Si la migration des Africains subsahariens vers l’Europe débute de manière hétéroclite, en termes de lieux, de raisons et de situations, une fois partis de chez eux avec un projet migratoire personnel, ils se réorganisent collectivement durant les étapes qui rythment leur périple. Ils se « reconnaissent » alors entre eux et coopèrent, créant peu à peu une histoire commune, une « aventure ». Une fois le Sahara franchi, les transmigrants subsahariens s’ancrent dans les sociétés maghrébines en greffant leurs propres circulations sur celles des populations locales. Au Maroc, ce sont les populations vivant dans les lieux de relégation socioéconomique (populations ayant elles aussi une relation étroite avec la migration), notamment celles des quartiers populaires périphériques de Rabat, Casablanca ou Tanger, qui traitent et intègrent les phénomènes du passage et de l’installation plus ou moins temporaire de ces nouveaux venus. Dans ces quartiers, qui sont le produit de l’arrivée de migrants de l’intérieur, se superposent alors des formes de mobilités et des logiques et stratégies migratoires hétéroclites. Je décrirai alors la vie sociale des transmigrants subsahariens qui, faisant face à la frontiérisation de l’UE, réussissent, malgré les répressions qu’ils subissent mais à un coût humain exorbitant, à s’organiser afin de circuler sur les routes africaines à la recherche d’une vie meilleure. Puis je présenterai quelques incidences sociopolitiques que de telles politiques transnationales anti-migrants redessinant les frontières Sud de l’Europe et de tels mouvements migratoires tentant de les contourner, supposent dans cette période de globalisation. / Subsaharian transnational migrants going to Europe come from a variety of countries, have various motivations, may have experienced quite different situations. However, once away from home, they reorganize collectively in the stopping places which constitute steps in their long journey. In each of these stops and steps, they get to acknowledge their resemblance and to cooperate, thus progressively building up a common story, or “adventure”. Once across the Sahara, they stick to the Maghrebi societies by grafting their own circulations on those of the local populations. In Morocco, the populations who deal with the passing and the more or less durable settling of these newcomers are the ones living in socioeconomic relegation areas, such as the poorer suburbs of Rabat, Casablanca or Tangiers; these populations know what migration is about, as they are themselves the product of a continuous arrival of inland migrants. The neighborhoods we studied therefore are constituted of a superposition of varied forms of mobility and migration logics and strategies. I then describe the social life of these sub-Saharan transmigrants who, faced with the reinforcement of EU borders, manage – in spite of repression but at an exorbitant human cost – to organize their circulation along the roads of Africa in search of a better life. In the course of their travels they implant veritable migratory relays stations in the places where they stop. This thesis goes on to present a few socio-political repercussions that must – in this phase of globalization – flow from such transnational, anti-migrant policies currently redrawing the southern boundary of Europe and from the migratory movements trying to get around them.

Cette étude de cas relève de la didactique des langues, et plus particulièrement de l’intégration des outils numériques à la formation pré-professionnelle à la didactique de l’anglais. Elle a pour objectif de décrire et d’analyser les différents processus qui participent à l’émergence de la dimension sociale de l’autonomie. Elle repose sur l’idée que ces processus viennent au premier plan lors de la réalisation d’une activité collective, située et médiatisée. Afin d’étudier ces processus, une tâche-projet basée sur la réalisation de contes multimodaux a été proposée aux apprenant.e.s d’une formation pré-professionnelle au métier d’enseignement de la langue anglaise. Les supports conçus par les apprenant.e.s de première année de licence ont été ensuite testés comme ressources pédagogiques par des professeur.e.s d’écoles primaires dans le but de conférer une dimension plus réelle, plus située, à la production des contes.Une modélisation systémique de l’activité permet d’identifier trois axes qui contribuent à l’émergence de l’autonomie sociale. Le premier est relatif au fonctionnement intra groupal des groupes restreints ayant accompli la tâche-projet. Le deuxième porte sur la contribution de la communauté des professeur.e.s des écoles primaires qui ont testé les supports. Le troisième interroge le rapport aux outils numériques sociaux utilisés par les groupes restreints pour collaborer et échanger ensemble. Les résultats issus des analyses relatives aux trois axes visent à réaliser une modélisation de certaines variables participant à une émergence de l’autonomie sociale. / This case study focuses on the integration of digital tools to the teaching and learning of English as a foreign language. It aims to describe and analyse the different processes that contribute to the emergence of the social dimension of autonomy. It is based on the idea that several processes come to the fore during the realization of a situated and mediated collective activity accomplished by small groups of learners. In order to study these processes, a digital storytelling task-project was proposed to groups of learners enrolled in the first year of university of a pre-service English language-training course. The materials designed by the learners were then tested as pedagogical resources by teachers of seven primary schools in France.A systemic modelling of the above activity makes it possible to identify three focus areas that contribute to the emergence of social autonomy. The first relates to the intra group operations of the small groups who accomplished the task-project. The second is the contribution of the community of primary school teachers who tested the teaching materials. The third constitutes the ways in which social digital tools were used by small groups to collaborate and work together. The results from the analyses related to the three focus areas allow for a modelling of certain variables that contribute to the understanding of the emergence of social autonomy.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:39:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1938.pdf: 3986372 bytes, checksum: 48c2d4899bb71a816ebddf58562a54bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-13 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The Research and Development (R&D) in ethnopharmacology and etnobiology fields, guided by the therapeutic information obtained with local communities and indigenous people, holders of traditional knowledge, produces social conflicts and social disputes. Firstly, it is a paradoxical scientific activity since the modern scientific discovery in ethnopharmacology is produced by a non-scientific knowledge. This controversial research strategy intends to produce a socially legitimized knowledge through a process of epistemic standardization. Secondly, although the use of traditional knowledge is a typical activity, to access it and to use it requires the signature of a contract for the equitable sharing of benefits as well as the signature of a term of prior consent access. These two juridical requirements are at the same time a new ethical parameter in scientific research and a barrier to the autonomy of the scientific field. Therefore, through the politic action scientists and researches seeks new social strategies to recovery the autonomy of the scientific field in ethnopharmacology and ethnobiology areas. Thus, this sociological research analyzes the internal conflicts between scientists in the scientific field through the examination of the social controversies in the use of two distinct research models, the vertical and the horizontal research models, as well as the examination of the external social disputes of the scientific activity, specially the politic action of scientists concerning to the autonomy question. In this research, the question of access, use and equitable sharing of benefits in R&D processes emerges as an interesting strategy used by scientists to legitimate the appropriation of the traditional knowledge. As non-knowledge, the traditional knowledge is transformed by the modern commercial science in generic information without significance. At the same time, this traditional generic information would be liable to be manipulated and appropriated by pharmaceutical multinationals trough the application of intellectual property rights. Finally, the appropriation of the traditional communities claim intends to legitimate socially the controversial scientific activity of ethnopharmacologists, ethnobiologists and pharmaceutical industries. / A pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) nas áreas de etnofarmacologia e etnobiologia, guiada por informações terapêuticas levantadas junto as comunidades locais e indígenas, detentoras do conhecimento tradicional, acarreta uma série de disputas e conflitos sociais. Em primeiro lugar, trata-se de uma atividade científica paradoxal, pois a descoberta científica moderna é produzida a partir de um conhecimento nãocientífico. Esta controversa atividade de pesquisa busca um conhecimento socialmente legitimado através de um processo de padronização epistêmica. Em segundo lugar, embora o emprego de conhecimento tradicional seja uma atividade usual, acessá-lo e utilizá-lo requerem a assinatura de um contrato para a divisão justa e eqüitativa de benefícios e do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Estes dois pré-requisitos jurídicos são, ao mesmo tempo, um novo parâmetro ético na pesquisa científica e uma barreira para a autonomia do campo científico. Neste universo, através da ação política, cientistas e pesquisadores buscam novas estratégias para recuperar a autonomia perdida do campo científico nas áreas de etnofarmacologia e etnobiologia. Assim, esta pesquisa sociológica analisa os conflitos internos entre cientistas no interior do campo científico através do exame das controvérsias sociais no uso de dois modelos distintos de pesquisa, o modelo vertical e o modelo horizontal de pesquisa, bem como examina as disputas sociais externas à atividade científica, especialmente a ação política de cientistas sobre a questão da autonomia. Nesta pesquisa, a questão do acesso, do uso e da repartição justa e eqüitativa de benefícios nos processos de P&D emerge como uma interessante estratégia utilizada por cientistas para legitimar a apropriação do conhecimento tradicional. Como um não-conhecimento, o conhecimento tradicional é transformado pela moderna ciência comercial em uma informação genérica sem significado. Ao mesmo tempo, esta informação tradicional genérica seria passível de ser manipulada e apropriada por multinacionais farmacêuticas através da aplicação de direitos de propriedade intelectual. Finalmente, a apropriação das reivindicações de comunidades tradicionais objetiva legitimar socialmente a controversa atividade científica de etnofarmacólogos, etnobiólogos e indústrias farmacêuticas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:39:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tania Medeiros Aciem.pdf: 496194 bytes, checksum: 579716592317299a9aa3a2724ee0a206 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-16 / This study aims to identify the contribution of specialized institutions as the personal and social autonomy of visually impaired people (blindness) after going through rehabilitation services, more than four hours a week, a minimum of two years, between the years 2002 to 2009. Study subjects are visually impaired people (blindness), who went through rehab, and their family members who accompanied the process. It is a research project with qualitative approach, by organizing interviews and questionnaires to collect data on social autonomy and personal independence of people with visual impairments. The study involved the six people with visual impairments, and six family members, one member to each person with visual impairment. The survey results indicate that rehabilitation alternatives provided for determining changes to people with visual impairments in their social context. The conquest or reconquest of personal and social autonomy of this population was reached, providing thus a better quality of life. / Este estudo visou identificar a autonomia pessoal e social de pessoas com deficiência visual (cegueira) após passarem por serviços de reabilitação, com mais de quatro horas semanais, num período mínimo de dois anos, entre os anos de 2002 a 2009. Foram sujeitos deste estudo pessoas com deficiência visual (cegueira), que passaram pela reabilitação, e os respectivos familiares que acompanharam o processo. Foi uma pesquisa com enfoque qualitativo, através da organização de questionários e entrevistas para a coleta dos dados. O estudo envolveu seis pessoas com deficiência visual, além dos seis familiares, correspondendo um para cada pessoa com deficiência visual. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que a reabilitação proporcionou alternativas para mudanças determinantes às pessoas com deficiência visual em seu contexto social. A conquista, ou a reconquista da autonomia pessoal e social dessa população foi alcançada, propiciando, consequentemente, uma melhor qualidade de vida.

Pareils à nombre de révolutionnaires français, Robespierre et Condorcet souhaitent rompre avec l'Ancien régime en reconnaissant la souveraineté naturelle du peuple et les droits naturels des hommes. Cependant, en démocrates assumés et conséquents, ils se singularisent en présentant la nécessité du gouvernement représentatif comme une étape provisoire de la réalisation libre et heureuse des hommes et non comme une fin. Convaincus d’une nature humaine perfectible, habilitant l’homme à un devenir libre et heureux, les deux révolutionnaires sont conduits à promouvoir, l’idée d’un droit perfectible et celle d’une constitution transitoire capable d’articuler souveraineté du peuple et gouvernement à la naturalisation progressive des institutions et des hommes. Les progrès de l’autoconstitution du peuple souverain, appuyés par ses représentants provisoires, engagent les conditions d’une autonomisation de la société et ouvrent la voie à celle de l’individu en réconciliant l’État et la société. / Like many French revolutionaries, Robespierre and Condorcet wish to break with the Ancien Régime (Old Regime) by acknowledging the natural sovereignty of the people and the natural rights of men. However, as asserted and consistent democrats, they stand out by presenting the need of a representative government, not as an end, but as a provisional step to men’s achievement of freedom and happiness. Convinced of a perfectible human nature, empowering man to become free and happy, the two revolutionaries are led to promote the idea of a perfectible right and a transitional constitution which can connect sovereignty of the people and government to progressive naturalization of institutions and men. The progress in self-constitution of popular sovereignty, supported by its temporary representatives, sets the conditions of society’s empowerment and paves the way to that of the individual by reconciling the State and the society.