that involved asking and discussing the theme “How were you able to stop smoking?”, using a language that was dominated by the participants, being approached the reasons for the decision, strategies used, change of habits, relapses and non-smoking experience. After transcription, interviews were examined by the Content Analysis that involved the exploitation, systematization and operacionalization of information, classifying and cutting off speeches by differentiation and further gathering in units of signification, culminating with the interpretation of categories and possible explanations for the investigated phenomenon. Confirmation of information was done by means of a conference mechanism with pairs and for the participation of external proof readers that read and analyze the interviews and put together an interpretative abstract, reaching the same results in the final original version. From the analysis seven categories emerged: determination to tobacco smoking cessation, support received, information on the misdeeds of cigarettes, elucidating campaigns, the use of artifices, social restrictions to smoking and benefits related to smoking cessation. Results point out to the need of the individuals to be determined to quit smoking and the support of health professionals and family and social members to support, understand and motivate smokers to cease tobacco smoking; information and campaigns that alert to harms to health displace smokers and reinforce the awareness and the commitment with the decision to quit smoking; artifices used help in the substitution of will to smoke; social restrictions mobilize and educate, as well as restrain and ban smoking in public places and the disclosure of the benefits arising from the act of stop smoking is an important contribution that keep them abstemious from smoking. The process of tobacco smoking cessation did not occur the same way among individuals of the studied group, each one had to choose the best way to remain far from the habit. It is believed that the fact or really willing to quit is preponderant over other factors and that the smoker needs a lot of determination together with the support of the society to be able to overcome the barrier of nicotine dependence.