Master thesis describes a single-purpose machine design, that is used for testing a basic features of proportional solenoid. The design is created in cooperation with company NUVIA a.s. and contains mechanical solution that is processed in respect with ergonomic requirements, safety and overall costs. Machine concept is affected by customer requirements, whose name, as well as real parameters of the product will not be published, because of non-disclosure agreement.

This paper summarizes and extends the modeling state of the art of magnetostrictive energy harvesters with a focus on the pick-up coil design. The harvester is a one-sided clamped galfenol unimorph loaded with two brass pieces each containing a permanent magnet to create a biased magnetic field. Measurements on different pick-up coils were conducted and compared with results from an analytic model. Resistance, mass and inductance were formulated and proved by measurements. Both the length for a constant number of turns and the number of turns for a constant coil length were also modeled and varied. The results confirm that the output voltage depends on the coil length for a constant number of turns and is higher for smaller coils. In contrast to a uniform magnetic field, the maximal output voltage is gained if the coil is placed not directly at but near the fixation. Two effects explain this behavior: Due to the permanent magnet next to the fixation, the magnetic force is higher and orientates the magnetic domains stronger. The clamping locally increases the stress and forces the magnetic domains to orientate, too. For that reason the material is stiffer and therefore the strain smaller. The tradeoff between a higher induced voltage in the coil and an increasing inductance and resistance for every additional turn are presented together with an experimental validation of the models. Based on the results guidelines are given to design an optimal coil which maximizes the output power for a given unimorph.

Bedbugs are insects which exclusively feed on the blood of humans and other large animals. Bedbug infestations are a growing problem in modern society and some of the current solutions involve humans acting as bait to lure the bedbugs out of their nests. Research indicates that bedbugs are attracted to, among other things, the increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) that humans emit. This project aimed to create a machine that was able to simulate human breathing to a point where it could be used as a human substitute to a human during treatment for bedbug infestations. The prototype was based on diaphragmatic breathing and a pump mechanism was built which breathes air in and out. The machine’s purpose was to manipulate the air by adding a specific amount of CO2 and humidity. To control the levels of CO2 and humidity, a control system was designed. The system was tested with the goal of being able to maintain a specified level of CO2 and humidity over a longer period of time. Tests found that CO2-levels were possible to regulate with relative ease, however the chosen components for the humidity-system was found to not be effective in regards of rapidly increasing the humidity to the levels that can be found in human exhaled air. / Vägglöss är en insekt som exklusivt livnär sig på blod från djur och människor. Vägglössangrepp är ett växande problem i samhället och vissa nuvarande lösningar involverar att en människa agerar lockbete för att locka ut vägglössen från sina gömställen. Forskningen pekar på att vägglöss attraheras av bland annat de ökade halterna av koldioxid (CO2) som utsöndras av människan. Detta projekts ändamål var att skapa en maskin som simulerar mänsklig utandning för att kunna användas som ett substitut för en människa under en behandling av ett vägglössangrepp. Prototypen har baserats på diafragmaandning och en pumpmekanism har byggts som andas in och ut luft. Maskinen ämnar manipulera den inandade luften med en önskad mängd CO2 och fukt. För att kontrollera de önskade nivåerna designades ett kontrollsystem. Detta har sedan testats med målet att kunna ha en önskad och stabil nivå av CO2 och fukt under en längre period. Tester fann att CO2-nivåerna gick att reglera med ett relativt enkelt kontrollsystem men att det valda luftfuktningssystemet inte var effektivt nog för att höja fuktnivån till den som återfinns i mänsklig utandningsluft.

No description available.

Inledning Min bakgrund är bred och innehåller allt från hantverk och teknikjobb till skulptur, installation och ljudkonst, därför är också min praktik bred. Mina verk består ofta av flera olika material och metoder vilket leder till att en stor del av mitt arbete kretsar runt hur dessa olika beståndsdelar ska förenas för att bilda en enhet. Jag har dessutom märkt att jag ser på mitt arbete med de olika materialen som en process uppdelad i flera parallella arbetsfronter, vilka var för sig flyttas framåt med arbetets gång. I denna text vill jag undersöka mötet mellan material och deras samspel samt ge min syn på processen av sätta samman de olika komponenterna i ett interdisciplinärt projekt.

D. Tech. (Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology) --Vaal University of Technology / Opening up local markets for worldwide competition has led to the fundamental change in the development of new products. In order for the manufacturers to stay globally competitive, they should be able to attain and sustain themselves as ‘World Class Manufacturers’. These ‘World Class Manufacturers’ should be able to:  Deliver products in fulfilling the total satisfaction of customers.  Provide high quality products.  Offer short delivery time.  Charge reasonable cost.  Comply with all environmental concern and safety requirements. When a design is created for a new product there is great uncertainty as to whether the new design will actually do what it is desired for. New designs often have unexpected problems, hence prototypes are part of the designing process. The prototype enables the engineers and designers to explore design alternatives, test theories and confirm performance prior to standing production of new products. Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies enable the manufacturers to produce prototypes and products which meet the requirements mentioned above. However the disadvantage of AM technologies, is that the printing material which is required is limited to that of the supplier. When uncommon printing materials must be used to manufacture a prototype or product, the 3D printing process stood out above the rest owing to its printing method. However the printing heads used in current commercially available 3D printers are limited to specific fluid properties, which limits new and unique powder binder combinations. Owing to the problem mentioned, the need arose to develop a more ‘rugged’ printing head (RPH) which will be able to print with different fluid properties. The RPH could then be used to print using unique and new powderbinder combinations. The RPH was designed and constructed using the solenoid inkjet technology as reference. In order to determine the effect which the fluid properties have on the droplet formation, fourteen different glycerol-water test solutions were prepared. The fluid properties were different for each of the glycerol-water solutions. The fluid properties included the viscosity, density and surface tension of the solution. The control parameters of the RPH were theoretically calculated for each of the glycerol-water solutions and nozzle orifice diameter sizes. The control parameters of the RPH included the critical pressure and time. Using an experimental setup, droplets ejected from the RPH could be photographed in order to be analysed. It was determined that the theoretically calculated critical times could not be used in the RPH, as the pulse widths were much lower than the recommended minimum valve pulse width of the solenoid valve used. The control parameters were then determined practically for each of the different glycerol-water solutions as well as for each nozzle orifice diameter size. The practically determined control parameters were also compared to that of the theoretically determined parameters. A mathematical model was formulated for each of the practically determined critical pressure and time parameters. Non-glycerol-water solutions were also prepared in order to determine whether the control parameters could be calculated using the practically determined mathematical models. It was found that the practically determined mathematical models, used to calculate the control parameters, could not be used with non-glycerol-water solutions. Using the practically determined mathematical models, the drop formation process of the non-glycerol-water solutions was not optimized and satellite droplets occurred. Although the practically determined models did not work for non-glycerol-water solutions, the methods used to determine the control parameters for the glycerol-water solutions could still be used to determine the practical critical pressure and time for Newtonian solutions.

O ferro é o elemento mais abundante na Terra e tem importante papel em ciclos biogeoquímicos Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um procedimento analítico automático para a determinação fotométrica de ferro em águas de rios, empregando um fotômetro baseado em LED e mini-bombas solenoide para o gerenciamento de soluções. O procedimento proposto foi baseado na reação do ferro (III) com o tiocianato de potássio formando um complexo avermelhado com máximo de absorção em 470 nm. Para a determinação de ferro total foi incluída uma etapa de oxidação em linha, usando uma solução de persulfato (S2O82-) como oxidante. O módulo de análises foi constituído por quatro mini-bombas solenoide e uma válvula solenoide de três vias. Para a obtenção de sinais foi construído um fotômetro composto por uma cela de fluxo com caminho óptico de 50 mm, um LED azul (\'lâmbda\'=470 nm) e um fotodetector. Visando utilizar este equipamento portátil para medidas em campo, foram empregadas duas baterias de 6 V para alimentar os dispositivos ativos. Os ensaios em laboratório mostraram que as baterias permitem uma autonomia de mais de 50 horas de trabalho sem recarregá-las. O procedimento desenvolvido apresentou as seguintes características analíticas: resposta linear entre as concentrações de 0,25 e 4,0 mg L-1, segundo a equação Y = (0,0183 ± 0,003) + (0,15326 ± 0,002)X (r=0,9997); limite de detecção 0,013 mg L-1 Fe (III) estimado com 99,7 % de confiança; desvio padrão relativo estimado em 0,95 % (n=15) obtido com uma solução de concentração de 1,5 mg L-1 Fe (III); frequência de amostragem de 50 determinações por hora. Os resultados obtidos pelo procedimento proposto e pelo de referência não apresentaram diferenças significativas com nível de confiança de 95 % / Iron is the most abundant element on Earth and plays an important role in biogeochemical cycles. In this work, an automatic analytical procedure was developed for the photometric determination of iron in river waters, employing a LED-based photometer and solenoid mini-pumps for solution handling. The proposed procedure was based on the reaction between iron (III) and potassium thiocyanate, yielding a red complex with maximum absorption at 470 nm. For the determination of total iron, an in line oxidation step was included, employing a persulfate solution (S2O82-) as oxidant. The module was constructed with four solenoid mini-pumps and a three-way solenoid valve. For data acquisition a photometer was constructed with a 50 mm optical path flow cell, a blue LED (\'lâmbda\'= 470 nm) and a photodetector. Envisioning the use of this portable equipment in field, two 6-Volt batteries were employed to supply energy to the active devices. Laboratory tests showed that the batteries provide more than 50 hours of operation without recharging. The proposed procedure showed the following analytical features: linear response between 0.25 and 4.0 mg L-1, according to the equation Y = (0.0183 ± 0.003) + (0.15326 ± 0.002) X (r = 0.9997); detection limit of 0.013 mg L-1 Fe (III), estimated with 99.7 % of confidence; relative standard deviation estimated as 0.95% (n = 15), obtained with a 1.5 mg L-1 Fe (III) solution; sampling rate of 50 determinations per hour.The results obtained with the proposed and reference procedure did not show significative differences at a 95% confidence level

Os sistemas de análises em fluxo com multi-impulsão (MP) empregam bombas solenóides como unidade propulsora de fluidos, as quais proporcionam um fluxo pulsante. Esta característica foi avaliada em função do funcionamento, operação e desempenho do sistema, das condições de mistura entre as soluções envolvidas e da dispersão da solução inserida. A avaliação geral dos sistemas MP envolveu estudos de precisão e exatidão volumétrica dos pulsos, bem como da robustez da unidade propulsora, os quais envolveram medidas gravimétricas. Ainda, dispersão envolvendo uma solução colorida como amostra foi espectrofotometricamente avaliada. Os resultados foram corroborados por meio de aplicações analíticas. Limitações quanto ao uso de bombas com maiores volumes de pulso (> 25 l) foram observadas a elevadas frequências de pulsação (> 4,0 Hz). Os volumes experimentalmente determinados concordaram com os valores esperados (erro relativo < 2,0 %). A dispersão da amostra foi menor relativamente àquela inerente a fluxo constante (sistema explorando multi-comutação, MC). O fluxo pulsante promoveu melhoria no desenvolvimento reacional devido principalmente à agitação dos elementos de fluido vizinhos. Este aspecto foi importante com relação à determinação espectrofotométrica de bromexina em fármacos. O método se fundamentou no acoplamento eletrofílico da bromexina com 3-metil-2-benzotiazolinona hidrazona (MBTH), e posterior oxidação com Ce(IV) em ambiente ácido. Boa sensibilidade analítica foi conseguida com baixo consumo de reagentes e rapidez nas análises (300 h-1). O sistema comparativo, envolvendo fluxo constante, não apresentou a mesma sensibilidade analítica. Outra aplicação foi a determinação espectrofotométrica de fosfato em extratos de solos envolvendo a formação do azul de molibdênio. Melhores resultados analíticos foram obtidos para freqüências de pulsação < 0,5 Hz, devido ao maior tempo disponível para a interação entre as espécies quínicas envolvidas. O sistema MP proposto requer menor volume de amostra (48 l) relativamente ao sistema MC (96 l), sendo caracterizado por maior frequência analítica (MP: 144 h-1; MC: 67 h-1). Os resultados referentes às análises de extratos de solos foram concordantes entre si e com relação ao método referência. A visualização de uma amostra se dispersando no fluxo pulsante foi possível empregando-se a técnica de despolarização da fluorescencia induzida por laser envolvendo Rodamina B. Os experimentos foram conduzidos sob alta (3,0 Hz) ou baixa (0,5 Hz) freqüência de pulsação na inserção de amostra, ausência ou presença de reator entre o local de introdução de amostra e o detector, e sentido horizontal ou vertical da cela de fluxo. Análise dos gráficos obtidos permitiu se vizualizar a re-distribuição de massas em função do tempo. Em geral, observou-se formação de vórtices no centro da zona de amostra e uma migração bastante intensa no sentido radial. No sentido axial, melhores interações amostra / fluxo transportador foram observadas quando a freqüência de pulsação foi baixa e em presença de um reator de 60 cm. O estabelecimento de vórtices resultou em uma mistura bastante rápida e pontual, o que foi confirmado pelas aplicações analíticas / Multi-pumping flow systems (MP) utilize solenoid pumps as fluid propelling devices, which deliver pulsed flows. This feature was evaluated in relation to the design, operation and performance of the system, to the mixing conditions, and to the dispersion of the introduced solution. The general evaluation of the MP systems involved investigations about precision and accuracy of the pulse volumes, as well as the pump ruggedness. To this end, gravimetric measurements were carried out. Moreover, dispersion was evaluated by exploiting a colored solution and spectrophotometric monitoring. Results were corroborated through analytical applications. Use pumps delivering higher pulse volumes (> 25 l) was limited when the pulsation frequency was > 4.0 Hz. The experimentally measured volumes were in agreement with to the expected values (relative error < 2.0 %). Sample dispersion was lower in relation to that inherent to laminar flow (multi-commuted flow system, MC).Exploitation of pulsed flow led to a enhanced reaction development mainly due to shaking of neighboring fluid elements. This aspect was important in relation to spectrophotometric determination of bromhexine in pharmaceuticals The method was based on electrophylic coupling of bromhexine with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH), with further oxidation by Ce(IV) under acidic medium. Analytical sensitivity was fair, reagent consumption was low and sampling rate was 300 h-1. These figures of merit were not compared with those inherent to the MC system due to the lack of sensitivity of this system. Another application was the spectrophotometric determination of phosphate in soil extracts relying the molybdenum blue formation. Best analytical results were obtained for < 0.5 Hz pulse frequency, due to the higher available time for interaction among the involved chemical species. The proposed MP system required lower sample volume (48 l) in relation to the MC system (96 l), being characterized by higher sampling rate (MP: 144 h-1; MC: 67 h-1). Analytical results related to soil extracts were in agreement between them and with the reference method. Visualization of a dispersing sample in a pulsed flow became feasible using the laser induced fluorescence technique applied to Rhodamine B, RB. Experiments were performed under high (3.0 Hz) or low (0.5 Hz) pulse frequency, optional insertion of a reactor between the injection point and detection, and vertical or horizontal positioning of the flow-cell. Analyses of the graphs obtained allowed the visualization of the mass re-distribution in function of time. In general, vortex formation at the central portion of the sample zone and a high RB migration in the radial direction, were noted. Concerning axial direction, better sample / carrier stream interactions were observed for lower pulse frequency and insertion of the 60-cm reactor. Vortex establishment led to a punctual and fast mixing, as confirmed by the analytical applications

Orientador: Pedro Galli Mercadante / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2012

Os sistemas de análises em fluxo com multi-impulsão (MP) empregam bombas solenóides como unidade propulsora de fluidos, as quais proporcionam um fluxo pulsante. Esta característica foi avaliada em função do funcionamento, operação e desempenho do sistema, das condições de mistura entre as soluções envolvidas e da dispersão da solução inserida. A avaliação geral dos sistemas MP envolveu estudos de precisão e exatidão volumétrica dos pulsos, bem como da robustez da unidade propulsora, os quais envolveram medidas gravimétricas. Ainda, dispersão envolvendo uma solução colorida como amostra foi espectrofotometricamente avaliada. Os resultados foram corroborados por meio de aplicações analíticas. Limitações quanto ao uso de bombas com maiores volumes de pulso (> 25 l) foram observadas a elevadas frequências de pulsação (> 4,0 Hz). Os volumes experimentalmente determinados concordaram com os valores esperados (erro relativo < 2,0 %). A dispersão da amostra foi menor relativamente àquela inerente a fluxo constante (sistema explorando multi-comutação, MC). O fluxo pulsante promoveu melhoria no desenvolvimento reacional devido principalmente à agitação dos elementos de fluido vizinhos. Este aspecto foi importante com relação à determinação espectrofotométrica de bromexina em fármacos. O método se fundamentou no acoplamento eletrofílico da bromexina com 3-metil-2-benzotiazolinona hidrazona (MBTH), e posterior oxidação com Ce(IV) em ambiente ácido. Boa sensibilidade analítica foi conseguida com baixo consumo de reagentes e rapidez nas análises (300 h-1). O sistema comparativo, envolvendo fluxo constante, não apresentou a mesma sensibilidade analítica. Outra aplicação foi a determinação espectrofotométrica de fosfato em extratos de solos envolvendo a formação do azul de molibdênio. Melhores resultados analíticos foram obtidos para freqüências de pulsação < 0,5 Hz, devido ao maior tempo disponível para a interação entre as espécies quínicas envolvidas. O sistema MP proposto requer menor volume de amostra (48 l) relativamente ao sistema MC (96 l), sendo caracterizado por maior frequência analítica (MP: 144 h-1; MC: 67 h-1). Os resultados referentes às análises de extratos de solos foram concordantes entre si e com relação ao método referência. A visualização de uma amostra se dispersando no fluxo pulsante foi possível empregando-se a técnica de despolarização da fluorescencia induzida por laser envolvendo Rodamina B. Os experimentos foram conduzidos sob alta (3,0 Hz) ou baixa (0,5 Hz) freqüência de pulsação na inserção de amostra, ausência ou presença de reator entre o local de introdução de amostra e o detector, e sentido horizontal ou vertical da cela de fluxo. Análise dos gráficos obtidos permitiu se vizualizar a re-distribuição de massas em função do tempo. Em geral, observou-se formação de vórtices no centro da zona de amostra e uma migração bastante intensa no sentido radial. No sentido axial, melhores interações amostra / fluxo transportador foram observadas quando a freqüência de pulsação foi baixa e em presença de um reator de 60 cm. O estabelecimento de vórtices resultou em uma mistura bastante rápida e pontual, o que foi confirmado pelas aplicações analíticas / Multi-pumping flow systems (MP) utilize solenoid pumps as fluid propelling devices, which deliver pulsed flows. This feature was evaluated in relation to the design, operation and performance of the system, to the mixing conditions, and to the dispersion of the introduced solution. The general evaluation of the MP systems involved investigations about precision and accuracy of the pulse volumes, as well as the pump ruggedness. To this end, gravimetric measurements were carried out. Moreover, dispersion was evaluated by exploiting a colored solution and spectrophotometric monitoring. Results were corroborated through analytical applications. Use pumps delivering higher pulse volumes (> 25 l) was limited when the pulsation frequency was > 4.0 Hz. The experimentally measured volumes were in agreement with to the expected values (relative error < 2.0 %). Sample dispersion was lower in relation to that inherent to laminar flow (multi-commuted flow system, MC).Exploitation of pulsed flow led to a enhanced reaction development mainly due to shaking of neighboring fluid elements. This aspect was important in relation to spectrophotometric determination of bromhexine in pharmaceuticals The method was based on electrophylic coupling of bromhexine with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH), with further oxidation by Ce(IV) under acidic medium. Analytical sensitivity was fair, reagent consumption was low and sampling rate was 300 h-1. These figures of merit were not compared with those inherent to the MC system due to the lack of sensitivity of this system. Another application was the spectrophotometric determination of phosphate in soil extracts relying the molybdenum blue formation. Best analytical results were obtained for < 0.5 Hz pulse frequency, due to the higher available time for interaction among the involved chemical species. The proposed MP system required lower sample volume (48 l) in relation to the MC system (96 l), being characterized by higher sampling rate (MP: 144 h-1; MC: 67 h-1). Analytical results related to soil extracts were in agreement between them and with the reference method. Visualization of a dispersing sample in a pulsed flow became feasible using the laser induced fluorescence technique applied to Rhodamine B, RB. Experiments were performed under high (3.0 Hz) or low (0.5 Hz) pulse frequency, optional insertion of a reactor between the injection point and detection, and vertical or horizontal positioning of the flow-cell. Analyses of the graphs obtained allowed the visualization of the mass re-distribution in function of time. In general, vortex formation at the central portion of the sample zone and a high RB migration in the radial direction, were noted. Concerning axial direction, better sample / carrier stream interactions were observed for lower pulse frequency and insertion of the 60-cm reactor. Vortex establishment led to a punctual and fast mixing, as confirmed by the analytical applications