Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Cette thèse s’articule autour de deux problématiques : l’intégration du contexte socio-émotionnel permet-elle de réduire la sévérité du blâme infligé à l’agresseur (approche life-span) ? Comment les genres de l’agresseur et de la victime sont intégrés dans le jugement de blâme des pré-adolescents, adolescents et adultes jeunes. Enfin, est-ce que le facteur genre influence l’intégration du contexte socio-émotionnel ? Les résultats montrent que le contexte socio-émotionnel est intégré différemment en fonction de l’âge (enfants, pré-adolescents, adolescents, adultes jeunes, adultes moyens et adultes âgés), et il semble être plus difficile d’intégrer le contexte socio-émotionnel que les intentions ou les conséquences. L’accès aux processus identificatoires semble nécessaire pour intégrer ce facteur de manière multiplicative. Le genre est également intégré dans le jugement de blâme dès l’adolescence, et ce facteur module l’intégration du contexte socio-émotionnel. Ces données vont dans le sens de la littérature : les incivilités quotidiennes à priori non liées au genre peuvent être nuancées en fonction des genres des protagonistes. Ainsi, le contexte socio-émotionnel et le genre sont des circonstances atténuantes et l’intégration de ces facteurs n’est pas le même à différents âges de la vie. / This thesis revolves around two problematics. How is the socio-emotional context integrated in the judgment of blame, in order to reduce the sanction given to the perpetrator (life-span approach)? How is gender -the perpetrator’s and the victim’s- integrated in the judgment of blame of preadolescents, adolescents and young adults? Eventually, does the gender factor have an influence on the integration of the socio-emotional context? Results showed that socio-emotional context is not integrated in the same way depending on participants’ age. Multiplicative algebra develops later compared with the integration of intention and consequence. It seems that it is more difficult to integrate socio-emotional contexts than intention or consequence in the judgment of blame. Moreover, a sufficient cognitive level and no lack of identification processes are needed to be able to integrate socio-emotional context and consequences multiplicatively. Gender is also integrated in the judgment of blame as soon as adolescence –with less severity towards girls– and this factor has an influence on the integration of socio-emotional context. These data are congruent with the literature: daily incivilities that are not related to gender can be mitigated depending on the gender of protagonists. To conclude, this doctoral thesis allowed to complete research on the extension of judgment of blame: socio-emotional context and gender are mitigating circumstances in judgment of blame. The integration of those factors is not the same depending on age.

Published Article / This paper describes the training of language practitioners at the University of the Free State in the light of recent developments in Translation Studies, namely the tendency of internationalising ideas about translation, as well as the enlarging of Western Translation Theory by integrating non-Western thought about translation. Starting from earlier ideas of translation training, the move towards socio-constructive approach as proposed by Kiraly (2000) is described. It is indicated how the socio-constructive approach can benefit the training of language practitioners by empowering the learner to act responsibly, autonomously and competently. The socio-constructive approach provides not only an epistemological basis for the development of knowledge-building communities, but also a variety of tools that can be used to promote and pursue learning in such communities.

The existence of socially-patterned health (with poorer health generally being experienced by those in more disadvantaged circumstances) is widely recognised. Social differentials have been observed for (inter alia) respiratory disorders, and for cardiovascular disease. One possible explanation for social inequality in these areas of health posits a mediating effect of housing conditions: disadvantaged individuals may face greater exposure to residential hazards (such as dampness), which may in turn adversely influence cardiorespiratory health. However, few studies have examined a complete posited causal chain linking socioeconomic position (SEP) with health via housing. Using pre-existing data, this study constructed detailed representations of the social and residential experiences over adult life (15 to 60 years) of a sample of elderly British people. Both measures of accumulated exposure (to disadvantage, and to housing hazards), and explicit trajectories of social and residential experience, were derived. Construction of trajectories required the development of methods for condensing individuals’ diverse experiences into higher-level groups, in the interests of analytical tractability. Relationships between the derived measures of lifetime exposure and a range of outcomes expressing aspects of cardio-respiratory health in old age were assessed. No persuasive evidence was observed to support the hypothesis that lifetime residential exposures may mediate the relationship between SEP and the health outcomes examined. In addition to testing this specific conceptual model, the study examined how exposure to social disadvantage and to residential risks varied over adult life, identifying distinctive features of the exposure experience which could not readily be captured by the infrequent sampling of SEP commonly featured in health inequality research. The respective merits of such ‘sparse’ sampling and the more intensive sampling used in the study were compared. It was concluded that fully exploiting the additional information captured by intensive sampling requires confronting a number of methodological challenges. Because of this, it is argued that the collection of detailed information on exposures over time does not automatically confer genuine advantages over the hitherto dominant approach of sampling at only a small number of time points. Future development of lifecourse epidemiology will require further debate over how lifetime exposure (to both social and environmental risk factors) can most effectively be represented in quantitative analysis.

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In this thesis I contribute to arguments showing how the human body is much more than a vessel that enables us to experience the world through our senses. Our sense of embodiment and our embodied performances give meaning to and shape the world in which we live. I argue that our bodies are crucial to socio-political change and subverting discriminatory cultural assumptions and ideologies. Deviant performances can cause us to be less than intelligible individuals. That is, according to Judith Butler, we become less than intelligible when we do not perform in such a way that meets certain cultural expectations. Dominant expectations are typically implicitly understood to be common-sense values. Unfortunately, many of our implicit values have embedded unjust prejudices that directly affect our thinking and behaviour. These discriminatory implicit values are couched in “the background.” Alexis Shotwell’s expansion of what John R. Searle terms “the background” is particularly useful to understand the political nature of implicitly held beliefs. These discriminatory assumptions couched in the background systematically oppress us. However, the prejudices of the background can be exposed through repeatedly performing our bodies in certain ways. Additionally, our performances can enable us to pool our intellectual resources together and live out the socio-political change we desire. In doing so, performances and identities that were once considered unintelligible can become intelligible and can alter cultural climates. / Thesis (Master, Philosophy) -- Queen's University, 2012-10-09 13:54:49.323