Politicians and social marketers considering whether, and how, to implement a national smoking ban in their countries require sound evidence regarding what the causes of support are amongst key stakeholders, how this support will develop over the short to medium term in which they seek to be re-elected, and how support relates to critical outcomes like enforcement. In response to this need, I use structural equation models to develop a model of the antecedents of support, based on theories of self interest and common sense justice, amongst hospitality industry managers. I show that support is determined more by fairness related constructs than self interest constructs, that support for national smoking bans increases consistently over time, and that the initial level of support, and the rate at which support increases, is positively related to subsequent enforcement behaviour by bar managers, in the year after implementation of such a ban, in New Zealand. I use growth mixture modeling to identify two subgroups of bar managers whose support changes at different rates. First, a class of bar managers with a high proportion of smokers who reported fewer instances of respiratory related health problems, showed low initial support, and whose support for the legislation slowly decreased. And second, a class of bar managers comprised of fewer smokers, but reporting more instances of respiratory related health problems. This class began with a high degree support, and steadily increased in support for the national smoking ban. I discuss the implications of these findings for social marketers, health educationalists, and politicians interested in introducing a similar ban in other countries.

Background A significant proportion of children are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) throughout the world. This is mainly because of exposure to parental smoking. It is unknown to what extent the negative effects of ETS on respiratory symptoms track from childhood into adulthood. Methods TESAOD (Tucson Epidemiologic Study of Airway Obstructive Disease) is a large population-based prospective study that was initiated in 1972. Participants were followed prospectively with questionnaires and pulmonary function tests (PFTs) completed about every two years in 12 follow-up surveys up to 1996. Skin prick tests and blood samples for IgE measurements were collected at surveys 1, 6, and 11. We identified subjects who entered the study as children (<15 years old) and were followed to adulthood (>18 years) during the study follow-up. Based on questionnaire data, active asthma, wheeze, cough, and chronic cough (cough for three consecutive months) were coded as never (never reported in childhood or adulthood), incident (never reported in childhood, but ≥ one positive report in adulthood), remittent (≥ one positive report in childhood, but not in adulthood), and persistent (≥ one positive report both in childhood and adulthood). PFTs measurements included forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory flow at 25-75%. Parent information on smoking status was collected simultaneously at child visits. ETS exposure status was assessed as “ever” or “never” between birth and 15 years. Results Information on parental ETS exposure in childhood and outcomes in adulthood was available for 444 non-Hispanic white participants (51.4% male) with mean age at initial survey of 7.7 years. Total mean follow-up time was 19.0 years (8.8 years in adulthood). Between birth and 15 years, 53.4% of children were exposed to ETS. After adjusting for sex, age at enrollment, years of follow-up, and personal smoking status (assessed at age 15 and above), combined parental ETS exposure in childhood was significantly associated with persistent wheeze (RR(adj) 1.9, p=0.026), persistent cough (RR(adj) 5.9, p<0.001), and persistent (RR(adj) 3.7, p=0.030) and incident chronic cough (RR(adj) 2.3, p=0.040). Paternal ETS exposure in childhood was associated with persistent wheeze (RR(adj) 2.3, p=0.002), persistent cough (RR(adj) 3.9, p<0.001), persistent (RR(adj) 4.8, p=0.004) and incident chronic cough (RR(adj) 2.2, p=0.031), and persistent asthma (RR(adj) 2.3, p=0.016). Maternal ETS exposure was associated with persistent (RR(adj) 1.9, p=0.029) and incident cough (RR(adj) 2.5, p=0.006). Maternal ETS exposure was associated with an increased percent predicted FVC in adulthood (coefficient, 3.75; p=0.019). No other effects on lung function were seen. There were no effects of ETS exposure on total serum IgE or allergic sensitization. ETS exposure was associated with respiratory symptoms in adulthood among both never and current smokers. Conclusions ETS exposure in childhood has long term health effects on lung function and respiratory symptoms. These effects do not appear to be IgE-mediated. ETS exposure, especially paternal ETS exposure, seems to influence the persistence of respiratory symptoms from childhood to adulthood and to affect women more than men. These effects are independent of personal smoking and also seen in never smokers. Both smoking mothers and fathers should be targeted when attempting to reduce ETS exposure among children.

This item contains the agenda, minutes, and attachments for the Faculty Senate meeting on this date. There may be additional materials from the meeting available at the Faculty Center.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine alcohol and tobacco habits in men's soccer in the in Sweden and compare those habits in different divisions. The method we used in the study was aquantitative survey report. Two teams participated in the survey, one team from the fifth divisionand one from the second division. The respondents (n=34) are born between 1977 and 1996. The results turned out to be very interesting because it both confirm and denies our hypothesis that players in higher divisions use less tobacco and alcohol than players in lower divisions. For example we found out that 21 % of division two players use snus regularly compared with only 10 % of division five players. We have also examined alcohol habits in both a general way and also compared those habits between the divisions, and we have also investigated how and if alcohol is consumed during parties that are held at the season finales. / Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka hur alkohol- och tobaksvanorna ser ut inom herrfotbollen och jämföra hur de skiljer sig mellan olika divisioner. Metoden vi använde oss av i studien var en kvantitativ enkätundersökning. Det var två lag som deltog i undersökningen, ett lag från division fem och ett lag från division två. Respondenterna (n=34) är födda mellan år 1977 och 1996. Resultaten visade väldigt intressant fakta som både bekräftar och dementerar vår hypotes om att spel i högre divisioner leder till mindre nyttjande av tobak och alkohol. Till exempel så framkom det att en större andel division två-spelare (21%) snusade regelbundet jämfört med division fem-spelarna (10%). Vi har även sett över hur alkoholvanorna ser ut både generellt och divisionerna emellan samt om och hur alkohol konsumeras under lagens säsongsavslutning.

Objectives: In recent decades, obesity reached epidemic proportions in western countries, while cigarette smoking decreased. Traditionally, smoking is associated with lower relative weight (body mass index, BMI) but high abdominal obesity (waist-hip ratio, WHR). However, several recent studies suggest that BMI is higher among today’s smokers compared with non-smokers. Therefore, the present study examined whether the relationship between smoking and each of the body measures, BMI and WHR, has changed over time. Material and Methods: Data were collected from 5907 male and female residents of Gothenburg, Sweden, aged 25-65 years, and drawn randomly in four sequential cross-sections (1985, 1990, 1995, 2002) from the city’s population register. The study used general linear models to test trends over time, and adjusted all differences for age. Results: The data reported here showed higher WHR in both male and female smokers compared with non-smokers. BMI was lower in female smokers compared with female non-smokers, but did not differ significantly between male smokers and male non-smokers. Among female participants, differences in WHR between smokers and non-smokers increased significantly throughout the study. Although male participants showed a similar tendency, the differences were not significant. Adjustment for educational level did not affect the results. Conclusions: WHR was higher among smokers compared with non-smokers; this difference increased over time. Thus, concern for obesity does not provide a valid reason to continue smoking; on the contrary, it may be a reason to quit. / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-06-5</p>

Bakgrunn: Røyking blir fortsatt betraktet som den viktigste forebyggbare årsak til død i ge land. Praktiserende leger er nøkkelpersoner innen tobakksforebygging. Enkel rådgiving, som minimal intervensjon, gitt av allmennleger øker andelen røykfrie pasienter signifikant. Kan en oppsøkende intervensjon gjennomført av en likemann være en egnet metode for å få leger til å ta opp tobakksbruk oftere og på en bedre måte, og kan denne undersøkelsen påvise dette? Hensikt: Hensikten med denne studien er: 1) Vurdere om primærlegene i Agder har endret praksis i perioden 2001-2004 med hensyn til hvor ofte og hvordan de tar opp tobakksbruk med sine pasienter og eventuelle hindringer for dette. 2) Undersøke om oppsøkende intervensjon er en egnet metode for å få leger til å endre praksis ved at de bidrar mer og bedre med individuell røykeintervensjon. Metode: Randomisert kontrollert studie for å undersøke om oppsøkende intervensjon er en egnet metode for å få leger til å endre praksis. Denne studien er sett i lys av en sammenliknende analyse av legenes røykeintervensjon og hindringer for dette i perioden 2001-2004. Resultat: Allmennlegene i Agder har endret praksis i perioden 2001 til 2004. Legene tar oftere opp tobakksbruk uten av pasientene har røykerelaterte symptomer, og det er færre hindringer både for å spørre om røykevaner og for å tilby hjelp til røykeslutt. Studien kan ikke bekrefte at oppsøkende intervensjonen er en egnet metode for å få leger til endre praksis ved at de bidrar mer og bedre med individuell røykeintervensjon. Konklusjon: I perioden 2001-2004 har det vært en signifikant endring i legenes røykeintervensjon og hindringer for dette. Studien kan ikke påvise at legene som fikk opplæringen ”Røykeslutt i praksis” bidrar mer med individuell røykeintervensjon enn kontrollgruppen, og det er heller ikke signifikante forkjeller på hindringer for en slik intervensjon / Background: Cigarette smoking is still considered the leading preventable cause of death in the western world. Physicians constitutes a key personnel in tobacco prevention. Brief advising, such as minimal intervention, performed by general practitioners, GPs, increases the number of smoke free patients significantly. The potential effect of outreach visits performed by a peer educator is a question to be studied. Objective: The objective of this study is: 1) Assesswhether the primary physicians in Agder, during the period 2001 to 2004, have changed their professional practice as tohow often and in which way they discuss smoking habits with their patients and possible barriers to stop them. 2) The study also seeks to determine whether outreach visits constitute an effective method to make GPs change their professional practice by contributing more and better to individual smoking cessation. Method: Randomised controlled study to determine whether outreach visits constitute an effective method to make GPs change their practice. This study is also viewed in the light of a comparative analysis of doctors’ attitude to tobacco prevention over the period 2001-2004. Result: During the period 2001-2004 the GPs in Agder have changed their professional practice. They discuss more frequently tobacco use with patients without smoke-related symptoms, and there are fewer barriers that keep them from asking about smoking habits and from offering assistance with smoking cessation. The effect of outreach visits in improving professional practice cannot be ascertained through this study. Conclusion: During the period 2001-2004 there has been a significant change in the GPs intervention work and fewer barriers to stop them. The GPs who received training through the program “Røykeslutt i praksis” do not contribute to individual smoke intervention any more than the control group. We were unable to detect any significant differences regarding barriers to such intervention / <p>ISBN 91-7997-153-9</p>

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att kartlägga tobaksvanor och uppfattningen om tobakens påverkan i munhålan bland grundlärarstuderande. Material och metod: En tvärsnittsstudie med kvantitativ design genomfördes i form av en enkätundersökning. Enkäten delades ut till 76 grundlärarstudenter där samtliga valde att delta. Resultat: Resultatet visade att det var 13 respondenter som rökte och 4 som snusade, varav en var blandbrukare av snus och cigaretter. Debutåldern för rökning var mellan 11-20 år och för snusning mellan 16-20 år. Den övervägande delen av respondenterna hade uppfattningen att tobak har någon form av påverkan i munhålan. En stor del av respondenterna uppfattade att rökning har en mycket stor betydelse för att utveckla tillstånden dålig andedräkt (73,3%) och missfärgning av tänderna (78,9%), medan majoriteten av respondenterna uppfattade att missfärgning av tänderna (82,7%) har en mycket stor betydelse vid användningen av snus. Slutsats: Resultatet visar att det var fler tobaksanvändare i denna studie i förhållande till tobaksvändningen i övriga Sverige. Studien visar att den övervägande delen av grundlärarstudenterna uppfattade att rökning och snusning påverkar utveckling av olika tillstånd i munhålan. / Objective: The aim of the study was to identify tobacco habits and the perception of its effects in the oral cavity among elementary teacher students at Kristianstad University. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study with quantitative design was performed with a questionnaire survey. It was distributed to 76 elementary teacher students where all participated. Results: The results showed that 13 respondents smoked and 4 used snus, one of those was using both cigarettes and snus. The debut age for smoking was between 11-20 years and 16-20 years when using snus. The vast majority of the respondents perceived that the use of snus and cigarettes effects the oral cavity. Many of the respondents perceived that smoking had very great importance in the development of halitosis (73,3%) and discoloration of the teeth (78,9%), while the majority of the respondents had the perception that the discoloration of the teeth (82.7%) was of very great importance in the use of snus. Conclusion: The result shows that there were more tobacco users in this study in relation to tobacco use in the rest of Sweden. This study shows that the vast majority of the elementary teacher students perceived that smoking and snus had an effect for developing various states in the oral cavity.

Smoking rates among senior students have been related to smoking initiation in younger students. Opportunities to select smoking friends may be one explanation, however our understanding of this process has been limited by cross-sectional designs. <br ><br /> The purpose of this longitudinal study was to determine whether senior student smoking rates a) predict smoking initiation in younger elementary school students, controlling for individual exposure to family and friends who smoke and b) are related to the selection of smoking friends, increasing risk of smoking initiation as a result. <br ><br /> This study involved secondary data analysis of 2798 students from 84 Ontario elementary schools involved with the Third Waterloo Smoking Prevention Project (WSPP3). Grade 8 students completed a questionnaire at baseline to obtain the percentage of senior students who smoke in each school. Students in grade 6 completed a similar questionnaire at baseline, and were surveyed again in grades 7 and 8. Multilevel regression analyses were used to examine school and individual characteristics simultaneously. <br ><br /> Each 5% increase in the senior student smoking rate at a school increased the risk that a non-smoking grade 6 student would try smoking more than once by grade 8 (OR 1. 05) and that a non-smoking grade 6 student with no smoking friends would gain a smoking friend by grade 7 (OR 1. 10). Students who remained non-smokers in grade 7 but gained a smoking friend were more likely to try smoking more than once by grade 8 (OR 4. 31). <br ><br /> In schools where a high proportion of senior students smoked, younger students were more likely to initiate smoking, and gain a smoking friend. Anti-smoking policies and interventions may be more urgently required in these schools to lower senior student smoking rates and reduce initiation among younger students. Tailoring the intensity and content of programs to match the needs of schools is one way to potentially maximize effectiveness.

<strong>Background. </strong> Post-secondary institutions account for more smokers than any other occupational setting in Canada (Hammond, 2005). Unfortunately, little is known about tobacco use among this distinct population of students. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of smoking and patterns of cigarette use among undergraduates at the University of Waterloo. The current study also sought to investigate the role of school connectedness in predicting students? smoking behaviours, and to explore the relation of student smoking status as determined by a behavoural measure and self-reported smoking status. <br /><br /> <strong>Methods. </strong> A secondary analysis of data collected using the University of Waterloo Tobacco Use Survey (2004) was employed for this research. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies, means, and percentages), non-parametric statistics (chi-square and Cohen?s kappa), principle components factor analysis and logistic regression in order to serve the exploratory purposes of the study. <br /><br /> <strong>Results. </strong> Overall, 17. 55% of the respondents reported current cigarette use (3. 37% daily; 14. 18% non-daily). Although most (85. 5%) students? self-perceptions remained as ?nonsmokers who never smoke? from university entrance to the study date, a greater proportion of students made a negative change in their self-perceived smoking status over this time period than a positive change (10. 13% vs. 4. 38%, respectively). Among students who perceived themselves as ?nonsmokers who never smoke? or ?ex-smokers? at university entrance, being more academically engaged predicted making a negative change in ones? self-perceived smoking status (OR= 1. 924, CI₉₅= 1. 064-3. 480). Finally, the proportion of non-daily smokers differed between the two measures of smoking status. Many students classified as ?occasional smokers? using the behavioural measure actually perceived themselves as ?nonsmokers who smoke sometimes?. <br /><br /> <strong>Discussion. </strong> The results of this study provide valuable new insights into smoking among Canadian university students. Students who are more academically engaged may be at risk of initiating smoking, perhaps as a means of stress reduction. Furthermore, the adult measure of occasional smoking typically used in tobacco research may be insufficient to inform tobacco control efforts for this population as it results in different proportions of non-daily smokers when compared against students? self-perceived smoking status. The findings of this exploratory research await replication with larger samples and different measures. Implications of the results for practice and further research are discussed. <br /><br /> <strong>Conclusions. </strong> This strategy of assessing connectedness to school shows promise in predicting post-secondary students? cigarette smoking behaviours. The results also provide support for continued investigation into the best ways to measure and assess current cigarette use in this unique population.

ABSTRACT Background: Waterpipe (hookah) smoking is gaining in popularity as a form of smoking tobacco. There is a noticeable increase in hookah smoking worldwide, among young adults. There is a growing body of literature that indicates that college students may not be as knowledgeable as should be in making decisions about smoking waterpipes. Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs regarding hookah (waterpipe) use among college-based health care students. Methods: Participants in this study were chosen based on their readiness and willingness to participate. The questionnaire was distributed by the researcher to graduate students through a link for a web-based survey. A paper copy was distributed in class to undergraduate students only. There were 319 college-based health care students who participated in this study from the following specialties: nursing, physical therapy, respiratory therapy, occupational therapy and nutrition. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Respondents have used or tried hookah (waterpipe) smoking before (n=156, 49%), while the majority of students who have not tried or used the hookah smoking (n=163, 51%). Students were able to identify health hazards that might result from hookah smoking, for example cancer (n=258, 80.9%), respiratory problems (n=308, 97%), cardiovascular impairments (n=202, 63%), hematological impairments (n= 98, 31%), harm during pregnancy (n=214, 67%), and diarrhea (n=37, 11.6%) as potential health hazard. This study showed that 187 students (58.6%) believed that cigarette smoking is more harmful than water pipe smoking due to the false beliefs that they have. There was also general disagreement regarding students’ attitudes and opinions about waterpipe smoking. Finally, this study showed the reasons why students engage in hookah smoking; for example, (241, 75.5%)of the students reported that the reason for water pipe smoking is an increased opportunity to smoke a water pipe in cafes, etc. Also, students said other reasons like flavor/aroma of Hookah itself (219, 68.7%), and utility of water pipe in leisure & pleasure activities (217, 68%). Conclusion: This study showed that the prevalence of hookah (waterpipe) smoking is common among students in health care especially in young adults. Further studies are needed to ask more students and at different institutions. Finally, we recommended conducting educational campaigns to increase students’ knowledge and awareness and to correct the wrongs beliefs and attitudes.