Texte remanié de : Ph. D. : Anthropology : Yale University : 1975. / Bibliogr. p. 167-174.

The goals of the current study were to examine the antecedents and boundary conditions of a new construct called unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) defined as behaviors that are unethical but at the same time helping the organizations (e.g., giving a low performing employee a letter of recommendation to help him/her find a job in another organization). Drawing from social exchange theory, antecedents such as leader-member exchange, perceived organizational support, idiosyncratic deals, and leader-member exchange were hypothesized to be positively related to UPB Three moderators of the impact of the social exchange variables on UPB: were also investigated: moral identity, psychological entitlement, and supervisor's embodiment of the organization. Data was collected in a cross-sectional survey from 269 employees and 144 supervisors. The hypotheses were tested using correlations and moderated multiple regressions. The results indicate that none of the hypotheses were supported. However, there were some interesting unexpected findings as some social exchange variables were found to correlate negatively with UPB. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

De senaste åren har den internationella turismen ökat explosionsartat och den förväntas fortsätta öka på samma vis. Detta medför både positiv och negativ påverkan på destinationen och för lokalbefolkningen. För att turismen skall vara långsiktigt hållbar är det viktigt att inbegripa turisternas perspektiv på destinationspåverkan. Tidigare forskning har främst varit fokuserad på lokalbefolkningens syn på turismen, och därför behövs vidare forskning från turisternas synvinkel. Föreliggande uppsats har som syfte att undersöka hur svenska turister uppfattar destinationspåverkan inom de tre hållbarhetssfärerna ekonomi, sociokultur och ekologi. Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att undersöka eventuella skillnader i upplevelser mellan de två turistgrupperna massturister och alternativturister. Undersökningen har gjorts med hjälp av en enkätundersökning administrerad på Internet. Enkäten har spridits på sociala medier med hjälp av ett snöbollsurval som avser spegla diverse varianser i populationen. Teorierna Social Exchange Theory och Self-Serving Bias har använts för att beskriva turism och turisters aktioner. Resultaten har analyserats statistiskt i programmet SPSS, genom att göra T-Test. Resultatet visar att turisterna anser att den ekonomiska påverkan från den allmänna turismen är positiv, medan den ekologiska påverkan är negativ och på det sociokulturella planet finns en bred spridning mellan positivt och negativt. De uppfattar också sin egen resa som positivt ekonomiskt och sociokulturellt men den ekologiska sfären anses inte påverkas speciellt mycket av deras egen resa. Vidare redovisas mycket svaga skillnader mellan olika turisttypers svar om destinationspåverkan, däremot tydliga skillnader i uppfattning om sin egen resa i förhållande till den allmänna turismen.

Research Question: What factors influence customers’ online group buying decision-making in emerging market? Research Purpose: To explore whether the factors of the Social Exchange Theory, market stimuli and e-commerce systems affect customers’ online group buying decision-making in emerging market Method: This research is a quantitative study by using survey as a research strategy. A questionnaire which designed according to theory framework is used to collect data for analysis. The questionnaires are posted in Chinese Baidu PostBar. Conclusion: In the end of data collection, 375 questionnaires have been analyzed. After analyzing empirical data, results for research questions have been answered. According to the analysis and theoretical framework, "reciprocity", "trust", "price", "word of mouth" and "website design" are attributes which have been detected to influence customers ‘online group buying decision-making in China. However, "loyalty "and "logistic services" are not attributes to influence customers ‘online group buying decision-making. / <p>8</p>

This qualitative research employed the single case study approach to review the process by which service users and the staff of a food bank successfully broke through the bureaucratic resistance and secured new premises from the City of Montreal. This study explores the capacity of weaker parties to achieve their desired goal through strategic intervention on social exchange network despite the pre-existing asymmetric power relations. The conception of goal attainment, power relations and social exchange were discussed in order to develop the research questions. Case materials were collected from multiple sources: documentary research, in-depth interviews, and observation. The findings demonstrate that internal solidarity, potential uses of coalitions and expansion of resource networks are fundamental factors for members of a subordinate group to gain power and to achieve their goals. Implications for community organization practice were drawn from the overview of the empirical findings and theoretical concepts.

This study examines the social representations of Thailand’s tourism development and related social impact, as perceived by respondents from Bangkok, Thailand. Employing social representations theory (SRT) and social exchange theory (SET), this study adopts qualitative methods to obtain respondents’ representations of tourism development in Bangkok. For the study, forty in-depth interviews and four focus-group interviews were conducted with respondents who were either involved or not involved in the tourism industry. The two main issues considered were, firstly, the determination of the concepts used to perceive tourism development and its social impact among Thai people and, secondly, how social exchanges affected these perceptions. The research suggests that there are four clusters of respondents who share common perceptions and certain socio-economic characteristics. Cluster one: respondents in this cluster are highly involved in tourism and are mostly of high socio-economic status. They share perceptions of Thailand’s tourism development as moving slowly forward, but hampered by red-tape management and bureaucratic problems. This cluster views economic impact in a positive light, especially with regard to the country’s increased revenue, and they perceive of culture as a tourism product. This group viewed environmental impact as a global problem and they mostly expressed the view that the tourism industry has a social responsibility to reduce the causes of pollution. Cluster two: respondents in this cluster are not involved in tourism and have a high socio-economic status. They perceive tourism development as having both positive and negative aspects. Economic impacts were represented both positively, in terms of national revenues and job creation, and negatively, in terms of fostering a materialistic society. Generally, this cluster views the social impact of tourism more negatively. Cluster three: respondents in this cluster are in mid-level-management positions in industries both involved and not involved in the tourism industry. They perceive tourism development in both positive and negative terms. They have favourable views of the economic impact of tourism and view Thai culture as a tourism product. Some respondents in this cluster are concerned about the environmental impact of tourism. Cluster four: respondents in this cluster have a low socio-economic status and include those involved and not involved in the tourism industry. This cluster perceived tourism development in positive terms. They predominantly viewed tourism development as a way to modernise society. This study also found six factors that affect individuals’ social representations of tourism development and social impact: personal benefits, socio-economic background, cultural values, personal traits, and socially derived and direct experiences. Of these, four were intrinsic factors—personal traits, direct experiences, individual benefits, and socio-economic backgrounds. The remaining two - socially derived and cultural values - were extrinsic factors. This study found that extrinsic factors are the main sources of individual representations and lead to hegemonic social representations. The significance and contribution of this research lies in two categories—theoretical and practical. From the theoretical angle, this research makes a number of contributions to the body of knowledge of social representation and social exchange. In terms of a practical contribution, these results can assist the Thai government to review the issues raised and ultimately provide more effective management.

A pesquisa intitulada “Autismo na escola: ação e reflexão do professor” analisa as ações pedagógicas desenvolvidas por professores para a inclusão de crianças com autismo no ensino regular. O objetivo deste estudo é evidenciar como o professor constitui as estratégias que beneficiam o processo de aprendizagem do aluno incluído, contribuindo, assim, para a formação de professores. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa que se desenvolveu através de dois estudos de caso na Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre. Os procedimentos incluem observações do cotidiano de sala de aula e entrevistas com as professoras. A inserção no campo de estudo realizou-se durante três meses, no segundo semestre de 2006. O principal referencial teórico utilizado foi a Epistemologia Genética e suas possíveis relações com a temática da pesquisa, com o objetivo de difundir e explorar a potencialidade dos conceitos desenvolvidos na obra de Jean Piaget para a discussão das estratégias de aprendizagem no âmbito da inclusão. Com relação à aprendizagem, apresentam-se autores que desenvolvem os conceitos piagetianos aplicados aos processos cognitivos de crianças com autismo. Com relação à inclusão, destacaram-se as formulações sobre a lógica de classes e relações, a constituição de valores de troca nas interações e o conceito de tomada de consciência. As conclusões indicam que as professoras constituem suas estratégias de trabalho a partir da relação que têm com os alunos. Estas estratégias se caracterizam principalmente pela flexibilidade no planejamento e na execução das atividades, que são pautadas segundo os interesses e facilidades da criança com necessidades especiais, visando a incentivar sua participação e interação com os colegas. / The research titled “Autism at school: the teacher’s action and reflection” analyzes pedagogical actions developed by teachers for the inclusion of autistic children in regular education. The objective of this study is to show how the teacher creates strategies that promote the included student’s learning process, thereby contributing to the training of teachers. This is a qualitative research which was developed by way of two case studies in the Porto Alegre Municipal School System. The procedures include observations of classroom daily routines and interviews with teachers. The field work of the study was carried out during a three month period, in the second semester of 2006. The main theoretical reference used was the Genetic Epistemology and its possible links to the subject of the research, with the aim of disseminating and exploring the potentiality of the concepts developed in the work of Jean Piaget, leading to a discussion of learning strategies relating to inclusion. In regards to learning, the work of authors that have developed Piagetian concepts applied to the cognitive processes of autistic children is presented. With respect to inclusion, notions about the logic of classes and relationships, the establishment of values of exchange in interaction, and the concept of taking hold of conscience were highlighted. The conclusion points out that teachers formulate work strategies based on their relationship with the students and these are marked mainly by flexibility in planning and carrying out activities, which are selected in the interests and capabilities of children with special needs and which encourage participation and interaction with their classmates.

A pesquisa intitulada “Autismo na escola: ação e reflexão do professor” analisa as ações pedagógicas desenvolvidas por professores para a inclusão de crianças com autismo no ensino regular. O objetivo deste estudo é evidenciar como o professor constitui as estratégias que beneficiam o processo de aprendizagem do aluno incluído, contribuindo, assim, para a formação de professores. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa que se desenvolveu através de dois estudos de caso na Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre. Os procedimentos incluem observações do cotidiano de sala de aula e entrevistas com as professoras. A inserção no campo de estudo realizou-se durante três meses, no segundo semestre de 2006. O principal referencial teórico utilizado foi a Epistemologia Genética e suas possíveis relações com a temática da pesquisa, com o objetivo de difundir e explorar a potencialidade dos conceitos desenvolvidos na obra de Jean Piaget para a discussão das estratégias de aprendizagem no âmbito da inclusão. Com relação à aprendizagem, apresentam-se autores que desenvolvem os conceitos piagetianos aplicados aos processos cognitivos de crianças com autismo. Com relação à inclusão, destacaram-se as formulações sobre a lógica de classes e relações, a constituição de valores de troca nas interações e o conceito de tomada de consciência. As conclusões indicam que as professoras constituem suas estratégias de trabalho a partir da relação que têm com os alunos. Estas estratégias se caracterizam principalmente pela flexibilidade no planejamento e na execução das atividades, que são pautadas segundo os interesses e facilidades da criança com necessidades especiais, visando a incentivar sua participação e interação com os colegas. / The research titled “Autism at school: the teacher’s action and reflection” analyzes pedagogical actions developed by teachers for the inclusion of autistic children in regular education. The objective of this study is to show how the teacher creates strategies that promote the included student’s learning process, thereby contributing to the training of teachers. This is a qualitative research which was developed by way of two case studies in the Porto Alegre Municipal School System. The procedures include observations of classroom daily routines and interviews with teachers. The field work of the study was carried out during a three month period, in the second semester of 2006. The main theoretical reference used was the Genetic Epistemology and its possible links to the subject of the research, with the aim of disseminating and exploring the potentiality of the concepts developed in the work of Jean Piaget, leading to a discussion of learning strategies relating to inclusion. In regards to learning, the work of authors that have developed Piagetian concepts applied to the cognitive processes of autistic children is presented. With respect to inclusion, notions about the logic of classes and relationships, the establishment of values of exchange in interaction, and the concept of taking hold of conscience were highlighted. The conclusion points out that teachers formulate work strategies based on their relationship with the students and these are marked mainly by flexibility in planning and carrying out activities, which are selected in the interests and capabilities of children with special needs and which encourage participation and interaction with their classmates.

abstract: The most prominent theories for explaining the incidence and prevalence of misconduct in prison are deprivation (Clemmer, 1940; Sykes, 1958; Colvin, 1992), importation (Irwin and Cressey, 1962; Harer and Steffensmeier, 1996; Cao Zhao, and Van Dine, 1997), and administrative control (DiIulio, 1987; Useem and Kimball, 1989; Useem and Reisig, 1999). Administrative control does not supersede deprivation and importation theories, but rather adds to them by asserting quality management is essential for the maintenance of an orderly environment jeopardized by the effects of deprivation and importation. Even though research has supported administrative control, researchers have disagreed over which aspects of management are most effective for mitigating disorder, and have thus far only proven that poor management leads to administrative breakdowns in policies and practices that predicate disorder. This dissertation introduces the concept of positive administrative control, based on social exchange theory, as the mechanism prison administrators should use to induce staff to act in accordance with agency desires and avoid administrative breakdowns. The results show that when prison employees experience quality relationships with their supervisors, they are more likely engage with inmates in a similar fashion, which is associated with reductions in misconduct rates. At the same time, when prison employees are supported and rewarded for their good behavior, they are more likely to actively monitor inmates, which is associated with increases in misconduct rates. Additionally, the results support importation theory by demonstrating that the aggregated criminogenic characteristics of inmates in a prison are representative of cultural influences on prison misconduct. Based on these findings, recommendations are made to restructure leadership training to emphasize relational leadership skills that positively influence staff to act in accordance with agency desires and more closely follow policy guidelines. It is also recommended that future studies consider including aggregated demographic variables in studies of misconduct in order to capture cultural/environmental influences that may otherwise be missed, and should avoid overuse of composite variables, in particular institution security level. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Criminology and Criminal Justice 2015

abstract: Employees are directly involved in work tasks and processes which are necessary to accomplish unit or organizational goals, and accordingly, they may become aware of key mistakes, slips, and failures that are unbeknownst to the leader or supervisor responsible for the work unit or organization. Given that errors or deviations in work tasks or processes can have far-reaching effects within the organization, it may be essential for employees to share bad news with their leader or supervisor so that steps can be taken to address the issue or ameliorate negative consequences. However, although employees' sharing of bad news may be important to the organization and should be encouraged, supervisors may respond to the messenger in ways that discourage the behavior. Unfortunately, we lack an explanation of why and under what conditions supervisors respond positively or negatively to employees who share bad news. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation is to address this gap in our understanding. I draw from social exchange theory and the transactional theory of stress to develop a conceptual model of sharing bad news. I suggest that sharing bad news can be cast as a transaction between employees and supervisors that is mediated by supervisors’ appraisals of employees’ sharing the message. The quality of the relationship between an employee and supervisor, or leader-member exchange (LMX), is strengthened when supervisors appraise the sharing of bad news as challenging, or potentially rewarding; however, LMX is weakened when supervisors appraise the sharing of bad news as hindering, or potential harmful. In turn, LMX influences supervisor responses to the sharing of bad news in the form of evaluations of the employee’s effectiveness. In addition to these main effects, I also consider how aspects of the message delivery, such as the timeliness with which messages are conveyed and extent to which employees incorporate solutions when they share bad news, can influence supervisor appraisals of sharing bad news. Finally, I suggest that the extent to which the messenger is responsible for the bad news moderates the relationships between appraisals of sharing bad news and LMX. I test this model in three studies. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2017