Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / Aedes aegypti is the main vector of the dengue virus, urban yellow fever and emerging arboviruses in Brazil as zika and chikungunya. The use of chemical pesticides is still the main control mechanism vector, their overuse has led to the emergence of resistant insects besides mammalian toxicity and the environment. Essential oils such as essential oil Sizygum aromaticum (OESA) is an alternative in control of Ae. aegypti.In this context , the aim of this study was to develop and characterize nanostructured systems from the use of PPG -5 CETETH -20 ( cetyl alcohol propoxylated 5 OP ethoxylate 20 EO) , water, sodium alginate and essential oil Sizygum aromaticum ( OESA ) with potential application in larvicide control of Ae. aegypti. The systems were obtained by phase diagram composed of water, oleic acid, PPG-5 CETETH-20 (OA)in the ratio 2: 1 and OESA, and characterized by techniques polarized light microscopy (MLP), Smallangle Xray scattering(SAXS) and rheological analysis.In this diagram, we chose a liquid crystalline phase precursor to polymer incorporation of sodium alginate, to increase the physical stability of the system. Were also made in water increases precursor and then characterized by such techniques. The larvicidal activity was evaluated from the determination of the median lethal concentration (LC50) against Ae. aegypti. According to the results the main constituent of OESA was eugenol (76.75 %), oil yield was 3.66% (w / v) and density of 1,04g / ml. We observed four distinct regions of the diagram, liquid crystal (LC) emulsion (ME), microemulsion (ME) and phase separation. Through the images of MLP was observed isotropic systems as (MEs) and anisotropic systems as lamellar CLs.The SAXS measurements confirmed the structures visualized by MLP, showing broad peaks of low intensity for MEs, phase transition and the ratio between CL lamellar peaks of 1: 2: 3. The study showed that the rheological properties of the systems and MEs phase transition are Newtonians and LCs are non-Newtonian. With the aqueous phase the increased phase precursor showed a greater degree of structuring, becoming lamellar liquid crystalline systems. Confirmed through the MLP techniques to display "Maltese crosses '' SAXS with ratios of 1: 2: 3 and rheological analysis with an increase in storage modulus. After incorporating polymer, systems are presented anisotropic with lamellar system characteristics and hexagonal system having more than one set of lamellae observed in the MLP and confirmed by SAXS measurements, which showed ratios of 1: 2: 3 to lamellar CL and 1: 1.73: 2: 2.64 hexagonal CL. In rheological analysis showed an increase in independent storage modulus of the characteristic frequency of structured systems.For the larvicidal activity, A2 and F8 samples showed LC50 8.14 and 3.37 ppm, respectively, indicating the presence of the polymer contributed to a better larvicidal activity. Thereby, it can be concluded that there were obtained phase precusores with a potential use against Ae. aegypti larvae. / Aedes aegypti é o principal vetor dos vírus da dengue, febre amarela urbana e arboviroses emergentes no Brasil, como chikungunya e zika. O uso de inseticidas químicos ainda é o principal mecanismo de controle do vetor, seu uso indiscriminado tem provocado o surgimento de insetos resistentes além da toxicidade aos mamíferos e ao meio ambiente. Os óleos essenciais tais como o óleo essencial de Sizygum aromaticum (OESA) surge como alternativa no controle do Ae. aegypti. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar sistemas nanoestruturados a partir da utilização de PPG-5 CETETH-20 (Álcool cetílico propoxilado 5 OP etoxilado 20 OE), água, alginato de sódio e óleo essencial de Sizygum aromaticum (OESA) com potencial aplicação no controle larvicida do Ae. aegypti. Primeiramente, foi feita a extração e a caracterização do OESA. Os sistemas foram obtidos através da construção do diagrama de fases composto por água, PPG-5 CETETH-20: ácido oléico (AO) na proporção 2:1 e OESA, e caracterizados através das técnicas de microscopia de luz polarizada (MLP), espalhamento de raios X a baixo ângulo (SAXS) e análise reológica. Neste diagrama optou-se por um precursor de fase líquido cristalina para incorporação do polímero alginato de sódio, a fim de aumentar a resistência do sistema ao intumescimento. Também foram feitos acréscimos de água no precursor e em seguida caracterizados pelas técnicas citadas. A atividade larvicida foi avaliada a partir da determinação da concentração letal média (CL50) contra as larvas do Ae. aegypti. De acordo com os resultados obtidos o principal constituinte do OESA foi o eugenol (76,75%), o rendimento do óleo foi de 3,66% (p /v) e densidade de 1,04 g/mL. Foram observadas quatro regiões distintas no diagrama, cristal líquido (CL), emulsão (EM), microemulsão (ME) e separação de fases. Através das imagens de MLP foi possível observar sistemas isotrópicos como MEs e sistemas anisotrópicos como CLs lamelares. As medidas de SAXS confirmaram as estruturas visualizadas por MLP, exibindo picos largos e de baixa intensidade para MEs, transição de fase e razão entre os picos de CL lamelar de 1: 2: 3. O estudo das propriedades reológicas demonstrou que os sistemas MEs e transição de fase são newtonianos e os CLs são não-newtonianos. Com o aumento de fase aquosa o precursor de fase apresentou um maior grau de estruturação, transformando-se em sistemas líquidos cristalinos lamelares. Confirmado através das técnicas de MLP com a visualização de “cruzes de malta‟‟, SAXS com razões de 1: 2: 3 e análise reológica apresentando um aumento no módulo de armazenamento. Após a incorporação do polímero, os sistemas apresentaram-se anisotrópicos com mistura de fases, possuindo características de sistema Lamelar e sistema hexagonal, observados na MLP e confirmados pelas medidas de SAXS, onde apresentaram razões de 1: 2: 3 e 1: 1,73: 2: 2,64 característicos de CL lamelares e hexagonais. Através da análise reológica foi possível observar um aumento no módulo de armazenamento independente da freqüência, característico de sistemas estruturados. Para a atividade larvicida, as amostras A2 e F8 demonstraram CL50 de 8,14 e 3,37 ppm, respectivamente, indicando que a presença do polímero contribuiu para uma maior atividade larvicida. Desse modo,pode-se concluir que foram obtidos precursores de fase com potencial uso contra as larvas de Ae. aegypti.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / With the purpose to develop environmentally appropriate materials, scales of the Piau fish and sodium alginate were used as precursor materials for the preparation of new ecomaterials which were used in the removal of the herbicide Paraquat and ions Co(II) and Cu(II). The hybrid material obtained from the reaction between the polysaccharide and scales was designated as ALG/ESC, and the hybrid ALG/ESC-CaCl2 was obtained from the crosslinking of the ALG/ESC with calcium chloride. The materials were characterized by FTIR, TG, SEM, XRD and determination of the point of zero charge (PZC). Changes in the peak observed in the FTIR spectrum of the ALG/ESC confirmed the existence of chemical interactions between Ca(II) of the hydroxyapatite present in fish scales, and the carboxylate groups of the sodium alginate. In the spectrum of ALG/ESC-CaCl2, bands were observed to be considerably narrower, due to crosslinking with the Ca(II) ions and tension of the carboxylate group that increases to accommodate the coordination structure around the Ca(II). It was observed an increase in sample thermal stability of the ALG/ESC-CaCl2 when compared to ALG/ESC, indicating the formation of the "egg box" structure. The SEM micrographs exhibited the presence of hydroxyapatite crystals on the surface of the ALG/ESC, and a homogeneous surface on the ALG/ESC-CaCl2 beads. Comparison between the X-ray diffraction profiles of the precursors (pure scales, ESC, and pure alginate, ALG) and those of the ALG/ESC and ALG/ESC-CaCl2 indicated that changes occurred due to incorporation of the hydroxyapatite structure in the alginate. From the PZC values of the materials, it was suggested that, in a general way, the interactions were controlled by electrostatic attractions between negatively charged surface groups and the cationic paraquat, or free Co(II) and Cu(II) ions, that are present in the solution, or between species of cobalt and copper in their anionic form and the surface groups that presented themselves as positively charged in the investigated pH range. From adsorption experiments carried out using the technique of batch with samples of solutions of the herbicide Paraquat and salts of copper and cobalt, the amount of adsorbed species per gram of adsorbent, Nf was determined. The values of Nf showed the highest affinity of the hybrid ALG/ESC-CaCl2 for the herbicide and the Co(II) and Co(II) ions. The adsorption rates were evaluated using the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. It was found that the data did present a good fit to the traditional intraparticle diffusion model. The data obtained from this model suggested that processes, other than simple intraparticle diffusion, may be occurring simultaneously. / Buscando desenvolver materiais ambientalmente adequados, foram utilizadas escamas do peixe Piau e Alginato de Sódio como materiais precursores para preparação de novos ecomateriais que foram utilizados na remoção do herbicida Paraquat e de íons Co(II) e Cu(II). O material híbrido obtido da reação entre o polissacarídeo e as escamas foi designado como ALG/ESC, sendo o híbrido ALG/ESC-CaCl2 obtido a partir da reticulação do ALG/ESC com Cloreto de Cálcio. Os materiais foram caracterizados por FTIR, TG, MEV, DRX e determinação do ponto de carga zero (PCZ). No espectro de FTIR do ALG/ESC deslocamentos de picos para regiões de maiores comprimentos de onda indicaram a existência da interação química entre íons Ca(II) da hidroxiapatita, presentes na escama de peixe, e os grupos carboxilato do Alginato de Sódio. No espectro do ALG/ESC-CaCl2 foram observadas bandas consideravelmente mais estreitas, devido à ligação cruzada com os íons Ca(II) e pela tensão do grupo carboxilato que aumenta para acomodar a estrutura de coordenação em torno do Ca(II). O material ALG/ESC-CaCl2, quando comparado com o ALG/ESC, apresentou-se mais estável termicamente, indicando a formação da estrutura caixa de ovos . As micrografias evidenciaram a presença de cristais de hidroxiapatita na superfície das esferas de ALG/ESC, e uma superfície homogênea nas esferas ALG/ESC-CaCl2. Foram observadas mudanças nos padrões de difração de raios X, quando comparados aos dos precursores (escamas puras, ESC, e Alginato puro, ALG) que ocorreram devido à incorporação da hidroxiapatita na estrutura do Alginato. A partir dos valores do PCZ dos materiais sugeriu-se que, de um modo geral, as interações ocorrem através de atrações eletrostáticas entre grupos superficiais carregados negativamente e o Paraquat catiônico, ou íons Co(II) e Cu(II) livres que se encontram presentes na solução ou ainda entre espécies de cobalto e cobre na sua forma aniônica e os grupos superficiais que apresentavam-se carregados positivamente na faixa de pH investigada. Através de experimentos de adsorção realizados usando a técnica de batelada com amostras de soluções do herbicida Paraquat e de sais de cobre e cobalto, determinou-se a quantidade de espécie adsorvida por grama de adsorvente, Nf. Os valores de Nf indicaram que o híbrido ALG/ESC-CaCl2 apresentou maior afinidade pelo herbicida e pelos íons Co(II) e Co(II). As taxas de adsorção foram investigadas através dos modelos de pseudo-primeira-ordem, pseudo-segunda-ordem e de difusão intrapartícula. Verificou-se que os dados obtidos não se ajustaram aos modelos cinéticos de pseudo-primeira-ordem e pseudo-segunda-ordem, com exceção dos dados referentes à interação entre os íons Cu(II) e as esferas ALG/ESC-CaCl2. O modelo de difusão intrapartícula ofereceu uma boa correlação. Os dados obtidos através deste modelo sugeriram que os processos de interação são controlados não apenas por difusão intrapartícula, mas também outros processos ocorrem concomitantemente.

Avaliou-se o efeito de tratamentos químicos, revestimentos comestíveis e irradiação na conservação de mamões processados minimamente. Após seleção, lavagem e sanitização, os mamões foram descascados e cortados em meias rodelas, as quais foram submetidas a diferentes tratamentos, embaladas e armazenadas a 5±1°C e 90±2%UR. Os mamões PM foram avaliados após 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 dias. As análises microbiológicas foram fundamentadas na quantificação de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, bactérias psicrotróficas, bolores e leveduras, assim como na verificação da presença de Salmonella. As avaliações físico-químicas basearam-se na determinação da concentração de CO2 no interior das embalagens, perda de massa, cor, firmeza, sólidos solúv eis, acidez titulável, ratio e pH. As características sensoriais aparência, aroma, sabor e textura foram avaliad as por meio de testes com escala hedônica. No primeiro experimento os tratamentos foram: controle, aldeído cinâmico a 0,1%, cloreto de cálcio a 0,75% e combinação de aldeído cinâmico a 0,1% com cloreto de cálcio a 0,75%. O uso de tratamentos químicos em mamões PM resultou em: maior controle de coliformes totais para os mamões PM tratados com aldeído cinâmico e com a combinação de aldeído cinâmico e cloreto de cálcio; menor concentração de CO2 e maior manutenção da firmeza para mamões PM tratados com a combinação de aldeído cinâmico e cloreto de cálcio; e maior concentração de CO2 para os mamões PM tratados apenas com aldeído cinâmico. A imersão nos tratamentos químicos resultou em maior descoloração da polpa dos mamões PM e redução do teor de sólidos solúveis ao longo do armazenamento. No segundo experimento foram utilizados os tr atamentos: controle, amido de arroz a 3%, alginato de sódio a 0,5% e carboximetilcelulose a 0,25%. O uso desses três tipos de revestimento resultou em maior controle de coliformes totais do que o observado no controle. Mamões PM revestidos com amido de arroz e carboximetilcelulose apresentaram redução e aumento da concentração de CO2, respectivamente. Os mamões PM revestidos apresentaram menores teores de sólidos solúveis e seus valores de pH se tornaram menores após 9 dias de armazenamento refrigerado. O r evestimento com carboximetilcelulose proporcionou maior firmeza da polpa no 15° dia. No terceiro experimento foram utilizados os tratamentos: controle, radiação nas doses de 2kGy e 4kGy. O uso de radiação gama em mamões PM resultou em: maior controle de coliformes totais; menor concentração de CO2 nos mamões PM tratados com 2kGy; maior concentração de CO2 e maior descoloração da polpa nos mamões PM tratados com 4kGy; redução da firmeza nos mamões PM tratados com 2kGy e 4kGy; ligeira redução do teor de sólidos solúveis e pequenas variações da acidez titulável em todos os tratamentos. As características sensoriais dos mamões PM tratados com radiação gama não diferiram significativamente do controle durante os 15 dias de armazenamento / The effect of chemical treatments, edible coatings , and irradiation on fresh-cut papaya conservation was evaluated. After selection, washing, and sanitation the papayas were peeled and cut into half slices, which were submitted to different treatments, packed, and stored at 5±1°C and 90±2%RU. The fresh-cut papayas were evaluated after 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days. The microbiological analyses were based on the count of total coliform, thermotolerant and psychrotrophic bacteria, molds and yeasts, as well as on the presence of Salmonella. The physicochemical evaluations were based on the determination of CO2 concentration inside the package, weight loss, color, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, ratio, and pH. The sensory characteristics appearance, aroma, flavor, and texture were evaluated using a hedonic scale. In the first experiment, the treatments tested we re: control, cinnamic aldehyde 0.1%, calcium chloride 0.75%, and the combination of cinnamic aldehyde 0.1% and calcium chloride 0.75%. Using chemical treatments to preserve fresh cut papaya resulted in: higher control of total coliforms in fresh-cut papayas treated with cinnamic aldehyde and with the combination of cinnamic aldehyde and calcium chloride; lower CO2 concentration and increased maintenance of firmness in freshcut papayas treated with the combination of cinnamic aldehyde and calcium chloride; and increased in the CO2 concentration in fresh-cut papayas treated only with cinnamic aldehyde. Immersion in chemical treatments caused higher pulp discoloration and reduction in solu ble solids during storage. In the second experiment, the treatments tested were: control, rice starch 3%, sodium alginate 0.5%, and carboxymethylcellulose 0.25%. The use of these three coatings resulted in higher control of total coliforms compared to the control treatment. The fresh-cut papayas coated with rice starch and carboxymethylcellulose presented reduction and increase in the CO2 concentration, respectively. Coated fresh-cut papayas presented lower soluble solids and pH values were lower after 9 days of cold storage. Carboxymethylcellulose coating increased firmness maintenance at day 15. In the third experiment, the following treatments were used: control, radiation at the doses of 2kGy and 4kGy. The use of Gamma radiation in fresh-cut papaya resulted in: higher control of total coliforms; lower CO2 concentration in fresh-cut treated with 2kGy; increased CO2 concentration and increased pulp discoloration in fresh-cut papayas treated with 4kGy; reduction in firmness in fresh-cut papayas treated with 2kGy and 4kGy; slight reduction in soluble solids and small changes in titratable acidity in all treatments. The sensory characteristics of fresh-cut papayas treated with gamma radiation did not significantly differ from the control during the 15 days of storage

This thesis deals with optimization of MRI measuring of phantoms containing the chicken embryo. The theoretical part of thesis is dedicated to the MRI fundamentals and description of pulse sequences. In the next part the options of keeping and monitoring the temperature are being discussed. The thesis also deals with design and realization of phantoms which are used for measuring. A browser of images captured by MRI was programmed in Matlab environment. The program allows users to look through the images with different settings of pulses sequences or kind of phantom. The final part of thesis describes the anatomical structures of chicken embryo and discussion of collected results.

Syftet med detta masterprojekt var att undersöka möjligheten att använda biobaserat, mjukgjort natriumalginat (NaAlg) som enzymbärare. Alginaterna görs traditionellt bearbetbara genom att tillsätta olika mjukgörare, såsom polyoler (glycerol, sorbitol, etc.), i detta arbete användes glycerol. Den experimentella aspekten av projektet involverade beredning i laboratorieskala av prover, som omfattade blandning, varmpressning, potentiell behandling med nedsänkning i kalciumbad och efterföljande torkning. Förlusten av kemikalier under bearbetningen kvantifierades med hjälp av termogravimetrisk analys (TGA) och ultraviolett-synlig spektroskopi (UV-Vis). De preparerade bearbetade proverna karakteriserades genom extraktionsexperiment. Under den första halvan av projektet undersöktes färgämnesladdningen av proverna för enkelhets skull. Senare byttes den laddade föreningen ut mot enzymer. UV-Vis-mätningar användes i båda fallen för att effektivt karakterisera proverna. De initialt preparerade mjukgjorda natriumalginatproverna var för känsliga och löstes lätt i vatten. Följaktligen utfördes experiment för att förbättra stabiliteten hos matrisen till en tillräcklig nivå genom jonbyte av natriumjoner till kalciumjoner. Denna process förbättrade avsevärt vattenstabiliteten hos proverna. Av resultaten verkar det som om frisättningen av den laddade föreningen kan kontrolleras genom jonbytesbehandlingen. När väl förbättrad vattenstabilitet hos matrisen upptäcktes, undersöktes effekten av mjukningsmedlet genom att ändra blandningsförhållandet för glycerol. Det visade sig att nivån av glycerol i provet är omvänt proportionell mot den laddade föreningens återhållbarhet. De enzymladdade proverna implementerades först med användning av lipasenzymer på grund av att de var lättillgängliga i laboratoriet. Inom kort visade det sig att analysen för att kvantifiera lipasaktivitet utförs i 2-metyl-2-butanol (2M2B), vilket inte orsakade någon svullnad i proverna som observerats tidigare. Därför byttes det laddade enzymet till Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP). Det visade sig att HRP-laddade prover hade aktivitet efter bearbetning. De vattenstabiliserade HRP-laddade proverna hade mätbar aktivitet under fyra timmars exponering för analysen. Förutom enzymatisk analys övervakades frisättningsprofilen för protein också med användning av Bradford-analysen. Man såg att efter en initial måttlig frisättning av enzymerna, planade frisättningen ut och upphörde efter fyra timmar. Resultaten av Bradford-analysen överensstämde med de enzymatiska aktivitetsmätningarna. Det bör noteras att den ursprungliga formuleringen av projektet var starkt baserad på en nyligen utvecklad bearbetningsmetod, extrudering för alginatkompositer. Tyvärr gjordes inga tester med extrudering på grund av tekniska svårigheter med instrumentet. / The aim of this master project was to investigate the possibility to use bio-based, plasticized sodium alginate (NaAlg) as enzyme carrier. The alginates are traditionally made processable by adding various plasticizers, such as polyols (glycerol, sorbitol, etc.), in this work glycerol was used. The experimental aspect of the project involved the lab-scale preparation of samples, which encompassed compounding, hot pressing, potential treatment with a calcium bath immersion, and subsequent drying. The loss of chemicals during processing was quantified using Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The prepared processed samples were characterized by extraction experiments. In the first half of the project, the colorant loading of the samples was investigated for simplicity. Later the loaded compound was exchanged for enzymes. UV-Vis measurements were employed in both cases to characterize the samples effectively. The initially prepared plasticized sodium alginate samples were too sensitive and readily dissolved in water. Consequently, experiments were performed to improve the stability of the matrix to a sufficient level by ion exchange of sodium ions to calcium ions. This process significantly improved the water stability of the samples. From the results, it seems the release of the loaded compound can be controlled by the ion exchange treatment. Once enhanced water stability of the matrix was found, the effect of the plasticizer was investigated by changing the mixing ratio of glycerol. It was found that the level of glycerol in the sample is inversely proportional to the restrainability of the loaded compound. The enzyme loaded samples first were implemented by the use of lipase enzymes due to being readily available in the laboratory. Shortly, it was found that the assay to quantify lipase activity is performed in 2-methyl-2-butanol (2M2B), which did not cause any swelling in the samples as observed before. Therefore, the loaded enzyme was switched to Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP). It was found that HRP loaded samples possessed activity after processing. The water stabilized HRP loaded samples possessed measurable activity over four hours of exposure to the assay. In addition to enzymatic assay, the release profile of protein was also monitored using Bradford assay. It was seen that after an initial moderate release of the enzymes, the release leveled off and stopped after four hours. The results of the Bradford assay aligned with the enzymatic activity measurements. It should be noted, that the original formulation of the project was heavily based on arecently developed processing method, extrusion for alginate composites. Unfortunately,no tests were performed with extrusion due to technical difficulties with the instrument.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:36:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isabella Tereza Ferro Barbosa.pdf: 1500669 bytes, checksum: 82ebaab9bd4deeb9abb1fde076f7951a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-03 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The use of hydrogels combined with various additives in tissue regeneration and wound scarring, injuries and burnings has been an option in treatments of difficult scarring, infected-bleeding wounds, burnings and other diseases whose treatments, moist and sterilized resources are required. The hydrogels based on poly (N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) are membranes that form an effective barrier over the wound. It protects against the intrusion of external bacteria. It allows the passage in and out of oxygen and medicaments, since they are permeable to them. Pseudobohemite obtained by the sol-gel process are nanoparticles that present a highly superficial area, with expressive characteristic of bleeding absorption. They can adsorb large concentrations of medicaments released gradually in a site containing large amount of water, as it is the case of hydrogel membranes. The therapeutical attributes of hydrogel membranes are highly influenced by the presented concentration of water, about 85 to 90%, which determines the useful life and mechanical attributes of the product. Hydrogel based on PVP presents poor mechanical properties, which makes more difficult the handling of larger curatives. The objective of the study in obtaining hydrogel, based on PVP containing sodium alginate and nanoparticles of pseudobohemite obtained by sol-gel process consists in getting membranes with better mechanical properties and possible to incorporate suitable drugs to each kind of injures. In this study, were obtained and characterized membranes PVP based hydrogels (10%) containing sodium alginate nanoparticles pseudoboehmite concentrations of 1% and 3% respectively. The membranes were obtained by ionizing radiation dose of 25 kGy. The characterization of the membranes was performed by means of tensile tests and the physical-chemical gel fraction / fraction of the sun, swelling, dehydration isotherm is a function of time and thermal analysis. The results showed that the membranes of PVP containing sodium alginate showed higher degree of crosslinking (gel fraction higher), greater strength, greater degree of dehydration as a function of time and gel fraction higher water absorption compared to traditional membranes, only based PVP. / O uso de hidrogéis combinados com diversos aditivos na regeneração de tecidos e cicatrizações em ferimentos, lesões e queimaduras vem sendo uma opção em tratamentos de difícil cicatrização, em ferimentos infeccionados com exsudação e outras enfermidades cujos tratamentos necessitam de meios úmidos e estéreis. Os hidrogéis a base de poli (N-vinil-2- pirrolidona) são membranas que formam uma barreira efetiva no ferimento, contra a intrusão de bactérias externas, embora permitam a passagem de oxigênio e de medicamentos, por serem permeáveis a eles. Pseudoboemitas obtidas pelo processo sol-gel são nanopartículas que apresentam uma alta área superficial, além de apresentar expressivas propriedades de absorção do exsudado, podem adsorver grande concentração de medicamentos e estes são liberados gradativamente em um meio contendo grande quantidade de água como é o caso das membranas de hidrogéis. As propriedades terapêuticas das membranas de hidrogel são altamente influenciadas pela concentração de água presente, que deve ser ao redor de 85 a 90%, a qual determina a vida útil e as propriedades mecânicas do produto. Os hidrogéis produzidos somente a base de PVP apresentam propriedades mecânicas pobres o que dificulta o manuseio de curativos com maiores dimensões. O interesse do estudo da obtenção de hidrogéis a base de PVP contendo alginato de sódio e nanocarga de pseudoboemita obtida pelo processo sol-gel consiste em obter membranas com melhores propriedades mecânicas e com a possibilidade de incorporação de fármacos adequados a cada tipo de lesão. Neste trabalho foram obtidas e caracterizadas membranas de hidrogéis a base de PVP (10%) contendo alginato de sódio e nanocarga de pseudoboemita nas concentrações de 1% e 3%, respectivamente. As membranas foram obtidas por radiação ionizante com dose de 25 kGy. A caracterização das membranas foi realizada por meio de ensaios mecânicos de tração e ensaios físico-químicos de fração gel/fração sol, intumescimento, desidratação isotérmica em função do tempo e análises térmicas. Os resultados mostraram que as membranas de PVP contendo alginato de sódio apresentaram maior grau de reticulação (maior fração gel), maior resistência mecânica, maior grau de desidratação em função do tempo fração gel e maior absorção de água em relação às membranas tradicionais, somente a base de PVP.

Parmi les différentes méthodes de lutte contre les microorganismes pathogènes et/ou altérants en agroalimentaire, l’utilisation de bactéries lactiques (LAB) bioprotectrices s'avère être un outil prometteur pour la préservation des aliments. Ce travail de thèse collaboratif, entre l'équipe PAPC (AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne) et le laboratoire BioDyMIA (Université Lyon1-Isara Lyon), concerne l'étude de systèmes bioprotecteurs immobilisant des cellules entières de LAB dans une matrice polymérique d'alginate de sodium et de caséinate de sodium pour une activité ciblée contre Listeria spp. Dans un premier temps, la méthodologie mise en œuvre a consisté à sélectionner des souches de LAB bioprotectrices sur la base de leur activité antimicrobienne évaluée par la méthode de diffusion en milieu gélosé contre trois souches de Listeria spp. Quatre souches sur 19 ont ainsi été sélectionnées. Une caractérisation partielle des métabolites antimicrobiens produits par ces 4 souches a ensuite été réalisée en appliquant des traitements thermiques et enzymatiques aux surnageants de culture correspondants pour évaluer si ces traitements altéraient l’activité des métabolites antimicrobiens présents. Une purification et une identification partielle des actifs antimicrobiens de nature peptidique ont été réalisées uniquement pour la souche d'intérêt principale : Lactococcus lactis LAB3. Dans un second temps, une formulation de la matrice polymérique d’immobilisation des LAB sélectionnées a été choisie en réalisant le diagramme de phases du système aqueux alginate de sodium/caséinate de sodium : 1,5 % (m/m) d'alginate de sodium / 4 % (m/m) de caséinate de sodium / 20 % (m/m) bouillon MRS. Cette formulation a permis d'obtenir une matrice composée d’une phase continue riche en alginate et d’une phase dispersée riche en caséinate dans laquelle les cellules de LAB se localisent préférentiellement d’après les observations en microscopie de fluorescence confocale à balayage laser. Suite à l'inclusion des cellules de LAB dans ces matrices liquides et gélifiées d'alginate seul et d'alginate/caséinate, leur cultivabilité et leur activité anti-Listeria ont été suivies à 30°C pendant 12 jours. Ceci a révélé que la cultivabilité et l’activité antimicrobienne des cellules de LAB se maintiennent à des niveaux plus élevés dans les matrices d'alginate/caséinate que dans celles uniquement à base d’alginate. Ces matrices à base d’alginate et de caséinate apparaissent donc comme un système prometteur pour l'immobilisation de LAB bioprotectrices. Leur intérêt pour l’inclusion de LAB a pu être corrélé à leur viabilité et à la structure composite de cette matrice à base de protéines qui favoriserait la production et la libération des métabolites antimicrobiens / Among the various methods to control foodborne pathogenic and/or food spoilage microorganisms in food chain, bioprotective lactic acid bacteria (LAB) appear to be promising tools for food biopreservation. This collaborative study, between PAPC (Agrosup Dijon, University of Burgundy) and BioDyMIA (University Lyon1-Lyon Isara) laboratories, concerned the development of sodium alginate/sodium caseinate polymeric matrices intended to entrap LAB cells selected for their anti-Listeria spp. activity. First, 4 LAB strains from 19 LAB strains were selected for their anti-Listeria spp. activity: this screening was performed by the method of agar diffusion against three Listeria spp strains. Then, antimicrobial metabolites produced by the selected LAB strains were partially characterized by assessing the effect of various thermal and enzymatic treatments on the anti-Listeria spp. activity of their culture supernatants. A partial purification and identification of antimicrobial active peptides produced by the main strain of interest (Lactococcus lactis LAB3) was also performed. A composition of the polymer matrix has been selected by performing the phase diagram of sodium alginate/sodium caseinate system: 1.5% (w/w) sodium alginate / 4% (w/w) of caseinate sodium / 20% (w/w) MRS broth. This formulation provides a rich alginate continuous phase and a rich caseinate dispersed phase in which LAB cells localize according to the study by confocal microscopy. LAB cells were immobilized in liquid and gelled matrices of alginate and alginate/caseinate. Culturability and anti-Listeria activities were measured during a storage at 30°C for 12 days. The alginate/caseinate matrices were more effective in better maintaining LAB cells cultivability and their antimicrobial activity than alginate matrix. This effectiveness seemed correlated with cell viability and the dispersion-like structure of the protein-based system which enhance production and release of antimicrobial metabolites. Thus, this type of polymeric matrix appeared as a promising immobilization system of bioprotective LAB

The physicochemical properties of tuna protein hydrolysates were enhanced by interaction with sodium alginate. The increase in emulsifying capacity and stability was from 50 to 150 m² g⁻¹ and from 36 to 49 min, respectively. The increase in foaming capacity and stability was from 100% to 140% and from 65% to 70%, respectively. The reason for the increased physicochemical properties was the reduced zeta potential level of tuna protein hydrolysates after interaction with sodium alginate. The change in internal structure of tuna protein hydrolysates after interaction with sodium alginate was determined by SEM and FTIR. The SEM results showed that a net cross-linking structure was formed from a sheet structure after the tuna protein hydrolysates interacted with sodium alginate. FTIR demonstrated that parts of the β-sheet of tuna protein hydrolysates were changed into an irregular coiled structure or α-helix after interaction with sodium alginate. In order to understand the interacted complex better, the rheological properties of interacted tuna protein hydrolysates with sodium alginate were further determined. In this study, the one-step was developed, easy-to-operate and cost-effective process that can further add value to tuna protein hydrolysates derived from tuna processing by-products.

Membrane filtration processes are widely utilized across different industrial sectors for biological and environmental separations. Examples of the former are sterile filtration and protein fractionation via microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) while drinking water treatment, tertiary treatment of wastewater, water reuse and desalination via MF, UF, nanofiltration (NF) and reverse-osmosis (RO) are examples of the latter. A common misconception is that the performance of membrane separation is solely dependent on the membrane pore size, whereas a multitude of parameters including solution conditions, solute concentration, presence of specific ions, hydrodynamic conditions, membrane structure and surface properties can significantly influence the separation performance and the membrane’s fouling propensity. The conventional approach for studying filtration performance is to use a single lab- or pilot-scale module and perform numerous experiments in a sequential manner which is both time-consuming and requires large amounts of material. Alternatively, high-throughput (HT) techniques, defined as the miniaturized version of conventional unit operations which allow for multiple experiments to be run in parallel and require a small amount of sample, can be employed. There is a growing interest in the use of HT techniques to speed up the testing and optimization of membrane-based separations. In this work, different HT screening approaches are developed and utilized for the evaluation and optimization of filtration performance using flat-sheet and hollow-fiber (HF) membranes used in biological and environmental separations. The effects of various process factors were evaluated on the separation of different biomolecules by combining a HT filtration method using flat-sheet UF membranes and design-of-experiments methods. Additionally, a novel HT platform was introduced for multi-modal (constant transmembrane pressure vs. constant flux) testing of flat-sheet membranes used in bio-separations. Furthermore, the first-ever HT modules for parallel testing of HF membranes were developed for rapid fouling tests as well as extended filtration evaluation experiments. The usefulness of the modules was demonstrated by evaluating the filtration performance of different foulants under various operating conditions as well as running surface modification experiments. The techniques described herein can be employed for rapid determination of the optimal combination of conditions that result in the best filtration performance for different membrane separation applications and thus eliminate the need to perform numerous conventional lab-scale tests. Overall, more than 250 filtration tests and 350 hydraulic permeability measurements were performed and analyzed using the HT platforms developed in this thesis. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Membrane filtration is widely used as a key separation process in different industries. For example, microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) are used for sterilization and purification of bio-products. Furthermore, MF, UF and reverse-osmosis (RO) are used for drinking water and wastewater treatment. A common misconception is that membrane filtration is a process solely based on the pore size of the membrane whereas numerous factors can significantly affect the performance. Conventionally, a large number of lab- or full-scale experiments are performed to find the optimum operating conditions for each filtration process. High-throughput (HT) techniques are powerful methods to accelerate the pace of process optimization—they allow for multiple experiments to be run in parallel and require smaller amounts of sample. This thesis focuses on the development of different HT techniques that require a minimal amount of sample for parallel testing and optimization of membrane filtration processes with applications in environmental and biological separations. The introduced techniques can reduce the amount of sample used in each test between 10-50 times and accelerate process development and optimization by running parallel tests.