Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / Determina el grado de conocimientos, actitudes, prácticas y aceptabilidad, respecto al uso del condón femenino (CF), en las trabajadoras sexuales (TS). Estudio observacional descriptivo. La muestra es 60 TS, el cuestionario es validado, para el análisis se utiliza el programa estadística SPSS versión 22. El promedio de edad de las TS es de 32.9 ± 10.6 años, el 40% tiene secundaria completa, con un tiempo de trabajo medio de 6.6 años. El tiempo de uso medio del CF 1.9±2.0, atención de clientes medio por día 13.3±11.0. Sobre el grado de conocimientos se obtiene que el 73.3% tiene bajo grado de conocimiento. Las actitudes frente al uso del CF el 51.7% les resulta inseguro, 13.3% les es “cómodo” y al 35% le es “incómodo”. En las prácticas se encuentra que la experiencia al usarlo por primera vez es “ni buena ni mala” en un 63.3%, el 83.3% responden que se sienten protegidas contra VIH/SIDA con el uso del CF; así también que sólo el 3.3% lo utiliza en el sexo oral. Y respecto a la aceptabilidad al 63.3% acepta su uso. Concluye que el grado de conocimientos sobre el uso del condón femenino de las trabajadoras sexuales es en su mayoría “bajo”, la actitud “inseguridad”, las practicas responden como “ni buena ni mala” por la primera vez que usaron el condón femenino. La aceptabilidad del uso del condón femenino en las trabajadoras sexuales les resulta “aceptable”. / Tesis

This diploma thesis focuses on the defining of separate socio-economic models and characteristics of chosen performance criteria. It describes integrated European model, further it aims on a comparison of Scandinavian, Continental, Anglo-Saxon and Mediterranean models with a stress on the Scandinavian one. It also concentrates on a general characteristic of the countries that belong to this specific model and analyses the reasons of its relative success in comparison with others. Focus is also put on a SWOT analysis of the Scandinavian model, analysis of its performance during the period of the economic crisis which spread globally in 2008. Finally, the thesis describes some specific recommendations for a sustainable development of this model.

O estudo tem a finalidade de avaliar e comparar a configuração espacial dos indicadores que caracterizam as carências socioespaciais em duas grandes cidades brasileiras: Belém e Rio de Janeiro. Para a construção dos indicadores socioespaciais do habitat foram utilizados os resultados da principal pesquisa domiciliar da Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE): o Censo Demográfico. O ano de referência é o de 2000. A elaboração de um índice sintético constituiu outra etapa da pesquisa, a partir do qual foram identificadas e mapeadas as áreas de carências socioespaciais. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que há semelhanças e diferenças quanto à configuração espacial das áreas de maiores carências socioespaciais nas duas cidades analisadas. Algumas das diferenças, entretanto, estão mais associadas à intensidade do que à configuração em si, denotando estágios diferenciados da evolução urbana e das carências socioespaciais das cidades. Quanto aos indicadores utilizados e analisados individualmente, foi possível constatar que se torna a cada dia mais difícil a obtenção de parâmetros universais para avaliar e medir as carências socioespaciais; contudo, alguns deles ainda se destacam neste sentido. Embora os resultados não tenham sido conclusivos, sugerem a necessidade e possibilidade de estabelecimentos de parâmetros regionais, metropolitanos e intraurbanos, no processo que envolve a seleção e elaboração de indicadores para a avaliação da localização das áreas de maiores carências socioespaciais, assim como as diversas formas de assentamentos informais. / This study has the purpose of evaluating and comparing the spatial configuration of the indicators characterizing the socio-spatial needs in two large Brazilian cities: Belém and Rio de Janeiro. For constructing the socio-spatial habitat indicators were used the results from the main household survey of the Brazilian Institute of Geography (IBGE): the Demographic Census. The reference year is 2000.The development of a synthetic index was another step in the research, from which have been identified and mapped the areas of socio-spatial deficiencies in the two cities.The survey results show that there are similarities and differences between such areas. Some of the differences, however, are more associated with the intensity of processes than the setting itself, showing different stages of urban development and socio-spatial deficiencies. As for the indicators used and analyzed individually, it was established that it becomes increasingly more difficult to obtain universal parameters to evaluate and measure the socio-spatial deficiencies, however some of them still stand out in this regard. Although the results were not conclusive, they suggest the need and possibility of using regional, metropolitan and intra-urban parameters, in processes involving selection and development of indicators for selection of socio-spatial areas with major needs, as well as the various forms of informal settlements.

O estudo tem a finalidade de avaliar e comparar a configuração espacial dos indicadores que caracterizam as carências socioespaciais em duas grandes cidades brasileiras: Belém e Rio de Janeiro. Para a construção dos indicadores socioespaciais do habitat foram utilizados os resultados da principal pesquisa domiciliar da Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE): o Censo Demográfico. O ano de referência é o de 2000. A elaboração de um índice sintético constituiu outra etapa da pesquisa, a partir do qual foram identificadas e mapeadas as áreas de carências socioespaciais. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que há semelhanças e diferenças quanto à configuração espacial das áreas de maiores carências socioespaciais nas duas cidades analisadas. Algumas das diferenças, entretanto, estão mais associadas à intensidade do que à configuração em si, denotando estágios diferenciados da evolução urbana e das carências socioespaciais das cidades. Quanto aos indicadores utilizados e analisados individualmente, foi possível constatar que se torna a cada dia mais difícil a obtenção de parâmetros universais para avaliar e medir as carências socioespaciais; contudo, alguns deles ainda se destacam neste sentido. Embora os resultados não tenham sido conclusivos, sugerem a necessidade e possibilidade de estabelecimentos de parâmetros regionais, metropolitanos e intraurbanos, no processo que envolve a seleção e elaboração de indicadores para a avaliação da localização das áreas de maiores carências socioespaciais, assim como as diversas formas de assentamentos informais. / This study has the purpose of evaluating and comparing the spatial configuration of the indicators characterizing the socio-spatial needs in two large Brazilian cities: Belém and Rio de Janeiro. For constructing the socio-spatial habitat indicators were used the results from the main household survey of the Brazilian Institute of Geography (IBGE): the Demographic Census. The reference year is 2000.The development of a synthetic index was another step in the research, from which have been identified and mapped the areas of socio-spatial deficiencies in the two cities.The survey results show that there are similarities and differences between such areas. Some of the differences, however, are more associated with the intensity of processes than the setting itself, showing different stages of urban development and socio-spatial deficiencies. As for the indicators used and analyzed individually, it was established that it becomes increasingly more difficult to obtain universal parameters to evaluate and measure the socio-spatial deficiencies, however some of them still stand out in this regard. Although the results were not conclusive, they suggest the need and possibility of using regional, metropolitan and intra-urban parameters, in processes involving selection and development of indicators for selection of socio-spatial areas with major needs, as well as the various forms of informal settlements.

El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la relación de los factores socio-culturales de los padres de familia con la experiencia de caries dental de sus hijos de la Institución Educativa Estatal N° 107 “Daniel Alcides Carrión” del distrito de Santa Anita - 2014, teniendo en consideración los criterios y normas éticas establecidas; siendo un estudio de tipo de relación, transversal y descriptivo. La muestra estuvo constituida por padres de familia con sus hijos menores de 6 a 12 años de edad (N° 271). El tipo de muestreo estratificada simple. Se aplicó una encuesta estructurada a los padres y una ficha de diagnóstico del estado de la salud bucal del niño de 6 a 12 años, que fueron examinados clínicamente a luz artificial, utilizando los índices epidemiológicos de: Caries Dental (CPOD-ceod), Placa bacteriana (Greene y Vermillion) (IHO-S) donde se observó que los factores socio-culturales de los padres influyen en la experiencia de caries dental de sus hijos. Se halló que el 50.9% de los escolares presenta una mala higiene bucal, también se observó en padres que el 42.4% presenta un nivel regular de conocimientos sobre la prevencion de la caries, pero no son aplicados adecuadamente, por lo que se debe trabajar dando énfasis en todo programa preventivo promocional para propiciar actitudes positivas hacia el cuidado de la salud bucal, desde temprana edad, resaltando el rol que cumple la dentición temporal, no solo para garantizar el espacio de los dientes permanentes, sino mucho más como es la alimentación del niño y el rol que juega para su buen crecimiento y desarrollo bio-psico-social, logrando así estilos de vida adecuados. / The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between socio-cultural factors of parents with dental caries experience of the children of the State Educational Institution No. 107 "Daniel Alcides Carrión" district of Santa Anita - 2014 taking into account the criteria and ethical standards set; It is a study of relationship, transverse and descriptive. The sample consisted of parents with minor children of 6-12 years of age (N° 271). The kind of simple stratified sampling. Dental caries (DMFT-dmft) Plate: a structured survey to parents and a record of diagnosis of the state of oral health of children of 6-12 years, were examined clinically to artificial light, using epidemiological indices were applied Bacterial (Greene and Vermillion. (OHI-S) where it was noted that the socio-cultural factors of parents influences the experience of dental caries in children. It was found that 50.9% of school has poor oral hygiene also It was observed in parents 42.4% have a regular level of knowledge about the prevention of caries, but are not properly implemented, so it should work with emphasis on all promotional preventive program to foster positive attitudes towards health care buccal, from an early age, highlighting the role that the dentition, not only to ensure the space for permanent teeth, but much more as feeding the child and the role it plays for its proper growth and development bio-psycho social, achieving a better lifestyle. Keywords: Socio-cultural, dental caries, oral hygiene / Tesis

Water is a limited and essential resource for living and its importance is understood by all. Water is a scarce resource in Australia. Many of the river basins in Australia cover only a small area and the rivers that drain them are seasonal in flow. Climate change coupled with increasing population and a growing economy has put stress on the existing water resources. In the period of drought between 2003 and 2005 the careful consumption of water was of high importance and there is a consequent need to develop new methods to use water wisely. The state and federal governments have initiated many campaigns over the past decade to reduce water consumption and conserve water. This thesis aims to identify the relationship between socio-demographic factors and water consumption using multivariate analysis techniques and geographic information systems (GIS). This thesis has examined the water consumption patterns of Metropolitan Melbourne on a postcode level during the period 2000-2005. It has investigated how these patterns have altered with time and examined whether or not these changes are geographically linked. The effectiveness of the advertising campaigns and educational programs undertaken during the study period by The Victorian Government and its impact on Melbourne's water usage has been evaluated. Moran's I statistic was performed using water consumption to find spatial autocorrelation among postcodes. Multivariate techniques of factor and regression analysis were used to develop a model based on socio-demographic predictors to estimate water consumption. The relationship between separate dwellings, business counts, distance from GPO, semi detached dwellings and academically less qualified residents has been identified in this study. The numbers of separate dwellings and businesses have a significant influence on water consumption. Water use and soci o-demographic data are visualised by the creation of thematic maps using GIS.

Du fait du peu d'intérêt apparent de son contenu, la conversation banale porte en elle-même un a priori en sa défaveur. Parler de la pluie et du beau temps ou de la lenteur des transports en commun entraîne autant de clichés propres à faire oublier qu'elle est en fait une relation sociale complexe et singulière. Cette thèse offre une piste de réflexion sur les possibles de la conversation banale via ses représentations. Elle y est décrite comme une relation entre inconnus se nouant lors d'une situation de communication éphémère aux règles informelles et mouvantes. Plus largement, la problématique de l'interprétation et de l'accès au sens des relations ordinaires, permet, à travers la question du genre, une mise en débat : de l'approche interactionniste « traditionnelle » au profit d'une analyse socio-sémiotique de la représentation ; d'une méthode, la re-mise en scène, basée sur l'analyse du métadiscours.

<p>The purpose of this essay has been to seek understanding of how young people in high school and adult education experience the use of educational media tools in teaching. Examples of questions submitted material has been: What are the positive and negative experiences of ICT in the classroom?</p><p>The essay is of a qualitative nature, in which five students were interviewed about their experiences of ICT in the school environment. The result is analyzed from a sociocultural perspective and from an inward-student perspective.</p><p>The results showed that students felt that it was difficult to absorb many of the ICT facilities as sources of knowledge in the school environment. Due to lack of quality in teaching material and difficulties of the pupils to sort out the important information of the injected.</p>

This dissertation aims at analyzing the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and mental health and care. It attempts to understand how different socio-economic groups present unequal risk of mental disorders and to what extent different socio-economic groups use unequal quantity, type and quality of mental care. Since its earlier beginnings, psychiatric epidemiology has evidenced the association between socio-economic status and mental disorder. However, the numerous prevalence studies addressing depression have yielded inconsistent results. This calls for a thorough investigation of the sources of such heterogeneity. This dissertation attempts to achieve the following objectives: · To unfold methodological and contextual covariates influencing the SES/mental health relationship. · To assess the longitudinal influences of material deprivation on depression. · To assess the extent to which outpatient and inpatient mental care are fairly used. The methodological influences of socio-economic inequalities in mental health were tackled through a meta-analysis of previously published works. We built a database of previous published studies addressing the socio-economic factors of depression prevalence, incidence and persistence in adults population studies and being published in English, French, German and Spanish after 1979. The lower socio-economic group has 80% more prevalence of depression. Inequalities are more acute for persistent depression than for new episode. The results indicated that inequalities are much more pronounced when mental health is looked at from a subjective point of view or in terms of resulting disability. Social inequalities in mental health are also influenced by geographic context. Europe has a gradient 30% less pronounced than North-America. As the period of reference decreased, the gradient rose, suggesting that duration might be an explanatory factor. Geographical analysis of socio-economic inequalities in mortality is carried out with the death certificates of the Belgian National Institute of Statistics (NIS), covering all causes mortality and 11 specific mortality causes, from 1985 to 1993. Spatial concentration was computed through a Moran’I. We compare a simultaneous autoregressive model with a weighted-least-square model. Findings show that spatial concentration is pervasive, that suicide and mortality by liver cirrhosis are among the most correlated causes of death. Getting rid of spatial autocorrelation leads to significant change in the relationship between deprivation and mortality, suggesting the influence of contextual effects on socio-economic inequalities. The difficulty to move from correlation to causation between SES and depression owes partly to the difficulty of disentangling the direct effect of socio-economic status from other –and numerous- confounding factors such as family history, genetic endowment, cognitive abilities, early schooling experience, which, for most of them are rather stable overtime. The longitudinal analysis attempts to estimate the impact of time-varying socio-economic covariates on depression. The results show that material deprivation (and change of) does not affect the level or the risk of depression while social network does slightly. We found much stronger gradient with time invariant socio-economic factors such as educational level. Inequity in outpatient mental care was assessed with the data of the first Belgian Health Interview Survey (HIS), a cross-sectional household-health interview survey carried out in Belgium in 1997. The Minimum Psychiatric Summary, a case register of all psychiatric admissions in Belgium (1997-98), allowed us to carry out the study of inpatient inequalities of mental care. In terms of mental health services uses, inequalities arise in the setting were care is delivered: less well-off use more primary care and less specialised care, are more likely to be admitted in a non-teaching, psychiatric hospitals with long length of stay. The lower the socio-economic groups with mood disorders are less likely to receive the expected treatment such as antidepressant and psychotherapies. Finally, the outcomes of the hospitalisation, in terms of overall functioning and in terms of psychological symptoms are less favourable for the individuals of lower socio-economic status. Part of such unequal outcome is related to unequal treatment. We concluded that inequalities in health should be addressed in their geographical context, that early and stable socio-economic factors are more important than time-varying factors. Horizontal socio-economic inequities arise in the type of care used as well as in the appropriateness of care. However, for a given equal treatment and use, outcome inequalities remain so that it seems relevant to consider socio-economic status as a general vertical equity principle.

This descriptive study was done 1) to explore and describe the proportional distribution of breast, cervical and colorectal cancers by stage (a proxy measure of availability, access, and utilization of secondary prevention strategies) in northern Saskatchewan First Nations and non-First Nations in comparison to southern Saskatchewan First Nations and non-First Nations; 2) to assess the impact of stage and age on the survival patterns for these cancers in northerners and First Nations whose survival patterns have been shown by previous research to be equal or poorer in comparison to southerners. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were carried out to ascertain the impact of the different proportions of stage for each study group on survival. Stage at time of diagnosis is a proxy assessment of secondary prevention services, which include formal screening programs.<p> Data for this study was obtained from the Saskatchewan Cancer Registry, which has been maintaining cancer data since 1932. Cancer stage at time of diagnosis information is complete in the registry for different years for each cancer site. Hence data for breast cancer was for the years 1970 to 1995; cervical cancer data for the years 1980 to 1995; colorectal cancer data for the years 1990 to 1995. <p> The proportion of cancer cases for each site by TNM stage and age were compared among the four study groups. First Nation and northern populations were found to have a larger proportion of diagnoses at a later stage in comparison to the southern non-First Nation group. <p> Using Cox's proportional hazards model, both stage and age at time of diagnosis were found to be significant predictors of survival for all study groups. Age and stage adjusted relative risks were calculated and found to be significant in comparison to the southern non-First Nation group for cancer of the breast (RR =1.81 P=0.013). For cervical cancer the relative risk of dying of cervical cancer for southern First Nations in comparison to southern non­-First Nations was found to be 1.38 but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.097). For colorectal cancer, the relative risk of dying of colorectal cancer was found to be better for northern First Nations in comparison to southern non-First Nations (RR = 0.59), however this was not statistically significant (p = 0.45).<p> This study showed that despite adjusting for stage and age at time of diagnosis, there were still some unexplained differences in the survival pattern of northern First Nations, northern non-First Nations and southern First Nations in comparison to southern non-First Nations. Hypotheses as to what these unexplained differences are have been offered. These include differences in socio-economic status as well as availability, accessibility, attitudes towards and knowledge of secondary prevention strategies. Further study into these unexplained differences should be carried out.