Florida reformed its civil service system with the passage of the Service First Initiative of 2001, resulting in a unique organizational setting by altering the employer-employee relationship, yet little academic research explored the power tactics used by politicians and political appointees in order to gain subordinate compliance in unique organizational environments. Using French and Raven’s bases of social power theory and Raven’s interpersonal power interaction model as the foundation, the primary purpose of this stratified cross-sectional study of politicians and political appointees in Florida was to explore whether certain demographic factors are predictors of the extent to which French and Raven’s “hard” and “soft” power tactics are used. Survey data were collected using the interpersonal power inventory, political predisposition measure, and a self-developed demographic information form from 354 political appointees and state employees and were analyzed using simple multiple linear regression. Findings indicated the usage of the power tactics is consistent Ravens original research with influence agents preferring the soft power tactics over hard. Findings also showed that age and race (notably African American) are statically significant predictors of usage of soft power tactics of expert, referent, informational, the legitimacy of dependency, personal reward and harsh power tactics of personal coercion, legitimacy of reciprocity and equity (p <.05). Positive social change implications resulting from this study include recommendations regarding development of leadership programs to reduce the reliance on the use of harsh power tactics in order to increase organizational and personal outcomes within Service First Initiative organizations.

This essay explores how different traits of hegemonic masculinity in Sally Rooney’s Normal People are presented through the male characters using gender studies as the theoretical approach and whether they reinforce or subvert norms of hegemonic masculinity through their interactions with each other and Marianne. This essay claims that the novel presents both reinforcements and subversions of masculinity through the male characters introduced in the novel.

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The current study followed the methodology used by Erchul and colleagues (eg., Erchul, Raven, & Ray, 2001, Getty & Erchul, 2008) to assess and compare the likelihood of use of social power bases reported by school psychologists and school counselors. Furthermore, because the Interpersonal Power Inventory (consultant usage form; IPI-Form CT-U) was used for the first time with the school counselors, the factor structure of the instrument was also examined using Principal Component Analysis. 2 components, harsh and soft power, were identified which were similar to the harsh and soft power sources identified in the previous studies using IPI. Similar to previous research with school psychologists, the results of the current study also demonstrated that IPI-Form CT-U is an internally consistent measure that can be used to assess the likelihood of use of soft and harsh power bases in school counselors. The current study emphasized the similarities and underscored the differences between the likelihood of use of social power bases among school counselors and school psychologists. Overall, both school psychologists and school counselors rated soft power bases higher than harsh power bases. Informational power, expert power, and legitimate power of dependence were the three highest rated power bases by school psychologists and school counselors. In comparison to school psychologists, school counselors reported a higher likelihood of using soft power when consulting with a teacher. A comparison between the individual social power ratings by school psychologists and counselors revealed that school counselors rated expert power, legitimate power of dependence, and impersonal coercion higher in terms of their likelihood of use, as compared to the school psychologists. The differences in the ratings by school counselors and school psychologists may be explained in the light of the differences in their training, the nature of their role and their placement in school settings.

In evaluating clientsâ satisfaction with their lawyers, some research indicates that clients consider the interpersonal aspect of the lawyer-client relationship just as important as the legal competence of the lawyer. The purpose of this study is to assess factors hypothesized to be involved in clients* evaluations of lawyers and the legal system. These factors are ratings of procedural justice, perceptions of lawyers interactional styles and types of social power, and clientsf demographic and legal case characteristics. Data for the quantitative analysis in this study comes from a national telephone survey of legal clients. In addition, qualitative data from responses to an open-ended question in the telephone survey and focus groups of legal clients in divorce cases are analyzed. The results of the multiple regression and path analyses reveal that lawyers’ interactional orientation (combinations of social power and adoption of occupational role) nave the greatest effect on ratings of procedural justice. Ratings of procedural justice and lawyers’ interactional orientation have the greatest effect on satisfaction with lawyers. Smaller effects come from the outcome and the type of legal case. Satisfaction with the attorney has a greater effect on satisfaction with the courts for women than it does for men. Ratings of procedural justice and lawyer’s interactional styles have a large effect on satisfaction with the courts for both men and women. Comments by the survey respondents and the focus group participants support previous research that the major sources of dissatisfaction with lawyers are fees, discourtesy, and delays. Issues which coincide with elements of the rating of procedural justice emerged from the focus groups. The components of representation, quality and accuracy, and respect and concern for the client were brought up in various ways. A suggestion is made for the use of the components of procedural justice as a guideline or checklist for lawyers and clients as a way of improving the image of lawyers and increasing clients’ consumer power. / Ph. D.

abstract: Research on the psychology of social power has shown how experiences of power tend to promote goal-oriented behavior and sexual perception in individuals. These experiences need not be generated through real-life power dynamics, but can be primed experimentally in the lab. A recent study has explored how power affects even lower level goal-oriented motor movement, showing how increased power facilitates the initiation of goal-oriented motor actions (Maner et al., 2010). However, this research did not explore how these goal-oriented motor movements promoted by power dynamically evolve over time, or can be influenced by sexual perceptual processes. Using an experimental paradigm known as computer mouse-tracking, we designed an experimental task to asses how participants’ – primed with either a High or Low sense of power – motor movements and sexual perceptual processes co-evolved and influenced one another during decision-making. We analyzed four distinct mouse-tracking variables, including traditional reaction time measures and novel measures indexing real-time decision-making processes. Several hypotheses are proposed and discussed. No significant findings emerged, however general trends showed promising signs for future iterations of the study. The study limitations and proposed future directions for studying these phenomena are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2016

Makt är ofta negativt associerat och förknippat med någonting auktoritärt. Speciellt tydligt blir detta i en skandinavisk kultur där det finns ett vardagligt tal kring “jantelagen” som förkastar när man skryter om sina egna framgångar. Således kan en ledande position i en organisation bli utmanande eftersom positionen kan uppfattas som framträdande och iögonfallande. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att få en djupare förståelse för butikschefer inom livsmedelshandelns subjektiva upplevelser av att påverkas av sociala maktrelationer i en svensk arbetslivskontext. Med utgångspunkt i ett socialpsykologiskt synsätt så studeras detta teoretiskt genom De fem maktformerna, Kulturdimensionsteorin, Approach Inhibition Theory of Power och Normativ makt. Tio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med butikschefer. Slutsatserna visade på en mångfacetterad syn på makt där makt både kunde skildras som något ouppskattat såväl som en källa som bidrar till motivation och samhörighet. Därmed främjades ett relationsorienterat chefskap och butiksmedarbetarnas egenmakt. Att anpassa sitt beteende efter förväntningar var en viktig del i hur chefer använde makt i positiv bemärkelse. Det kunde uttryckas i att anpassa både sin kommunikation och sina chefsegenskaper. / Power is often negatively associated with and addressed as something authoritarian. This becomes apparent in a Scandinavian culture where there is a colloquial term called "janteloven" that disapproves of bragging regarding one's success. Therefore, having a leading position in an organization may be challenging since the position may be regarded as prominent and conspicuous. The purpose of this qualitative study is to achieve a deeper understanding of grocery managers' subjective experiences of being influenced by social power relationships in the Swedish employment context. Based on a social psychological approach, this is theoretically studied with The Five Bases of Power, Cultural Dimensions Theory, Approach Inhibition Theory of Power, and the Normative Theory of Power. Ten semi-structured interviews with grocery managers were conducted. The findings emphasized a multifaceted approach to power, which could be depicted as undesirable or seen as a source of encouragement and unity. Thus, relationship-oriented leadership and empowering grocery personnel were promoted. Adapting one's behavior according to presumptions was a compelling aspect of how managers' used their power in a positive light. This has been depicted in their adaptation of communication and their traits as managers.

How are the two superpowers of the world using Twitter as a platform for gathering global support for their policies when tweeting about an ongoing international conflict? That is the question that is answered in this thesis through a small-N case study. A mixed-method content analysis, based on security branding and generic framing, was applied to the data to determine how security branding is used by the actors to acquire social power. The findings suggest that China is using the situation to throw mud at, and question the morality of, the US and its behavior in international relations. The US is tweeting on a broader spectrum of topics. These topics include how the US and its allies and partners have supported Ukraine and taken action to weaken Russia. Another vital topic found is that the US uses Twitter to display its disagreement with the actions taken by Russia and Vladimir Putin in Ukraine.

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de investigar a percepção de executivos (as) sêniores quanto a possibilidade de empreender dentro de uma organização contemporânea, pontuar as barreiras percebidas por eles (as) e apresentar os caminhos percorridos afim de superar tais barreiras. A percepção de executivos (as) brasileiros (as) quanto a possibilidade de empreender dentro de uma organização nem sempre é positivamente unânime. As barreiras enfrentadas, muitas vezes, os (as) fazem perecer diante deste desafio. E como os (as) bem-aventurados (as) executivos (as) superam estas barreiras é de fato uma questão que requer maior entendimento. Outros fatores que merecem luz são como o poder político e a diferenciação de gêneros dentro das organizações pode influenciar o Intraempreendedorismo. Os achados da pesquisa indicaram que: 3% dos entrevistados (as) não acreditam ser possível empreender dentro de uma organização, 17% acreditam que depende do tipo de organização e 80% acreditam ser possível. De acordo com os dados pesquisados, conclui-se que empreender numa organização depende de uma combinação entre o mindset empreendedor das pessoas, um ambiente favorável que estimule as pessoas a trazerem suas ideias para mesa, uma cultura organizacional que permita a experimentação (tolerância a erros) e que as iniciativas estejam alinhadas a estratégia corporativa. A pesquisa baseou-se no depoimento de 35 executivos (as) brasileiros (as) que tiveram destaque dentro de organizações de grande porte. Como estratégia de pesquisa foi adotada a pesquisa narrativa e para a coleta de dados foram utilizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas individuais. A interpretação dos dados se deu por meio da análise de conteúdo categorial (Bardin, 1977). É fato que o empreendedorismo está na pauta das empresas e aquelas que não vencerem os obstáculos no desafio de criar um ambiente que estimule a inovação, e não conseguir reter e atrair os profissionais adequados a essa expectativa, poderão ser insustentáveis a longo prazo e até ter sua sobrevivência ameaçada. / This study was carried out with the objective of investigating the perception of senior executives as to the possibility of undertaking within a contemporary organization, to punctuate the barriers perceived by them and to present the paths covered in order to overcome such barriers. The perception of Brazilian executives as to the possibility of undertaking within an organization is not unanimous. The barriers faced often make them perish in the face of this challenge. In addition, how blessed executives overcome these barriers is in fact a question that requires further understanding. Other factors that merit light are how political power and gender differentiation within organizations can influence intrapreneurship. At the end, it was possible to find out that: 3% of respondents do not believe it is possible to undertake within an organization, 17% believe that it depends on the type of organization and 80% believe it is possible. Given the data, it is concluded that undertaking in an organization depends on a combination of the entrepreneurial mindset of the people, a favorable environment that stimulates people to bring their ideas to the table, an organizational culture that allows experimentation (tolerance to errors) and initiatives are aligned with corporate strategy. The research was based on the testimony of 35 Brazilian executives who were prominent in large organizations. As a research strategy, narrative research was adopted and individual semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. Data interpretation was made through categorical content analysis (Bardin, 1977). It is a fact that entrepreneurship is on the agenda of companies and those who do not overcome obstacles in the challenge of creating an environment that stimulates innovation, and is unable to retain and attract professionals to that expectation, may be unsustainable in the end and until their survival threatened

With the reproduction of severe deprivation among the campesinado in Latin America as a starting-point,the report explores the mechanisms of impoverishment in the eastern rural region of the department of Cauca in Colombia and the forms of resistance initiated by the Regional Indigenous Council of Cauca (CRIC). It is postulated that the continued existence of poverty derives its root-causes not from lacking integration of the traditional sector of the national economy into the modern sector, but from the processes through which the poor indigenous staple-food producer and agricultural worker by way of his actual participation within the capitalistic system is continously deprived of his energy and capacity by the power elite as he himself lacks the means to realize his own developmental power* Sham-participation, refering to the dysfunctionality of systemic participation performed by the poor who lack access to the bases for accumulating social power, is a concept applied to understand these mechanisms. Participation per se does not necessarily correspond to influence and power. Rather, systemic political participation can give legitimacy to the very system and to those structural conditions oppressing the indigenous small-holders and workers and consequently contributes to the consolidation of the transfer-process of power and thereby the reproduction of deprivation. Thus the poor indigenous population in Cauca cannot expect to be given access to the fundaments of social power. Thus the elements of real participation and the conditions for resisting deprivation are less likely to be obtained only through the creation of new institutions and channels for popular participation# In the case of the indigenous movement in Colombia, the problem is rather to revoke the repression of the indigenous organizations which have emerged from below and instead promote their spontaneous mobilization. / digitalisering@umu