There is widespread recognition of the need for preventive healthcare to support people in adopting healthy lifestyles that will reduce their risk of long term conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. In recent years, a number of observational studies have shown that social networks may play an important role in health behaviour change. Thus far, however, there has been limited success in translating these findings into effective interventions, suggesting a failure to tap into real-world social processes. The aim of my thesis is to develop our understanding of the role that social networks play in one key area of health behaviour change, namely smoking cessation, with a view to gaining insights into how networks can be better utilised to improve quit outcomes. Whilst most research into health behaviour change is rooted in psychological theory, this study draws on a somewhat different perspective, that of social network studies in health. More specifically, it uses a longitudinal qualitative approach to investigate the role of social networks in giving up smoking. Thirteen participants from diverse sociodemographic backgrounds were recruited through three stop smoking services in central Scotland, and interviewed four weeks after quitting; nine participants took part in a follow-up interview two months later. In-depth interviews combined an interactive network mapping exercise with a detailed exploration of the complex inter-relationships between participants’ social networks and their experiences of quitting. A thematic data analysis was undertaken. Quitting was found to be enmeshed in an intricate web of social relationships and interactions. Quitters were not, though, powerless in the face of these social forces, but rather actively sought to navigate their social networks. Existing theorisations tend to view the social network as acting on a passive individual and, as such, overlook the importance of subjective meaning and dynamic interaction in shaping the quit attempt. My thesis demonstrates, however, that the mechanisms of subjectivity and interaction operate in complex ways, encompassing a myriad of overlapping sources of meaning which include the immediate context of interactions, the wider nature of individual relationships, and the overall construction of the social network. These processes jointly unfold, moreover, as the quit attempt proceeds. Efforts to develop network-based cessation interventions must, therefore, move away from attempts to “fix” the network, and must instead seek to find ways of helping quitters to more effectively navigate their social networks.

Embora o tabagismo seja o maior fator de risco na prevalência, extensão e severidade das doenças periodontais, existem poucos estudos intervencionais sobre os benefícios do abandono do fumo sobre as condições periodontais. O objetivo deste estudo prospectivo de 12 meses foi avaliar o efeito do abandono do tabagismo no tratamento periodontal não-cirúrgico de pacientes com periodontite crônica severa. Materiais e Métodos: Dos 201 pacientes triados, 93 foram considerados elegíveis e receberam tratamento periodontal não-cirúrgico e tratamento para cessação do tabagismo simultâneamente. Foram realizados controle e manutenção periodontal a cada três meses, após o término do tratamento periodontal. Um único examinador calibrado e cego para a condição de fumante realizou exame periodontal completo em seis sítios por dente, no início, 3, 6 e 12 meses após o tratamento não-cirúrgico periodontal. Outro examinador aferiu a concentração de monóxido de carbono expirado e realizou entrevista com base em um questionário estruturado, a fim de coletar dados demográficos e de hábitos tabágicos, nos mesmos períodos. Resultados: Dos 93 indivíduos incluídos, 52 permaneceram no estudo até 12 meses de acompanhamento. Destes, 17 pararam de fumar e 35 continuaram fumando ou oscilaram. Após um ano, somente os que pararam de fumar apresentaram ganho clinico de inserção significante (p = 0,04). No entanto, não houve diferenças entre os grupos de pacientes que pararam de fumar e não pararam de fumar ou que oscilaram em relação ao nível de inserção clínica, profundidade de sondagem, sangramento à sondagem e índice de placa após um ano (p > 0,05). Conclusão: Indivíduos que pararam de fumar apresentaram ganho clinico de inserção significante após um ano de acompanhamento. / Although smoking is the major risk factor in the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontal diseases, there are few data from intervention studies regarding the benefits of quitting smoking on periodontal conditions. The aim of this 12-month prospective study was to assess the adjunctive effect of smoking cessation in nonsurgical periodontal therapy of subjects with severe chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Of the 201 enrolled subjects, 93 were eligible and received non-surgical periodontal treatment and concurrent smoking cessation treatment. Periodontal maintenance was performed every three months. Full-mouth periodontal examination in six sites per tooth was performed by a calibrated examiner, blinded to smoking status, at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months after non-surgical periodontal treatment. Furthermore, expired air carbon monoxide concentration measurements and interviews based on a structured questionnaire were performed in order to collect demographic and smoking data. Results: Of the 93 eligible subjects, 52 remained in the study after one year. Of these, 17 quit smoking and 35 continued smoking or oscillated. After one year, only quitters presented significant clinical attachment gain (p=0.04). However, there were no differences between subjects who quit smoking or who did not regarding clinical attachment level, probing depth, bleeding on probing and plaque index after one year (p>0.05). Conclusion: Quitters presented significant clinical attachment gain after one year of follow-up.

Embora o tabagismo seja um importante fator de risco para as doenças periodontais, ainda não existem estudos a longo prazo que demonstrem o benefício do abandono do fumo sobre as condições periodontais. O objetivo deste estudo prospectivo de 24 meses foi avaliar o efeito do abandono do tabagismo no tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico de pacientes com periodontite crônica severa. Materiais e Métodos: Dos 286 pacientes triados, 116 foram considerados elegíveis e receberam tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico e tratamento para cessação do tabagismo simultaneamente. Foram realizados controle e manutenção periodontal a cada três meses, após o término do tratamento periodontal. Um único examinador calibrado e cego para a condição de fumante realizou exame periodontal completo em seis sítios por dente, no início, 3, 12 e 24 meses após o tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico. Outro examinador aferiu a concentração de monóxido de carbono expirado e realizou entrevista por meio de um questionário estruturado, a fim de coletar dados demográficos e hábitos tabágicos, nos mesmos períodos. Resultados: Dos 116 sujeitos incluídos, 61 permaneceram no estudo por 24 meses de acompanhamento. Destes, 18 pararam de fumar (NF), 32 continuaram fumando (F) e 11 oscilaram (O). Ao longo de 24 meses todos os grupos apresentaram redução significativa no número de cigarros fumados. Os grupos NF e F apresentaram redução significativa no índice de placa e o grupo NF redução significativa no sangramento à sondagem. Quando comparado com F, aos 24 meses, NF apresentou redução significativa na concentração de monóxido de carbono exalado, na porcentagem de sítios com nível clinico de inserção maior igual a 3mm, na profundidade de sondagem de todos os sítios e daqueles inicialmente doentes e ganho de inserção significativo para sítios inicialmente doentes (p> 0,05). Conclusão: Parar de fumar promoveu benefício adicional ao tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico de pacientes com periodontite crônica severa, após 24meses de acompanhamento. / Although smoking is an important risk factor for periodontal diseases, there are no long term studies that demonstrate the benefit of smoking cessation on periodontal conditions. The aim of this 24-month prospective study was to assess the effect of smoking cessation on non-surgical periodontal therapy of subjects with severe chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Of the 286 screened subjects, 116 were eligible and received non-surgical periodontal treatment and concurrent smoking cessation treatment. Periodontal maintenance was performed every three months. Full-mouth periodontal examination in six sites per tooth was performed by a calibrated examiner, blinded to smoking status, at baseline, 3, 12 and 24 months after non-surgical periodontal treatment. Furthermore, expired air carbon monoxide concentration measurements and interviews based on a structured questionnaire were performed in order to collect demographic and smoking data. Results: Of the 116 subjects enrolled, 61 remained in the study up to 24 months of follow-up. Of these, 18 quit smoking (Q), 32 continued smoking (NQ) and 11 oscillated (O). Over the 24 months, all groups showed significant reduction in the number of consumed cigarettes. Q and NQ groups showed significant reduction in plaque index and Q presented significant reduction in bleeding index. When compared with NQ at 24 months, Q showed a significant reduction in the concentration of exhaled carbon monoxide, in the percentage of sites with CAL 3 mm, in probing depth for all sites and for initially diseased sites and greater attachment gain for initially diseased sites (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Smoking cessation promotes adjunctive benefits in non-surgical periodontal therapy of subjects with severe chronic periodontitis.

No description available.

This study explores how young people conceptualise addiction to smoking and, also the relationship between young people's addiction beliefs and intentions to smoke cigarettes. Addiction to smoking is a major health problem, not just for adults, but also for young smokers, up to 60% of whom are dependent on nicotine. However, anti-smoking prevention efforts targeted at young people generally emphasise ill-health effects and little attention is paid to addiction education which is generally considered relevant only to adult smoking and cessation efforts. Perhaps as a consequence, young people appear to have many misconceptions and unrealistic ideas about addiction, and these may possibly have influenced initial decisions to take up smoking. For example, between 50% and 60% of young smokers believe that it would be easy or very easy to stop smoking altogether if and when they choose to and the majority of daily smokers mistakenly believe that they will not be smoking for more than five years. For these young smokers, becoming addicted is often an unforeseen consequence and most are surprised to find that they cannot give up smoking as easily as they thought. The majority of addicted smokers regret ever taking up smoking but nevertheless continue to smoke cigarettes for perhaps 30 to 40 years because they find it very difficult to stop. This backdrop provides the impetus for the present study.

<p>Att sluta eller inte sluta? En litteraturstudie om tobaksavvänjningsmetoder Bjellman, K. Tobaksbruket har en lång historia, och de tobaksrelaterade sjukdomarna kostar samhället miljarder i sjukvårdskostnader och produktionsbortfall varje år. Andelen rökare minskar stadigt i Sverige, idag röker ca 15 procent av befolkningen. Resultaten från olika metoder för tobaksavvänjning är tämligen blygsamma, och ugefär nittio procent av de som slutar röka gör det på egen hand. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva och analysera metoder för tobaksavvänjning. Detta gjordes utifrån följande frågeställningar: Hur tar metoderna hänsyn till människors behov av att uppleva självbestämmande, kompetens och tillhörighet? Hur arbetar metoderna med att stärka människors inre motivation? Hur tar metoderna hänsyn till människors hela livssituation? Metoden var en litteraturstudie av vetenskapliga artiklar om olika metoder för tobaksavvänjning, samt olika typer av handlednings- och självhjälpsmaterial för tobaksavvänjare och tobaksanvändare. Slutsatsen är att få metoder tar hänsyn både till människors behov av att uppleva självbestämmande, kompetens och tillhörighet, arbetar för att stärka den inre motivation att sluta röka, samt beaktar hela klientens livssituation. Även de metoder som uppfyller detta ganska väl har problem med många återfall den första tiden efter rökstoppet. Andelen långvarigt rökfria tycks vara ungefär densamma, oavsett vilken metod man använder och hur väl den uppfyller ovanstående. Nyckelord Tobaksavvänjning, Rökavvänjning, Tobacco cessation, Självbestämmandeteorin, Self-determination Theory, Litteraturstudie</p><p>To quit or not to quit? A literature study of tobacco cessation methods Bjellman, K. The tobacco custom has a long history, and the tobacco related diseases cost the society billions in healthcare costs and production losses. The results from different methods for tobacco cessation are rather modest. The aim with this study was to describe and analyze methods for tobacco cessation. This was done on the basis of the following issues: How takes the methods considerations to people's needs of experiencing self determination, competence and property? How works the methods with starching people's internal motivation? How takes the methods considerations to the people's living environment? The method was a literature study off scientific articles about different methods for tobacco cessation, and different types of guidance's - and self-help materials for tobacco workers and tobacco users. The conclusion is that few methods take considerations both to people's needs of experiencing self determination, competence and property, works in order to starch the internal motivation to stop to smoke, and takes into consideration the client's living environment. Also those methods that meet this quite well have problems with many relapses. The proportion prolonged smoke free clients seems to last approximately the same, irrespective of which method one uses and how well it meets the factors above. Key Words Tobacco cessation, Smoking Cessation, Self-determination Theory, Literature study</p>

Att sluta eller inte sluta? En litteraturstudie om tobaksavvänjningsmetoder Bjellman, K. Tobaksbruket har en lång historia, och de tobaksrelaterade sjukdomarna kostar samhället miljarder i sjukvårdskostnader och produktionsbortfall varje år. Andelen rökare minskar stadigt i Sverige, idag röker ca 15 procent av befolkningen. Resultaten från olika metoder för tobaksavvänjning är tämligen blygsamma, och ugefär nittio procent av de som slutar röka gör det på egen hand. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva och analysera metoder för tobaksavvänjning. Detta gjordes utifrån följande frågeställningar: Hur tar metoderna hänsyn till människors behov av att uppleva självbestämmande, kompetens och tillhörighet? Hur arbetar metoderna med att stärka människors inre motivation? Hur tar metoderna hänsyn till människors hela livssituation? Metoden var en litteraturstudie av vetenskapliga artiklar om olika metoder för tobaksavvänjning, samt olika typer av handlednings- och självhjälpsmaterial för tobaksavvänjare och tobaksanvändare. Slutsatsen är att få metoder tar hänsyn både till människors behov av att uppleva självbestämmande, kompetens och tillhörighet, arbetar för att stärka den inre motivation att sluta röka, samt beaktar hela klientens livssituation. Även de metoder som uppfyller detta ganska väl har problem med många återfall den första tiden efter rökstoppet. Andelen långvarigt rökfria tycks vara ungefär densamma, oavsett vilken metod man använder och hur väl den uppfyller ovanstående. Nyckelord Tobaksavvänjning, Rökavvänjning, Tobacco cessation, Självbestämmandeteorin, Self-determination Theory, Litteraturstudie To quit or not to quit? A literature study of tobacco cessation methods Bjellman, K. The tobacco custom has a long history, and the tobacco related diseases cost the society billions in healthcare costs and production losses. The results from different methods for tobacco cessation are rather modest. The aim with this study was to describe and analyze methods for tobacco cessation. This was done on the basis of the following issues: How takes the methods considerations to people's needs of experiencing self determination, competence and property? How works the methods with starching people's internal motivation? How takes the methods considerations to the people's living environment? The method was a literature study off scientific articles about different methods for tobacco cessation, and different types of guidance's - and self-help materials for tobacco workers and tobacco users. The conclusion is that few methods take considerations both to people's needs of experiencing self determination, competence and property, works in order to starch the internal motivation to stop to smoke, and takes into consideration the client's living environment. Also those methods that meet this quite well have problems with many relapses. The proportion prolonged smoke free clients seems to last approximately the same, irrespective of which method one uses and how well it meets the factors above. Key Words Tobacco cessation, Smoking Cessation, Self-determination Theory, Literature study

Aus der Einleitung: "Nahezu jeder zweite Deutsche war oder ist akutell regelmäßiger Raucher. Fast ein Viertel - in manchen Altersstufen sogar mehr - aller Adoleszenten und Erwachsenen sind nikotinabhängig oder stark gesundheitsgefährdete "starke Raucher" mit mehr als 20 Zigaretten pro Tag. Fast alle regelmäßigen Raucher wissen zwischenzeitlich, daß Rauchen gefährlich und gesundheitsschädlich ist; jeder zweite Raucher bezeichnet sich sogar selbst als "abhängig. 90% haben bereits mindestens einmal über zumindest einige Tage versucht aufzuhören - ohne Erfolg. [...]"

This study prospectively examined the timing and predictors of returning to smoking after pregnancy in a group of women who quit smoking cigarettes during pregnancy. We interviewed women during the postpartum hospital stay and at their infants 2-week and 2-month health supervision visits. Urine cotinine levels were measured at each interview. Fifty-three women were interviewed during the postpartum stay, 37 women at the 2-week and 36 women at the 2 month visits. At the 2-week visit, 40.5% had returned to smoking, and at the 2-month visit, 47.2% had returned to smoking. Factors associated with a return to smoking at 2 weeks included a lower level of education (high school graduate/GED vs. some college education; 13/37 vs. 2/37, p=0.02), the presence of someone else in the household who smoked (14/37 vs. 1/37, p=0.001), formula-feeding their infant at the time of interview (14/37 vs. 1/37, p=0.003), having smoking discussed with a doctor or nurse during pregnancy (12/37 vs. 3/27, p=0.009), and being African-American vs. Caucasian or Hispanic (10/37 vs. 5/37, p=0.008). Predictors of a return to smoking at 2 months included the presence of someone else in the household who smoked (17/36 vs. 0/36, p<0.001) and smoking at least 1 cigarette during pregnancy after initially quitting (12/36 vs. 5/36, p=0.02). Women who quit smoking cigarettes during pregnancy are likely to resume in the days immediately after delivery. The presence of household smokers and formula feeding are the strongest predictors of resuming smoking within 2 weeks.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 16, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 62-73).