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Italy is the only country in Europe that has institutionalized a completely parallel and segregating housing system - the camp system for Roma people. These camps were created purely based on an elusive nomadic character innate to the population. Over the decades, with further migratory flows of Roma people reaching the country, conditions have only worsened, developing a system so much tethered to the Italian society that the country has even been renamed ‘Campland’. Over time, this same exclusion has been problematized, resulting in the criminalisation of Roma people, at the same time bringing to light the exceptionality of their living conditions. The first part of this study is devoted to understanding the process of discursive legitimization of said exclusion. The approach, inspired by a Foucaldian understanding, involved also grasping the dialectical relationship between discourse and social structures (Fairclough, 1992) - in this sense, it entailed situating it outside its boundaries of exceptionality and inside the broader context of wider housing exclusion affecting Italy. The aim of this thesis was thus to reconstruct both the specific condition of Roma exclusion, and the structural inequalities innate to the Italian housing regime which enabled its development. The concept of social exclusion (Levitas et al, 2007) is implemented in the study first as a way to understand the overall condition faced by Roma people, and as a way to bring forward reflections on the role of housing as one of its fundamental dimensions. The study illustrates how the implementation of the camps and its relative discourse were enabled by the constant retreat of the State from the provision of housing, and how the current institutional incapacity to solve the Roma Question is directly connected to the inability to answer the housing needs of wider segments of the population. The only proposed institutional responses, in both cases, are only ‘filler’ solutions embedded in ideas of temporality, thus failing to address the underlying problem: the structural shortage of public housing.

The buying of domestic services in Sweden has become an increasingly privatized practice, something that correlates with the global feminization and racialisation of domestic labour. Although RUT deductions within the domestic sector historically have been a criticised phenomenon, it is today representing a politically normalised labour market measure. In using a WPR-method, social constructions of equality in parliamentary debates are examined with the theoretical perspectives of post-colonial feminism. The result indicate that the parliamentary social constructions of equality are connected to a neoliberal narrative where women’s increased time in the labour market equals female emancipation.

No / The article first argues that there is a range of approaches and models developed in relation to the question of representing ethnic minorities and migrants when it comes to trade union strategies. There is no single model. Instead, there is a variety of approaches and politics, just as there are with a `traditionally established workforce'. Second, this study finds that the understanding of ethnic minority needs varies and the politics of this must be central to any discussion, as one cannot read off assumptions about the issue from formal union strategies, traditional practices and established customs in relation to regulation. In effect, there is a politics of trade union responses and there is diversity in the way the `problem' is read and understood. Third, the article argues that the issue of minority ethnic workers raises questions of trade union identity and purpose. This points to much deeper issues related to the role of regulation and strategies of inclusion — and the extent to which they cohere. It also raises the issue of the configuration of strategies of social inclusion and on occasions how strategies ignore the broader issue of participation of those they seek to represent. To this extent the article is not exclusively about inclusion and exclusion — but about the politics and contradictory dynamics of inclusion.

<p dir="ltr">Ostracism negatively affects wellbeing, and its effects are especially detrimental when individuals are unable to cope. A growing body of literature explores interventions that facilitate recovery from ostracism. Research indicates that the comparisons we make with others (social comparisons) or with ourselves (temporal comparisons) serve many functions, from helping us evaluate ourselves and our experiences to enhancing self-esteem. The direction of these comparisons has important implications for wellbeing: downward comparisons (with a worse comparison target) can enhance wellbeing, whereas upward comparisons (with a better comparison target) can harm wellbeing when a sense of contrast is elicited. This dissertation examined whether downward social and temporal comparisons mitigate the detrimental effects of ostracism on wellbeing and whether upward social and temporal comparisons exacerbate these effects. In three studies, participants underwent an ostracism (or control) condition, and some were randomly assigned to make social or temporal comparisons. In Studies 1 and 2, I manipulated ostracism by having participants recall an ostracism event in their lives; in Study 3, ostracism was manipulated with Cyberball. In Study 1, participants either wrote about a time things were worse (downward temporal comparison) or better for them (upward temporal comparison), whereas, in Studies 2 and 3, participants either wrote about someone else doing worse (downward social comparison) or better than them (upward social comparison). All studies measured psychological need satisfaction, positive affect, and satisfaction with life. Though Study 1 produced null results, in Studies 2 and 3, downward social comparisons increased need satisfaction compared to upward social comparisons and increased positive affect and satisfaction with life in Study 3. Results suggest downward social comparisons may have positive consequences for wellbeing.</p>

This study investigated the contributions that cognitive ability, social connectedness, and social exclusion make to employee workplace deviance. Positive correlations were predicted between social exclusion and workplace deviance. Participants with low cognitive ability were expected to respond to social exclusion with higher rates of deviance than persons with higher cognitive functioning. In addition, participants scoring high in social connectedness were expected to engage in less deviant behavior than those who generally feel disconnected from their environment. The measurements employed included the following: the Wonderlic Personnel Test, the Social Connectedness Scale, and the Bennett and Robinson (2000) Workplace Deviance Scale. Undergraduate participants were administered a series of vignettes and measures. Social condition was manipulated according to two levels (inclusion and exclusion). The results demonstrated no significant correlation between intelligence and CWB or social connectedness and CWB. Stronger correlations were observed between the social exclusion and workplace deviance. In addition, a significant interaction was detected in which persons with low cognitive ability who felt social disconnected were more likely to engage in organizational deviance under conditions of social exclusion than their socially connected counterparts with higher cognitive functioning.

<p>Предмет истраживања дисертације је друштвена група младих из руралних заједница, односно, анализа особености живота младих у селу и проблема са којима се сусрећу као чиниоцима њихове социјалне изопштености. Предмет истраживања проучаван је у контексту глобалних модернизацијских друштвених процеса и односа, уз уважавање локалних специфичности.&nbsp;<br />Основни циљ истраживања је утврђивање друштвеног положаја младих у локалној сеоској заједници, али и глобалном друштву чија је та заједница део, стицање увида у (не)постојање свести младих у селу о сопственом друштвеном положају, проблемима са којима се сусрећу као и могућностима за самоорганизовање и активирање у локалној сеоској заједници. Специфични циљ истраживања је идентификација индикатора и објашњење условљености социјалне изопштености младих у руралним заједницама и објашњење њихове међусобне повезаности. Тиме се анализира социјална изопштеност која представља један од узрока, али и одраз друштвеног положаја младих у руралним заједницама. Под социјалном изопштеношћу подразумева се неједнак приступ институцијама и услугама и/или онемогућеност остварења социјалне партиципације у групи или заједници и остварења грађанских права.<br />У дисертацији се полази од неколико основних претпоставки. Полазна претпоставка је да млади у руралним заједницама имају ограничене шансе за остварење бројних животних потреба у свом окружењу што их ставља у неповољнију позицију у односу на младе из градских средина. Истовремено је то један од основних разлога због којих млади људи напуштају сеоску заједницу у којој су одрастали (немају услова да у свом окружењу адекватно задовоље животне потребе као што су образовање, здравствене услуге, комуналне услуге, приступ тржишту рада и могућност избора радног места, културне потребе и др.). Дакле, претпоставка је да је социјална изопштеност младих у селу резиденцијално условљена као и да утиче на њихове миграционе тенденције.</p><p>Истраживање друштвеног положаја младих у руралним заједницама и димензија њихове социјалне изопштености обухвата теоријски и емпиријски део. Основу емпиријског дела истраживања чини полустандардизовани интервју са младима из руралних заједница на узорку од 500 испитаника, старости 18-29 година из 10 сеоских насеља на подручју АП Војводине.<br />Анализа резултата добијених емпиријским истраживањем, показује да на ризик од социјалне изопштености младих у руралним подручјима највише утичу образовање, незапосленост, породични ресурси, материјална депривација, незадовољство и ниска социјална партиципација.<br />Потврђено је да образовне структуре утичу на репродукцију неједнакости и акумулацију културног капитала. Материјални положај породице испитаника показао се статистички значајним за доношење одлуке о образовању, односно потврђено је да образовне структуре младих зависе од социоекономског капитала породице, односно, да нижи материјални статус носи веће предиспозиције за социјалну изопштеност као и значај културног капитала родитеља на одлуке младих везане за образовање.<br />Резултати истраживања показују да испитаници као највећи проблем младих људи на селу перципирају немогућност запослења, на другом месту проблем неусловности за реализацију друштвеног живота, а на трећем, проблем безвољности, неамбициозности и незаинтересованости младих. Незапослени из узорком обухваћених села имају повећан ризик од социјалног искључивања с обзиром на то да су у највећем броју случајева незапослени дуже од две године. При том изражавају спремност на миграције према урбаним средиштима. У њиховим локалним заједницама смета им малограђанштина, примитивизам и менталитет људи. Већина младих који су учествовали у истраживању сматрају да је положај младих у селу лошији од друштвеног положаја који имају млади у граду. Сматрају да млади у руралним заједницама имају мање могућности у свакодневном животу, мање могућности за запослење и лошије услове за реализацију друштвеног живота. У највећем броју случајева нису задовољни тиме како друштво решава проблеме младих људи на селу. Међутим, ма колико били незадовољни тренутним стањем и решавањем питања младих у друштву, испитаници нису показали велику спремност за социјални активизам и партиципацију у решавању проблема. Показало се да су испитаници са вишим степеном образовања спремнији на друштвени ангажман. Сматрају да би боља могућност запослења, као и стимулисање пољопривреде и обезбеђивање бољих услова живота у сеоским заједницама, утицало на смањење одласка младих из села у градове.<br />У анализи резултата истраживања у свим кључним показатељима социјалне изопштености утврђене су статистички значајне и јаке везе са сеоским насељима из којих испитаници потичу, чиме је потврђена резиденцијална условљеност социјалне изопштености. Притом се показало да је економска развијеност општине којој сеоско насеље припада&nbsp; и његов територијални положај значајнији него величина насеља.</p> / <p>Predmet istraživanja disertacije je društvena grupa mladih iz ruralnih zajednica, odnosno, analiza osobenosti života mladih u selu i problema sa kojima se susreću kao činiocima njihove socijalne izopštenosti. Predmet istraživanja proučavan je u kontekstu globalnih modernizacijskih društvenih procesa i odnosa, uz uvažavanje lokalnih specifičnosti.&nbsp;<br />Osnovni cilj istraživanja je utvrđivanje društvenog položaja mladih u lokalnoj seoskoj zajednici, ali i globalnom društvu čija je ta zajednica deo, sticanje uvida u (ne)postojanje svesti mladih u selu o sopstvenom društvenom položaju, problemima sa kojima se susreću kao i mogućnostima za samoorganizovanje i aktiviranje u lokalnoj seoskoj zajednici. Specifični cilj istraživanja je identifikacija indikatora i objašnjenje uslovljenosti socijalne izopštenosti mladih u ruralnim zajednicama i objašnjenje njihove međusobne povezanosti. Time se analizira socijalna izopštenost koja predstavlja jedan od uzroka, ali i odraz društvenog položaja mladih u ruralnim zajednicama. Pod socijalnom izopštenošću podrazumeva se nejednak pristup institucijama i uslugama i/ili onemogućenost ostvarenja socijalne participacije u grupi ili zajednici i ostvarenja građanskih prava.<br />U disertaciji se polazi od nekoliko osnovnih pretpostavki. Polazna pretpostavka je da mladi u ruralnim zajednicama imaju ograničene šanse za ostvarenje brojnih životnih potreba u svom okruženju što ih stavlja u nepovoljniju poziciju u odnosu na mlade iz gradskih sredina. Istovremeno je to jedan od osnovnih razloga zbog kojih mladi ljudi napuštaju seosku zajednicu u kojoj su odrastali (nemaju uslova da u svom okruženju adekvatno zadovolje životne potrebe kao što su obrazovanje, zdravstvene usluge, komunalne usluge, pristup tržištu rada i mogućnost izbora radnog mesta, kulturne potrebe i dr.). Dakle, pretpostavka je da je socijalna izopštenost mladih u selu rezidencijalno uslovljena kao i da utiče na njihove migracione tendencije.</p><p>Istraživanje društvenog položaja mladih u ruralnim zajednicama i dimenzija njihove socijalne izopštenosti obuhvata teorijski i empirijski deo. Osnovu empirijskog dela istraživanja čini polustandardizovani intervju sa mladima iz ruralnih zajednica na uzorku od 500 ispitanika, starosti 18-29 godina iz 10 seoskih naselja na području AP Vojvodine.<br />Analiza rezultata dobijenih empirijskim istraživanjem, pokazuje da na rizik od socijalne izopštenosti mladih u ruralnim područjima najviše utiču obrazovanje, nezaposlenost, porodični resursi, materijalna deprivacija, nezadovoljstvo i niska socijalna participacija.<br />Potvrđeno je da obrazovne strukture utiču na reprodukciju nejednakosti i akumulaciju kulturnog kapitala. Materijalni položaj porodice ispitanika pokazao se statistički značajnim za donošenje odluke o obrazovanju, odnosno potvrđeno je da obrazovne strukture mladih zavise od socioekonomskog kapitala porodice, odnosno, da niži materijalni status nosi veće predispozicije za socijalnu izopštenost kao i značaj kulturnog kapitala roditelja na odluke mladih vezane za obrazovanje.<br />Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da ispitanici kao najveći problem mladih ljudi na selu percipiraju nemogućnost zaposlenja, na drugom mestu problem neuslovnosti za realizaciju društvenog života, a na trećem, problem bezvoljnosti, neambicioznosti i nezainteresovanosti mladih. Nezaposleni iz uzorkom obuhvaćenih sela imaju povećan rizik od socijalnog isključivanja s obzirom na to da su u najvećem broju slučajeva nezaposleni duže od dve godine. Pri tom izražavaju spremnost na migracije prema urbanim središtima. U njihovim lokalnim zajednicama smeta im malograđanština, primitivizam i mentalitet ljudi. Većina mladih koji su učestvovali u istraživanju smatraju da je položaj mladih u selu lošiji od društvenog položaja koji imaju mladi u gradu. Smatraju da mladi u ruralnim zajednicama imaju manje mogućnosti u svakodnevnom životu, manje mogućnosti za zaposlenje i lošije uslove za realizaciju društvenog života. U najvećem broju slučajeva nisu zadovoljni time kako društvo rešava probleme mladih ljudi na selu. Međutim, ma koliko bili nezadovoljni trenutnim stanjem i rešavanjem pitanja mladih u društvu, ispitanici nisu pokazali veliku spremnost za socijalni aktivizam i participaciju u rešavanju problema. Pokazalo se da su ispitanici sa višim stepenom obrazovanja spremniji na društveni angažman. Smatraju da bi bolja mogućnost zaposlenja, kao i stimulisanje poljoprivrede i obezbeđivanje boljih uslova života u seoskim zajednicama, uticalo na smanjenje odlaska mladih iz sela u gradove.<br />U analizi rezultata istraživanja u svim ključnim pokazateljima socijalne izopštenosti utvrđene su statistički značajne i jake veze sa seoskim naseljima iz kojih ispitanici potiču, čime je potvrđena rezidencijalna uslovljenost socijalne izopštenosti. Pritom se pokazalo da je ekonomska razvijenost opštine kojoj seosko naselje pripada&nbsp; i njegov teritorijalni položaj značajniji nego veličina naselja.</p> / <p>The subject of the research in this thesis is a social group of young people from rural communities. More specifically, this is an analysis of the characteristics of the lives of rural youth and problems they encounter as factors of their social exclusion. The subject of the research was studied in the context of global modernization social processes and relationships, while respecting local specificities.<br />The main goal of the research was to determine the social position of young people in their local rural community, but also in the global society which this community belongs to, to gain insight into whether or not the youth is aware of their own social position, the problems they encounter and the possibilities for self-organization and activation in the local village community. The specific goal of the research was to determine the indicators and the explanation what social exclusion of rural youth depends on and to explain how these are interconnected. In this way, the thesis analyzes social exclusion, as one of the causes, but also one of the reflections of the social position of young people in rural communities. Social exclusion means that people have unequal access to institutions and services and/or are unable to socially participate in a group or community and enjoy civil rights.<br />The thesis starts from several basic assumptions. The starting assumption is that young people in rural communities have limited opportunities for meeting a number of their needs, which places them in a less favorable situation compared to young people in urban areas. At the same time, this is one of the main reasons why young people leave rural communities in which they grew up (they have no conditions to adequately meet their needs such as education, health services, utility services, access to the labor market and the possibility of choosing a job, cultural needs, etc.). Therefore, the presumption is that social exclusion of young people in villages depends on their place of residence, which also affects their migration tendencies.</p><p>Studying of the social position of young people in rural communities and the dimensions of their social exclusion includes both the theoretical and empirical aspects. The basis of the empirical part of the research is a semi-standardized interview with young people from rural communities on a sample of 500 respondents, aged 18-29, from 10 villages on the territory of AP Vojvodina.<br />The analysis of the results obtained by the empirical research shows that the risk of social exclusion among rural youth is mostly affected by education, unemployment, family resources, material deprivation, dissatisfaction and low social participation.<br />It was confirmed that educational structures affect the reproduction of inequalities and accumulation of cultural capital. The material status of a respondent&#39;s family proved to be statistically significant for making decisions about education, i.e. it was confirmed that the educational structures of young people depend on their family&rsquo;s socioeconomic capital. In other words, lower material status implies higher predisposition for social exclusion, while their parents&rsquo; cultural capital is important for making decisions related to education.<br />The results of the research show that, according to the respondents, the main problem of rural youth is that they cannot find a job. It is followed by the problem that young people lack the conditions to enjoy good social lives, while the third problem is young people&rsquo;s dejection, lack of ambition and lack of interests. The unemployed young people from the studied villages have an increased risk of social exclusion, since in most cases they have been unemployed for more than two years. At the same time, they express readiness to migrate to urban centers. They are bothered by provinciality, primitivism and mentality of the people in their local communities. Most of the young people who participated in the research believe that the position of young people in villages is worse than the social position of young people in the cities. They are of the opinion that young people in rural communities have fewer opportunities in their everyday lives, fewer employment opportunities and worse conditions to enjoy good social life. In most cases, they are not satisfied with how society deals with the problems of young people in the villages. However, regardless of their dissatisfaction with the current situation and with the ways of dealing with these problems, the respondents did not show great readiness for social activism and participation in problem solving. It was found that the respondents with a higher level of education are more willing to engage in social activities. They think that providing better job opportunities, stimulating agriculture and providing better living conditions in rural communities would lead to a decrease in the outflow of young people from rural to urban areas.<br />The analysis of the research results showed that in all key indicators of social exclusion there were statistically significant and strong links with rural settlements from which the respondents come from, which confirmed that social exclusion depends on the place of residence. It also proved that the economic development of the municipality which the village belongs to and its territorial position is more important than the size of the settlement.</p>

The work deals with the topic of social exclusion of disabled unemployed people. The first part of the thesis is theoretical. It describes the topic of unemployment and the types of the unemployment. The thesis also describes social exclusion, its characteristics and possible forms. The thesis contains the specifications of social exclusionof disabled unemploed people. In the main part there are psychological, social, economic and ethic effect of social exclusion on the life of disabled people. The second part of the thesis is focused on the experience. It contains the results of a research based on questionnaires. The questionnaires were focused on the economical capabilities of unemployed disabled people in the area of Tábor.