Bakgrund: Multipel skleros (MS) är en autoimmun sjukdom som påverkar kroppen på många olika sätt, både fysiskt och psykiskt. Sjukdomsförloppet är individuellt och sjukdomen har en stor inverkan på de drabbades dagliga liv.   Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa hur livssituationen påverkas av att drabbas av och att leva med skovvis Multipel skleros. Metod: I denna litteraturstudie användes PubMed och Cinahl i eftersökningen av artiklar. 10 stycken kvalitativa artiklar valdes ut, kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades med inspiration av innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre huvudkategorier med åtta underkategorier som tillsammans visar på att multipel skleros är en diagnos som till stora delar förändrar tillvaron och identiteten hos personer som drabbas. Att få diagnosen kan leda till både negativa och positiva reaktioner hos den som får diagnosen och det dagliga livet präglas av osäkerhet inför framtiden. Slutsats: MS är en sjukdom som påverkar hela människan och den är mycket individuell, men övergripande är osäkerheten inför framtiden. Det är därför viktigt för sjuksköterskor att ta hänsyn till och få en förståelse hur varje person med MS individuellt upplever deras livssituation för att kunna ge dem stöd på bästa sätt. Nyckelord: Multipel skleros, livssituation, dagligt liv, social situation.

Syftet med denna studie var att förstå vad det kan innebära att vara anhörig till en person som förvärvat hjärnskada i vuxen ålder. Vidare var syftet att få kunskap om anhörigas syn på stöd från Jönköpings kommun, enheten för fysiskt funktionshindrade. Kvalitativ tematiserad intervjustudie har använts som metod. Tio intervjuer har gjorts med anhöriga till personer vilka förvärvat hjärnskada i vuxen ålder för att förstå vad det kan innebära att vara anhörig till dessa personer. Till resultatets framställande och analysen har vi valt kvantitativ metod för att kunna se mönster och variationer i materialet. Resultatet visar på att alla tillfrågade är anställda hos sin make eller maka. De anhöriga tycks få visst stöd från kommunen men inte från frivilligorganisationer. Ekonomin verkar inte vara det största bekymret, men de som ändå tycker att ekonomin har blivit sämre är barnfamiljerna. Arbetssituationen visar sig däremot blivit tyngre för de anhöriga. Kontakten med släkt och vänner förändras både till det bättre och till det sämre. Vad som är relativt genomgående är att de anhöriga anser att vännerna försvinner. Människor tycks handla på olika sätt då tillvaron förändras på ett ögonblick. / For various reasons, some adults are struck by a sudden brain-damage. The purpose of our research was to obtain an understanding about the everyday lives of their spouses. The meaning of this essay was to understand the husband or wives situation when their partner had a brain damage. The essay is based on both a qualitative method which includes ten personal interviews and quantitative method in results and analysis. The result showed that all partners were now employed as “relative – carers”. Financial support from the local council was being given to everyone we met. Thus, the economical situation did not seem to be a big issue. Far worse was the increased workload for the family. Relationships with friends and relatives also took on a large change. Some friends disappeared altogether. People seem to cope in different ways when their situations are changed drastically.

<p>Syftet med denna studie var att förstå vad det kan innebära att vara anhörig till en person som förvärvat hjärnskada i vuxen ålder. Vidare var syftet att få kunskap om anhörigas syn på stöd från Jönköpings kommun, enheten för fysiskt funktionshindrade. Kvalitativ tematiserad intervjustudie har använts som metod. Tio intervjuer har gjorts med anhöriga till personer vilka förvärvat hjärnskada i vuxen ålder för att förstå vad det kan innebära att vara anhörig till dessa personer. Till resultatets framställande och analysen har vi valt kvantitativ metod för att kunna se mönster och variationer i materialet. Resultatet visar på att alla tillfrågade är anställda hos sin make eller maka. De anhöriga tycks få visst stöd från kommunen men inte från frivilligorganisationer. Ekonomin verkar inte vara det största bekymret, men de som ändå tycker att ekonomin har blivit sämre är barnfamiljerna. Arbetssituationen visar sig däremot blivit tyngre för de anhöriga. Kontakten med släkt och vänner förändras både till det bättre och till det sämre. Vad som är relativt genomgående är att de anhöriga anser att vännerna försvinner. Människor tycks handla på olika sätt då tillvaron förändras på ett ögonblick.</p> / <p>For various reasons, some adults are struck by a sudden brain-damage. The purpose of our research was to obtain an understanding about the everyday lives of their spouses. The meaning of this essay was to understand the husband or wives situation when their partner had a brain damage. The essay is based on both a qualitative method which includes ten personal interviews and quantitative method in results and analysis. The result showed that all partners were now employed as “relative – carers”. Financial support from the local council was being given to everyone we met. Thus, the economical situation did not seem to be a big issue. Far worse was the increased workload for the family. Relationships with friends and relatives also took on a large change. Some friends disappeared altogether. People seem to cope in different ways when their situations are changed drastically.</p>

This master's thesis attempts to present the literary conception of a modern pulsing German metropolis at the end of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s in three significant novels of that time: Döblin's Berlin Alexanderplatz. Die Geschichte vom Franz Biberkopf (1929), Kästner's Fabian. Die Geschichte eines Moralisten (1931) and Keun's Das kunstseidene Mädchen (1932). Attention is paid, on the one hand, to the picture of a babbling city, the presence of technology, new means of transport and advertising in the streets. Most importantly, however, the thesis gives an insight into the social situation of that time, i.e. the issues of everyday life in a metropolis which can be summarized, in the words of the personae, under the term "hard times" - unemployment, criminality or the politicisation of inhabitants in the years before the Nazi seizure of power. In addition, the thesis covers likewise the situation of the new social stratum of employees, the fates of women and an outline of cultural, entertainment and media industry in Berlin. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether children can learn to cooperate in what has been described as the "minimal social situation." The research also compared the effectiveness of verbal instructions and a training task for teaching subjects the "win-stay, lose-change" rule. This rule has been used to explain the development of cooperation in the minimal social situation. Subjects were 19 teams of first-, second-, and third-graders. Five teams were composed of two girls; six were girl-boy teams; and eight were boy-boy teams. Ten of the 19 teams learned to cooperate in the minimal social situation without treatment. Two of four teams given the rule training procedure learned to cooperate after having failed to learn under typical minimal social conditions. Of five teams given verbal instructions, four learned to cooperate immediately. The probability of following the win-stay, lose-change rule was approximately 50% initially and did not increase significantly in later sessions. It is not clear then that following this rule is a prerequisite for the development of a cooperative exchange. Explanations in the literature which suggest subjects learn a single rule, i.e., win-stay, lose-change, may be misleading since children evidenced a variety of rules, any of which might have been reinforced or punished over the course of the experiment.

This volume reexamines the long-standing controversy about consistency in personality from a social psychological perspective. Barabara Krahé reconsiders the concept of consistency in terms of the systematic coherence of situation cognition and behaviour across situations. In the first part of the volume she undertakes an examination of recent social psychological models of situation cognition for their ability to clarify the principles underlying the perception of situational similarities. She then advances an individual-centred methedology in which nomothetic hypotheses about cross-situational coherence are tested on the basis of idiogrphic measurement of situation cognition and behaviour. In the second part of the volume, a series of empirical studies is reported which apply the individual-centred framework to the analysis of cross-situational coherence in the domain of anxiety-provoking situations. These studies are distinctive in that they extend over several months and use free-response data; they are based on idiographic sampling; and they employ explicit theoretical models to capture the central features of situation perception. The results demonstrate the benefits of integrating idiographic and nomothetic research strategies and exploiting the advantages of both perspectives.

In 1981, no representative study of the medical and social conditions among elderly persons in northern Scandinavia was performed. Nor was there such a study in a smaller Swedish town than Gothenburg. This study was initiated to fill that knowledge gap. The aim of the study was to evaluate gender and age differences in medical and social conditions among elderly people, including the reference intervals of clinical chemistry parameters and characteristic features of the 24-hour electrocardiogram (ECG) in healthy elderly. By way of longitudinal design with birth cohorts stratified by gender, it was assumed that the effects could be demonstrated. Also, the death risk of various social and medical variables was to be assessed. During the study period 1981 to 1990, the subjects were between 70 and 88 years of age. The proportion of persons living in private housing decreased from almost all at the age of 70 to slightly more than half at 88 years of age. The number of socially active persons decreased considerably during the period. The need of help increased from almost none to 60 % of the persons. The proportions of persons with normal sight and hearing decreased from two thirds to around one tenth The most frequent symptoms were general tiredness, pains, dyspnoea, constipation and dryness of the mouth. Cardiovascular diseases were the most frequent. Hypertensive disease became less, and congestive heart failure more frequent with age. The frequency of dementia increased steeply among the oldest persons; at 88 years of age, 40 % were demented. Drug consumption increased; the oldest persons in both age cohorts used 5 different drugs or more per person regularly. The consumption increase was mainly due to the increasing morbidity accompanying age. The most common drugs taken were cardiovascular preparations, psychoactive agents, drugs to alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms, and analgesics. Drug intake and symptom prevalence were generally higher in women, despite the fact that there was no gender difference in the number of diseases. The reference intervals of many blood components in healthy elderly were shown to be broader than those of younger persons. The intervals of P(lasma)-folate and P- potassium were on a lower and those of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, P-creati- nine and, in women, S(erum)-cholesterol, were on a higher level than among younger persons. Several features of the 24-hour ECG, e.g. the number of episodes of supraventricular tachycardia as well as supraventricular and ventricular premature beats in healthy elderly were more frequent than among younger persons. Between 80 and 88 years of age, many functions crucial to the chances of living a rich and vital life were found deteriorating in the elderly persons. High age, male sex, dementia, congestive heart failure, and low values of S-creatinine were shown to be independent factors connected with an increased death risk. / <p>S. 1-112: sammanfattning, s. 115-177: 5 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu.se

The problem addressed in this exploratory research study was whether any correlational relationship existed between a selection of personality and demographic variables (considered as aspects of the self-concept construct) and selected subjective and objective measurements of verbal behavior. The purpose of the study was to achieve a better understanding of the dynamic monitoring process of the self-concept and the possible relationship that may exist between it and certain quantifiable verbal behaviors. The conclusion of this study is that the self-concept construct does appear to be an influencing factor upon verbal behavior. It is considered that individuals are consistently interacting with their social environment to obtain feedback in order to test the self's perceptions of the social environment and its relationship to its environment.

Social situation of children suffering from enuresis In the process of socialization, people often achieve a certain social status (grading on social ladder). The social development and position of the person are principally influenced by their health state. This is the basic determinant of the whole socialisation process and of maintaining the achieved social status of the man/woman, as the social position of a completely healthy and efficient man is completely different than the position of a chronically ill person, with a defect or limitation of movement. Enuresis is one of the most frequent long-term problems in paediatrics. A number of epidemiologic studies has shown that 15-20% of five-year-old and 10% of seven-year-old children have problems with urine leakage. Incontinency brings psychological and social problems to children. These problems may cause considerable handicaps to children. Enuresis may be stressing for children, may initiate the feeling of shame, failure, inferiority. Moreover this means a limitation in the usual activity for a number of them (travelling, participation in camps, school trips etc.) The target of the thesis was to find out if the illness worsens the social status of the child in the society of contemporaries and how. The research was performed at the summer camp for children suffering from enuresis and encopresis, organised by the Faculty of Health and Social Studies of the South Bohemian University in České Budějovice. In the thesis, the following methods and techniques of data collection were applied: method of observation (hidden participant), method of document analysis (contents analysis), method of questioning (non-controlled interview). It was found out by the research that the social status of children suffering from enuresis is endangered. Within social interaction these children avoid the other children on one hand as they are ashamed because of their illness, on the other hand they need social contact with contemporaries. However, all the children with enuresis do not have necessarily such experiences. The thesis has shown that the orientation on the personal identity of the child is necessary in the social work (i.e. the children have to learn to respect their own personality and to strengthen their good and healthy self-confidence).

Abstract The role of the thesis is to analyze the financial situation of households and changes in living standards in Slovakia since 2000 through the creation of economic crisis to the present. In the thesis are described in detail information about unemployment, income and economically active population, but also the inflow of foreign investment, social security, household indebtedness of individuals and social situation in the Slovak Republic. These indicators compared with countries of European Union Member States. This topic is very interested because of its topicality. I chose Slovakia for two reasons. The first is that I am citizen of the Slovak Republic and the second is the availability of statistical data and work with them. Keywords: social situation, GDP, HDI, unemployment, poverty, FDI