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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:33:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:33:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O propósito deste estudo foi investigar o conhecimento de segmentos da população (constituídos por leigos, por estudantes e profissionais de áreas com possíveis aplicações da radioatividade) em relação aos benefícios da radiação ionizante sobre polímeros de embalagens para alimentos. As questões básicas aqui levantadas foram idealizadas para que suas respostas fornecessem parâmetros de análise para se afirmar ou negar que a população, de um modo geral, desconhece radioatividade e sua aplicação no campo dos alimentos e não se mostra preparada para mudar seus paradigmas, arraigados por impressões que persistem fortes de acidentes nucleares noticiados principalmente em mídia televisiva. Este estudo qualitativo é fundamentado por Bachelard (1996), que avulta a necessidade de uma preparação muito bem estruturada quando se quer extrair as verdades de classes que insistem, por vergonha de seu não-saber, em falsear respostas que, se sinceras, poderiam indicar importantes caminhos a se seguir pelo campo educacional para que se mudassem as características tão conhecidas neste país de um conhecimento de senso comum que ficou pouco ou nada científico. Portanto, este trabalho está norteado por um veio acadêmico que mostra, em seus objetos de pesquisa, elementos (questionários e entrevistas) necessários para que se possa conhecer a verdadeira opinião das pessoas frente à radioatividade. Infelizmente, as repostas não são animadoras, mostrando que há um grande desconhecimento mesmo dos profissionais, sobre o tema. Finalmente, o objetivo maior deste trabalho de pesquisa não foi somente uma investigação, mas a elucidação da necessidade de serem iniciadas ações educacionais que mudem a realidade que hoje se desenha neste país e que, somente com essa mudança, poderá haver, satisfatoriamente, pelo apoio e aceitação social, avanços significativos na área de tecnologia nuclear. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

This thesis explores the representation of political and social issues in the work of a selection of contemporary Italian authors, aiming to assess what has become of the notion of political commitment ('impegno'), as debated by intellectuals in the sharply-defined political climate following World War II, and whether the institutional seizure then crisis of the 1980s and 1990s has encouraged a comparable literary response. In part one, I examine the critical works of Vittorini and Calvino, two authors central to the early discussion about the social role of literature, revealing the tensions between their conceptions of the relationship between writers and society, which, despite their close collaboration, are identifiable in their writings of the 1950s and 1960s. I then trace these different veins of thinking - which I have termed 'fault lines' in the solid mass of 'impegno' - into the works of Celati and Palandri, who express the socio-political consciousness of youth in the 1960s and 1970s. In the six chapters of the main body of my thesis, I consider the further breakdown, in the recent climate of political diffidence, of the traditional sense of commitment to a specific cause, into a fragmentary exposure of a variety of 'minority' issues in the work of individual authors or groups of the 1980s and early 1990s, broadly classifiable under the 'giovani narratori' label. This allows me to consider well-known contemporary authors, such as Tabucchi, De Carlo and Tondelli, from a specific perspective, alongside Ballestra, a young and little studied writer. My last two chapters discuss a selection of established women writers and barely-known African immigrant writers, assessing the impact of specific interest-groups on the 'impegno' question. I conclude by considering the specificity of these 'fragments' to Italian culture, within the general context of the postmodern lapse of faith in ideologies.

L’utilisation croissante de l’informatique et de l’Internet ne cesse de se démentir. Si des études d’usage(s) se multiplient en France, elles sont très inégales selon les publics. Notre recherche interroge les usages et les pratiques d’interventions spécialisées avec les outils informatiques et le média Internet pour des personnes handicapées mentales en institution. Pour ce faire, nous déployons une méthodologie mixte combinant une enquête par questionnaires, des entretiens et des observations in situ. Avant de traiter de la problématique transversale des usages et pratiques, nous menons une méta-réflexion sur le "comment faire" de la recherche sur et pour le handicap mental. Notre description des usages apporte un éclairage sur les logiques organisationnelles, sociales et économiques (offre commerciale et industrielle). Elle nous amène à reconsidérer ces usages et pratiques à l’aune de leur hybridité. Marqués par un brouillage disciplinaire, nous les (re)qualifions de socio-(ré)éducommunicationnels pour rendre compte d’une tension entre interventions sociales, rééducatives, éducatives et communicationnelles. Des logiques d’usages, émerge aussi la question de la "médiatisation des instances de médiation" selon un processus de construction et de changement des pratiques (actualisation, régularité et cristallisation). In fine, ces outils et/ou médias condensent des tensions tout en révélant des enjeux : transformation des formes organisationnelles du "milieu clos" à l’ "auto-éco-organisation", "mutation des postures, compétences et légitimités professionnelles" ainsi qu’amélioration des situations de vie des personnes handicapées (énovation et "processus de personnalisation") / The increasing use of computers and the Internet does not stop contradicting itself. If practical studies multiply in France, they are very uneven according to the public. Our research questions the manners and the practices of interventions in connection with data processing tools and the Internet media and conceived for mentally deficient persons. Therefore, we adopted a mixed methodology combining a survey through questionnaires, interviews and observations in situ. Before dealing with the transverse problem of manners and practices, we lead a large brainstorming on how to conduct the research on and for the mental handicap. Our description of the manners highlights the organizational, social and economic logics (commercial and industrial offer). It brings us to reconsider these manners and practices in the alder of their hybridity. Marked by a disciplinary jamming, we (re)qualify them of socio-(re)educommunicational to report a tension between interventions qualified as social, re-educational, educational and communicational. These results order us to question the mediatization of the mediation authorities according to a process of construction and modification of current practices (updating, regularity and crystallization). In fine, these tools and\or media condense tensions while revealing stakes: transformation of the organizational forms of the closed environment in the auto-eco-organization, the mutation of the postures, the skills and the professional legitimacies as well as improvement of the situations of life of the disabled persons (énovation and personalization process)

La scolarisation de l’enfant-voyageur en France. Problème pédagogique ou politique ?Cette recherche doctorale peut être considérée comme une étude de cas concernant la scolarisation en France d’une population d’enfants désignée depuis 2012 par l’Éducation nationale comme « Enfants issus de Familles Itinérantes et de Voyageurs ». Du fait que cette scolarisation est constitutive d’un « problème public » débordant largement le domaine scolaire, les modalités de traitement pédagogique de cette population sont révélatrices d’une dépendance certaine aux variations institutionnelles et politiques. Pour aborder cette problématique une méthodologie plurielle, socio-historique, ethnographique et socio-clinique institutionnelle a été adoptée. Pour rendre compte des résultats, c’est la logique de la démarche régressive-progressive imaginée par Henri Lefebvre qui est mise en œuvre. Elle propose de problématiser la question contemporaine de la scolarisation de l’enfant-voyageur avant d’en reconstituer la genèse afin de revenir à l’analyse de la manière dont elle est actuellement produite.L’exploration des écrits institutionnels permet de réfléchir sur les significations sociales, politiques et éducatives et de questionner l’action de l’État dans la fabrication des politiques de scolarisation et dans la création de catégories d’élèves. L’investigation articulant démarches ethnographique et socio-clinique référée au cadre théorique de l’analyse institutionnelle permet de concilier l’investigation de terrain avec l’étude de l’activité institutionnelle en train de se faire. Ceci en pénétrant la « boîte noire » où sont fabriquées des solutions pour répondre à des problèmes souvent posés dans l’urgence. C’est aussi la place du chercheur qui est prise en compte, ses implications professionnelles et institutionnelles lui offrant des ressources tout en générant des obstacles. La réalité de la scolarisation de l’enfant-voyageur révèle des dissonances, des tensions et des contradictions au sein de l’institution scolaire. Plus largement, elle interroge l’action publique lorsqu’elle formule des objectifs et met en œuvre des moyens spécifiques visant une population donnée. La scolarisation de l’enfant-voyageur montre enfin de quelle manière la surdétermination d’un problème pédagogique par des mobiles politiques plus larges, historiquement ancrés, peuvent durablement contrarier sa prise en charge.L’exploration des écrits institutionnels permet de réfléchir sur les significations sociales, politiques et éducatives et de questionner l’action de l’État dans la fabrication des politiques de scolarisation et dans la création de catégories d’élèves. L’investigation articulant démarches ethnographique et socio-clinique référée au cadre théorique de l’analyse institutionnelle permet de concilier l’investigation de terrain avec l’étude de l’activité institutionnelle en train de se faire. Ceci en pénétrant la « boîte noire » où sont fabriquées des solutions pour répondre à des problèmes souvent posés dans l’urgence. C’est aussi la place du chercheur qui est prise en compte, ses implications professionnelles et institutionnelles lui offrant des ressources tout en générant des obstacles. La réalité de la scolarisation de l’enfant-voyageur révèle des dissonances, des tensions et des contradictions au sein de l’institution scolaire. Plus largement, elle interroge l’action publique lorsqu’elle formule des objectifs et met en œuvre des moyens spécifiques visant une population donnée. La scolarisation de l’enfant-voyageur montre enfin de quelle manière la surdétermination d’un problème pédagogique par des mobiles politiques plus larges, historiquement ancrés, peut durablement contrarier sa prise en charge. / This doctoral research might be considered as a study regarding the schooling of a children population designated since 2012 by “L’Education Nationale” (French Ministry of Education) as “Offspring Pupils/Students from Nomadic and Itinerant Families” in France. Since this schooling is constitutive of a “public issue” largely overrunning the academic realm, the conditions of pedagogical treatment are indicative of a specific dependency to institutional and political variations. To approach this issue, a plural socio-historical, ethnographic and institutional socio-clinical methodology has been applied. To report the results, the rationale of the regressive-progressive procedure created by Henri Lefebvre has been adopted. The research into institutional transcripts allows pondering on the social, political and academic meanings as well as questioning the State’s action in the construction of schooling policies and the creation of pupils/students categories. The investigation expressing an ethnographic and socio-clinical approach in reference to the theoretical setting of the institutional analysis allows reconciling ground examination with the institutional activity as it is formulated. All the while breaking into the “black box” in which are manufactured solutions to answer to problems often happening in an emergency situation. It is as well the researcher’s position which is taken into account, his professional and institutional implications offering him both resources and hindrances. The schooling reality of the child-traveler reveals dissensions, pressures and contradictions within the academic institution. More extensively it questions public action when formulating objectives and deploying specific resources for a given population. Lastly, the schooling of the child-traveler shows in which way the over determination of a pedagogical issue by broader political motivations, historically grounded, can lastingly thwart its enactment.

Master of Architecture / Department of Architecture / Gary J. Coates / This research explores the bioclimatic and socio-cultural benefits of Kolkata’s courtyard houses. A typological and historical analysis of courtyard houses from around the world, as well as in Kolkata, provides a context for the field research. The main intention of this study is to explore the roles of solar shading and natural ventilation in courtyard houses located in the hot-humid climatic region. For this purpose interviews with the heads of household of ten courtyard houses in Kolkata were conducted in January 2005, to finally choose three houses for detailed experimental analysis. All three houses have high thermal construction and similar socio-economic conditions. This helped in comparing the results of the temperature (both ambient and surface temperatures) and air speed measurements among the three houses referred to as House A, House B and House C houses. House A and House C houses have shallow courtyards (high aspect ratios which in both cases equal 0.95), while House B house has a deep courtyard (low aspect ratio equal to 0.21). Further, ventilation analysis has been done with the help of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. The simulation study and the experimental data measurements focused on the comfort conditions generated within the house based on their differences in proportion of form and massing. The effects of solar shading and natural ventilation on activity patterns and uses of a space are also examined through occupant surveys. Finally, this research explores the historic courtyard houses in Kolkata, with a view to address the benefits of the universal courtyard form of design and speculate the appropriateness of the vernacular courtyard form in the modern architectural arena of Kolkata.

Actuellement de nombreux Latinos vivent aux États-Unis par suite de divers processus historiques qui les ont menés vers ce territoire. Leur présence et leur participation se manifestent de façon diverse dans la société américaine. Cette présence est considérée comme un événement digne d’être construit sur le plan journalistique. Dans cette recherche, nous nous sommes intéresée à la construction discursive de cette communauté à travers la langue. À partir d’un corpus de presse monolingue états-unienne concernant la période 1992-2004, nous étudions des phénomènes bilingues ou des marques transcodiques et des structures linguistiques construisant des représentations socio-discursives de latinidad. Nous relevons au niveau de la phrase des phénomènes bilingues et des structures linguistiques qui nuancent le discours sur la latinidad. Nous étudions, d’une part, les traits linguistique et les fonctions de marques transcodiques en espagnol présentes dans le discours journalistique. D’autre part, en nous appuyant sur la théorie de la grammaire systémique fonctionnelle et son système de transitivité de Halliday, nous observons les représentations socio-discursives construites par les phénomènes linguistiques constituant la phrase. Grâce à la métafonction idéationnelle du langage, l’individu représente son intériorité et les impressions du monde extérieur. Les éléments linguistiques de la phrase matérialisent ces impressions. Cette approche nous a permis d’identifier une tendance à démunir les procès du verbe de ses caractéristiques essentielles. On trouve une volonté à concrétiser des procès abstraits et à abstraire des procès concrets. / A large number of Latinos are currently living in the United States for diverse historical reasons. Their presence and participation in the American context are revealed in a variety of ways and are considered worthy of documentation. In this research, we are interested in the discursive construction of this community through language. Using an american press corpus from 1992 to 2004, we study the bilingual phenomena or transcodic markers and linguistic structures which build the sociodiscursive representations of Latinidad. In the study of the sociodiscursive representations of Latinidad, we pick out the bilingual phenomena and linguistic structures which nuance the Latinidad discourse at sentence level. On the one hand, we study, the linguistic characteristics and the communicative functions of Spanish transcodic markers that are used in the monolingual American press. On the other hand, by using the theory of systemic functional grammar and its transitivity system, we observe the sociodiscursive representations present in the phenomena and linguistic elements that make up the sentence. Thanks to the ideational metafunction of language people can represent experiences and impressions of both their outside and inner world. Their impressions take shape through the linguistic elements of the sentence. This approach has enabled us to identify the tendency to divest the process of the verb of its essential characteristics. We find a desire to give concrete expression to abstract processes and to abstract concrete processes.

The subject matter pertaining to the socio-economic rights of prisoners, is a subject area that has been neglected by legal academics in Zambia. Therefore, it was only fitting to give this topic, the attention it deserves. When the topic at hand was elected, it was underlined by three assumptions. The first assumption being that in the Zambian legal system, the socio-economic rights of prisoners are not duly acknowledged, respected and promoted. The second assumption was that prisoners are ill-treated, such that their dignity is taken away by virtue of their confinement to a prison. The last assumption was that Zambia is not abiding by its international and regional minimum human rights law obligations, pertaining to detained persons. Consequently, the investigations described below were undertaken to prove the validity of these three assumptions. Firstly, reports of institution such as the Human Rights Commission and the Human Rights Watch, were employed to acquire a more in-depth understanding of the socio-economic conditions in prisons around Zambia. In their totality, the reports revealed that the majority of Zambian prisons are places where human rights violations manifest, due to the inhumane socio-economic conditions and treatment of prisoners. Secondly, a critical analysis of the provisions relevant to the socio-economic rights of prisoners in the Prisons Act1 and the Prison Rules2 and Zambian Constitution,3 was undertaken. The analysis, aimed at ascertaining the content of the law in so far as recognizing, protecting and realizing the socio-economic rights of prisoners, finds that neither of these pieces of legislation expressly recognize the rights in question. Consequently, the realization of these rights is dependant on general law which includes but is not limited to the Public Health Act,,sup>4 the National Health Services Act5 and the National Food and Nutrition Commission Act.6 Thirdly, the relevant provisions of both soft and hard international human rights law instruments including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR),7 the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR),8 the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR),9 the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (SMR),10 the Body of Principles for the Protection of all Persons Under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment,11 the Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners,12 the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR),13 the Kampala Declaration on Prison Conditions in Africa 14 and the Robben Island Guidelines15 were analyzed. The analysis of which the focal point is on whether Zambia is complying with the international minimum standards for the treatment of prisoners and prison conditions, leads to the finding that Zambia is in violation of numerous provisions in the aforementioned instruments and that the treatment of prisoners as well as IX the prison conditions in most prisons, falls short of international minimum standards. In summary, the various reports of a parastatal,16 the reports of NGO’s17 and the state party reports of Zambia18 to bodies of the United Nations and African Union, have rendered the abovementioned assumptions, actual facts. Put differently, the states’ failure to domesticate international human rights law, its inability to harmonize national laws and the judiciary’s failure to embrace its autonomy, are some of the factors that have resulted in a culture of undermining the value of the socio-economic rights of prisoners, which in turn impedes their realization. Copyright / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs in a sample of 12-year-old South African school children using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI), and to assess the relationship between malocclusion and certain socio-demographic variables. The sample comprised 6142, 12-year-old children attending school in seven of the nine provinces of South Africa. For each subject the standard demographic information such as gender, population group, location type and employment status of the parents were collected, after which an intra-oral examination for occlusal status using the DAI was performed. The results showed that 47.7 per cent of the children in the sample presented with good occlusion or minor malocclusion, just over 52.1 per cent presented with identifiable malocclusion, a DAI score larger than 26. Of these, 21.2 per cent had definite malocclusion, 14.12 per cent had severe malocclusion and 16.89 per cent had very severe or handicapping malocclusion. Malocclusion as defined in this study was found to be significantly associated with the different provinces, the different population groups in South Africa, gender and dentition stage, but not with the location type or the employment status of parents. The results of the individual variables showed that anterior maxillary and mandibular irregularity occurred in more than 50 per cent of the sample. More than 40 per cent of the children examined showed signs of crowding. Spacing in the incisal segments occurred in almost 28 per cent of the sample and maxillary midline diastema was present in 16.66 per cent of the sample. At the age of 12 years, Black children, showed a higher prevalence of maxillary midline diastema, larger than 2mm, than their White, Coloured and Asian counterparts. A maxillary midline diastema, larger than 2mm, was more prevalent in 12-year-old females than in males. Thirty one per cent of the sample had an increased overjet larger than 3mm and a severe overjet of 6mm or more occurred in only 2.18 per cent of the sample. More Black 12-year-old children presented with an edge-to-edge anterior relationship and significantly less Black children had an increased overjet. Mandibular overjet affected only 10.43 per cent of the sample and was more prevalent in the late mixed dentition stage than in the early permanent dentition stage. Anterior openbite occurred in 7.7 per cent of the sample and ranged from 1mm to 8mm. Almost 44 per cent of the sample had a antero-posterior molar relation discrepancy. The results of this study indicated a high prevalence of malocclusion in 12-year-old South African children. The findings provide reliable base-line data regarding the prevalence, distribution and severity of malocclusion as well as useful epidemiological data on the orthodontic treatment needs of 12-year-old children in selected rural and urban areas in South Africa. The inclusion of occlusal traits as part of the index provided an opportunity to assess several occlusal characteristics in 12-year-old South African children, separately. / Thesis (MChD (Orthodontics))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Orthodontics / unrestricted