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This dissertation, "Andean Spanish in Peru: Acquisition, Variation and Change in the Speech of Huancayo," focuses on the maintenance of Andean Spanish, a linguistic variety spoken on the Peruvian Andes, which is the result of centuries of interaction between Spanish and Quechua societies. The importance of my research lies in the awareness that global processes are changing and restructuring the ways in which Andean people, a historical marginalized social group in Peru, develop and construct a range of new global identities, while still preserving their local ones. Using a qualitative and quantitative approach, the analysis explores the effects of social factors upon language use and the maintenance or loss of Quechua features in the language and culture of the Andean city of Huancayo. / Spanish

This thesis proposes that by producing and existing within a translingual text, the ethnofeminist has found a way to subvert others' construction of her and redefine her identity. In particular, the ethnofeminist uses code switching to select and reinvent meaning from the language system of the dominant culture while maintaining the language system of the "marginal" group. In combining two (or more) language systems within a literature she has created her own language.

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The present thesis deals with the variation of prepositions na and v(e) in the contemporary Czech. On the basis of the previous literature it follows the distribution of these prepositions and their morpho-syntactical relations. The attention is focused on the description of linguistic collocations based on corpus-analysis of several nouns. Furthemore, the hypothesis for using the prepositions are outlined. The results of the analysis are used for the last part of the thesis - the sociolinguistic research. The aim of this thesis is to describe the distribution of the prepositions and point out some differences on some representative examples.

Leung, Ming Ming Grace. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 265-277). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

by Lee Siu Lun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 210-217). / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- Hong Kong's Linguistic Situation and Relevant Literature --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Languages in Hong Kong --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Functions of Languages in Hong Kong --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Status of English and Chinese --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- "Sociolinguistics, Sociology of Language and Ethnography of Speaking" --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- "Code switching, Code-mixing and Borrowing" --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Code --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Code switching and Code-mixing --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Borrowing --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4 --- Romanization --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5 --- The Hong Kong Case: Review of relevant Literature --- p.22 / Chapter 3. --- Research Design and Methodology --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1 --- Research Design --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2 --- Data Collection --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3 --- Sample --- p.35 / Chapter 3.4 --- Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Discussion on descriptive analysis --- p.38 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Discussion on ethnographic analysis --- p.39 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Discussion on statistical analysis --- p.39 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Discussion on implicational analysis --- p.39 / Chapter 4. --- A Description of Different Types of English Items Occurringin Cantonese Conversations --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1 --- Names (N) --- p.43 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Personal names --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Place names --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Brand names --- p.56 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- "Titles of songs, movies and books, etc" --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2 --- English alphabetical letters (EAL) --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3 --- English items with no Cantonese Equivalent (ENo) --- p.59 / Chapter 4.4 --- English items that appear in the wrong place (EWP) --- p.60 / Chapter 4.5 --- """Voluntary"" mixing (VM)" --- p.63 / Chapter 4.6 --- Code switching - intersentential mix (CS) --- p.65 / Chapter 5. --- The Conversational Functions of the Mixed Code: An Ethnographic Approach --- p.66 / Chapter 5.1 --- Quotation --- p.68 / Chapter 5.2 --- Addressee specification and topic change --- p.69 / Chapter 5.3 --- Interjection --- p.74 / Chapter 5.4 --- Reiteration --- p.74 / Chapter 5.5 --- Personification and objectivization --- p.77 / Chapter 5.6 --- Concluding remarks --- p.78 / Chapter 5.7 --- Limitation of the analysis --- p.80 / Chapter 6. --- Statistical Results --- p.82 / Chapter 6.1 --- Frequency of Occurrence - Descriptive statistics --- p.82 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- The database --- p.83 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- """Voluntary"" mixing" --- p.87 / Chapter 6.2 --- Testing for Independence --- p.88 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- The sample --- p.89 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Statistical tools --- p.89 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- """Voluntary"" mixing and code switching" --- p.90 / Chapter a. --- Setting --- p.90 / Chapter b. --- Genre --- p.93 / Chapter c. --- Topic --- p.94 / Chapter d. --- Participants --- p.96 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Concluding remarks --- p.97 / Chapter 6.3 --- Implicational Patterning --- p.98 / Chapter 6.4 --- Wave Model --- p.101 / Chapter 7. --- Summary and Conclusion --- p.107 / Chapter 8. --- Limitations and Future Research --- p.114 / Appendix 1: Notes on the History of Hong Kong --- p.117 / Appendix 2: Sample Questionnaire --- p.120 / Appendix 3: Sample Data - Bilingual newsheadline --- p.123 / Appendix 4: Database --- p.125 / Appendix 5: Romanization Systems --- p.207 / Appendix 6: Exceptions to the implicational scales --- p.208 / Bibliography --- p.210

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Nesta pesquisa, analisamos a variÃvel concordÃncia nominal de nÃmero entre os constituintes do sintagma nominal (SN) no falar da regiÃo do Cariri cearense à luz dos pressupostos teÃrico-metodolÃgicos da Teoria da VariaÃÃo e MudanÃa LinguÃstica (LABOV, WEINREICH, HERZOG, 2006; LABOV, 1978, l994; 2001; 2003). Nosso objetivo geral foi investigar em que medida os fatores linguÃsticos posiÃÃo dos elementos no sintagma, classe e posiÃÃo em relaÃÃo ao nÃcleo e à posiÃÃo nuclear; classe gramatical do sintagma nominal e processos morfofonolÃgicos de formaÃÃo de plural; tonicidade das sÃlabas dos itens lexicais singulares e marcas precedentes de plural no Ãmbito do sintagma nominal, e fatores extralingÃÃsticos, como sexo; anos de escolaridade e faixa etÃria condicionam o uso de concordÃncia nominal no falar dos municÃpios que formam a regiÃo CRAJUBAR â Crato, Juazeiro do Norte e Barbalha â na regiÃo do Cariri cearense. Para anÃlise quantitativa, coletamos 3304 dados de entrevistas realizadas com 24 informantes nesses trÃs municÃpios. As entrevistas estÃo presentes no corpus O PortuguÃs falado no Cearà do banco de dados do PROFALA . Os dados foram submetidos à anÃlise estatÃstica no programa GoldVarb X. No tocante aos nove grupos de fatores considerados inicialmente, seis grupos foram selecionados como significativos: posiÃÃo dos elementos no sintagma; classe e posiÃÃo em relaÃÃo ao nÃcleo e posiÃÃo nuclear; processos morfofonolÃgicos de formaÃÃo de plural; marcas precedentes de plural no Ãmbito do sintagma nominal; e os fatores extralingÃÃsticos: sexo e faixa etÃria.Quanto aos resultados obtidos, identificamos um alto Ãndice de marcaÃÃo, totalizando um percentual de 76,9 %. As mulheres apresentaram uma probabilidade de marcaÃÃo maior que a dos homens, e os informantes na faixa etÃria de 15 a 25 anos e a partir de 50 anos apresentaram Ãndices maiores que os dos informantes com faixa etÃria de 26 a 49 anos. / This work analyzes the nominal agreement of number between the constituents of the nominal phrase (NP) in Portuguese spoken in region of Cariri, in the state of CearÃ, Brazil, in light of the theoretical-methodological assumptions of the Theory of Variation and Linguistic Change (LABOV, WEINREICH, HERZOG, 2006; LABOV 1978, 1994, 2001). Its general objective is to investigate to what extent the linguistic factors position of the elements in the phrase, class and position in relation to nucleus and nuclear position; grammatical class of the nominal phrase and morpho-phonological processes of formation of plural; tonicity of the syllables of the singular lexical items and precedent marks of plural within the scope of the nominal phrase, and extralinguistic factors sex; years of schooling and age range condition the use of nominal agreement in the speech of the towns that make up the CRAJUBAR region â Crato, Juazeiro do Norte, and Barbalha â in the region of Cariri, in the south of CearÃ, Brazil. For quantitative analysis, it was collected 3304 data from interviews with 24 informants in these three towns. The interviews are present in the corpus PROFALA (The Portuguese spoken in CearÃ). The data were submitted to statistical analysis in the GoldVarb X program. For the nine groups of factors initially considered, six groups were selected as significant: position of the elements in the nominal phrase, class and position in relation to the nucleus and nuclear position; morpho-phonological processes of plural formation; precedent marks of plural in the scope of the nominal phrase and the extralinguistic factors; sex; and age group. Regarding the results obtained, it was identified a high marking index totaling a percentage of 76.9%. Women had a marking probability higher than men, and informants between the ages of 15 and 25 years and 50 years old presented rates higher than the informants with ages ranging from 26 to 49 years.

This language attitudes study used a matched guise technique to compare participant reactions of American-accented English to Japanese-accented English. Participants (n = 40) were college educated adults living in the Portland area who completed an online survey which measured characteristics related to Status, Solidarity, and Dynamism using semantic differential Likert scales. Results showed that while Japanese-accented English received less favorable ratings on the Status and Solidarity dimensions on a statistically significant level, the small effect size may have indicated that the differences were negligible. Interpreting the results from the data through the World Englishes Kachruvian paradigm, it is argued that English learners and users would benefit by focusing more on achieving intelligibility than on attaining perfect control of an idealized variety of English.