Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-08-07T14:21:56Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-07T14:21:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Profenofós é um organofosforado empregado como inseticida e acaricida amplamente utilizado no Brasil para o controle de pragas de cebolas, milho, soja, café, tomate, algodão, feijão, batata e outros. A irradiação é um processo empregado em todo o mundo e recomendada por diversos órgãos de saúde para a conservação de alimentos. A radiação ionizante utiliza raios gama, raios X ou aceleradores de elétrons e tem sido aplicada para eliminar ou reduzir a ação de agentes patogênicos e contribuir para aumentar o tempo de estocagem de vários alimentos. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram: (a) avaliar a degradação de soluções aquosas de profenofós submetidas à radiação ionizante, identificar e quantificar a formação de novos produtos por GC-MS; (b) analisar o efeito de feixe de elétrons em ervilhas inoculadas com soluções aquosas de profenofós; (c) sintetizar Polímeros Molecularmente Impressos (MIP) e Sílica Impressa Molecularmente (MIS), posteriormente, caracterizar os adsorventes em fase sólida e verificar sua seletividade para profenofós. O tratamento com aceleradores de elétrons com dose 31,6 kGy promoveu a formação de um novo produto de degradação e redução de 93,40 % de profenofós em soluções aquosas. Em ervilhas inoculadas com 1 μg de profenofós submetidas à radiação ionizante de 30,4 kGy promoveu uma redução na concentração de profenofós em 57,46 %. Além disso, foram realizadas sínteses de MIP e MIS para a extração em fase sólida de profenofós. Os MIS sintetizados por sol-gel mostraram-se eficazes para o reconhecimento molecular e extração seletiva de profenofós. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

A extração de complexos aniônicos pelas aminas de cadeias longas oferece muitas possibilidades ao químico analista. Muitas aplicações já são de uso corrente e muitas outras são potencialmente previstas para diversas áreas, incluindo-se hidrometalurgia, química de produtos de fissão, química dos metais de transição, dos elementos do grupo da platina, dos actnídeos e dos lantanídeos, recuperação e descontaminação na disposição de resíduos. Ênfase especial é dada à química do urânio e do tório, para os quais já são incluídas aplicações de caráter industrial. Neste trabalho é descrito o comportamento de extração de U, Fe, Cd, In, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Mn, Cr, Ag, Bi, Pb, Tl, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Ir, Os, Au, Hg, Sn e Sb com tri-n-octilamina diluída em benzeno, xileno, varsol e metil-isobutil-cetona em meio clorídrico. Para alguns destes elementos foi estudada a extração também em meios HNO3, H2SO4 e HI. Foi estudado o efeito de tiouréia como complexante, formando espécies catiônicas com vários elementos e suas consequências na extração. Foi estudado também o efeito do tratamento da fase orgânica contendo o elemento extraído, pos soluções ácidas de tiouréia. O trabalho demonstra que para os elemento cujos complexos com a tiouréia são fortes, como prata, tálio-III, mercúrio, cobre, ouro, paládio, platina e rutênio, a extração é fortemente reprimida. Para complexos de fôrça intermediária, como chumbo, antimônio e tálio-I, a tiouréia não impede a extração total, mas esta é parcialmente reprimida. Para elementos que formam complexos fracos com a tiouréia, êstes são rompidos e o elemento é totalmente extraído pela amina, como é exemplo o cádmio, formando um complexo {Cd(tu)}++ fraco, mas bem extraído em meio HCl pela amina. Êste impedimento de extração através da complexação com tiouréia na fase aquosa, para vários elementos, ou a sua reextração da fase orgânica pela ação de tiouréia, vem contribuir para um melhor entendimento do mecanismo de extração com aminas de cadeia longa. Ficou evidenciado que os complexos estáveis, de natureza catiônica, formados entre tiouréia e vários elementos, não são extraídos pela amina. Isso vem confirmar o mecanismo, aceito pela maioria dos autores, de que a extração pelas aminas de alto PM é uma associação de íons entre a amina protonada e as espécies aniônicas extraídas, isto é, uma reação de troca aniônica. Êste mecanismo foi comprovado uma vez mais através de experiências de troca iônica com resinas catiônica e aniônica. Espécies clorocomplexas aniônicas de Ag-I, Hg-II e CU-II em meio HCl são fortemente fixadas em resina aniônica na forma R-Cl e totalmente eluídas por soluções HCl-tiouréia. Estas soluções clorídricas de Ag-I, CU-II e Hg-II percoladas em coluna de resina catiônica mostraram que não houve nenhuma retenção dêstes elementos. Estas experiências, repetidas após a adição de tiouréia, mostraram que os complexos formados com tiouréia são totalmente retidos pela resina catiônica. O uso de tiouréia aumentou consideravelmente a seletividade na extração e na reextração de vários elementos com tri-n-octilamina. É dada ênfase especial à extração de urânio e sua descontaminação de vários elementos que o acompanham. Como resultado dêstes estudos é apresentado um método para a determinação espectrofotométrica de urânio diretamente na fase orgânica tri-n-octilamina-benzeno. O método não é o mais sensível, mas apresenta alta seletividade quando o urânio é extraído em meio HCl na presença de tiouréia. O trabalho descreve ainda várias outras aplicações da técnica proposta, como a preparação de chumbo-212, bismuto-212 e tálio-208, extraídos de cloreto de tório por TOA-benzeno, a separação de índio-115m do seu radioisótopo gerador, cádmio-115, bem como diversos esquemas para a separação de vários elementos entre sí. Uma contribuição importante é dada à química do rutênio, facilitando sua separação em misturas de produtos de fissão de difícil resolução e nas separações rutênio-bismuto, rutênio-tório e rutênio-urânio. O aproveitamento de urânio e plutônio em soluções provenientes da dissolução de elementos combustíveis queimados envolve a separação dos produtos de fissão, entre êles o rutênio, que apresenta sérias dificuldades, tendendo sempre a acompanhar o urânio na fase orgânica usada para a sua separação (fosfato de n-tributilo e aminas). A complexação do rutênio com tiouréia permite uma extração de urânio e plutônio mais seletiva, retendo o rutênio na fase aquosa. Várias outras aplicações são indicadas para os elementos do grupo da platina, prata, mercúrio, e ouro, cádmio, índio e zinco. Interessantes observações são feitas quanto à cinética de formação do complexo ferro-tiouréia (lenta), possibilitando separações dêste elemento de vários outros cuja cinética é mais rápida, bem como à cinética de reextração de paládio com tiouréia em meio ácido. / Abstract not available.

This work is a cooperation with Boliden Minerals AB, who recently has been interested in recovering more valuable elements from their byproducts. For this case, solvent extraction was chosen as a potential method of recovering these valuables, as it is a method considered to be ideal for separation of trace elements from large amounts of other substances. The goal for this work was to execute manual extraction experiments as a preparation for a bigger project at LTU. The objectives of this thesis included the investigation of the selectivity for extraction of tin and antimony, using different concentrations of hydrochloric acid in the feed solution, analysis of the equilibrium isotherms for Sn and Sb at 8M of HCl as well as the evaluation of the number of steps needed for future extraction experiments, using the McCabe- Thiele method. By executing manual experiments with a speiss precipitate dissolved in hydrochloric acid, the results obtained indicated that the selectivity increased with a higher content of HCl in the feed solution. Using different ratios between the aqueous and organic phase, the equilibrium curves denoted a pushback effect, causing antimony to migrate back into the aqueous phase at the saturation level of tin. By constructing a McCable-Thiele diagram according to the equilibrium curves, the number of steps could be evaluated to three.

Introduction: The macroporous Amberlite XAD resins were coated with LIX-64N and examined for the rate of uptake of copper . XAD-7 was by far the best support and gave a satisfactory rate of uptake up to loadings of 60% (w/w). The specific surface area of XAD-7 was measured by the adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution. The area of the wetted resin was five times less than that of the dry resin. LIX-65N was purified and the anti isomer characterised using spectroscopic techniques . The rate of uptake of copper was not improved by use of purified LIX-65N or by addition of LIX-63. XAD-7 coated with LIX-65N was used in columns. Elution curves for copper showed negligible tailing, and rapid separations of copper from iron (111), nickel, cobalt and magnesium by selective absorption were achieved. Copper was concentrated from very dilute solution at a flow rate of 50 ml min -1 ,and a 99% recovery was obtained. The method was applied to the rapid determination of copper in brass and bronze. A series of long-chain hydroxamic acids were synthesised and tested for suitability as stationary phase on XAD-7. Oleohydroxamic acid and naphthenohydroxamic acid were the most promising. The r ate of uptake of copper was reduced by the use of nonylphenol or amyl alcohol as a diluent. The capacities for copper of the hydroxamic acids were less when supported on XAD-7 than when used as liquid ionexchangers. The distribution coefficients of cobalt, nickel, zinc, lead, vanadium, uranium, iron (111) and copper were measured as a function of pH. XAD-7 coated with oleohydroxamic acid was used in columns for the rapid separation of iron (111) from copper and of copper from nickel, cobalt, lead and zinc. Copper was concentrated from very dilute solution at a flow rate of 45 ml min -1 and a 100,8% recovery was obtained. Copper was successfully separated from nickel by selective elution. The elution curves obtained show negligible tailing. The resin loaded with oleohydroxamic acid lost capacity due to chemical instability. Naphthenohydroxamic acid supported on XAD-7 was not suitable for use in columns, because it was physically unstable.

No description available.

Anatoxin-a (ANTX) is a neurotoxin produced by several freshwater cyanobacteria and has been implicated in the death of livestock and domestic animals from consumption of tainted surface waters. ANTX is unstable under normal conditions and is somewhat problematic to extract and study. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was used to develop an efficient extraction and analytical method for both ANTX and the more commonly encountered hepatotoxic microcystins produced by cyanobacteria. The effects of nitrogen supply on the cellular production and release of ANTX was investigated in Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi (Ussaczew) Proschkina-Lavrenko (Nostocales). In contrast to the predictions of the carbonnutrient balance hypothesis, the maximum production was observed under moderate N stress. In addition, steady state fugacity-based models were employed to investigate ANTX’s distribution and fate in freshwater ecosytems. ANTX was not found to be very persistent in aquatic ecosystems and did not appear to bioaccumulate in fish, at least not from the dissolved phase.

Aujourd’hui le combustible nucléaire usé est retraité via le procédé PUREX afin de récupérer l’uranium et le plutonium. La séparation de ces actinides des produits de fission repose sur différentes étapes d’extraction liquide-liquide avec le tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TBP) comme extractant. Un modèle a été conçu pour décrire précisément les différentes étapes du retraitement afin d’en optimiser le fonctionnement. Mais les mécanismes à l’échelle moléculaire sont encore mal décrits notamment pour le ruthénium qui est partiellement extrait et retenu en phase organique. Les études précédentes concernant le comportement du ruthénium dans le procédé ont montré que sa chimie était complexe et se sont principalement appuyées sur des données macroscopiques telles que les coefficients de distribution ou des constantes cinétiques. Des lacunes demeurent quant au mode de coordination avec le TBP, la structure et la stabilité des espèces extraites en phase organique, ou encore par rapport à la spéciation dans les conditions de faible acidité (CHNO3aq < 3 M).Une analyse de la spéciation du ruthénium en phase aqueuse et en phase organique a donc été entreprise au cours de ce travail. Elle s’appuie sur la combinaison d’outils spectroscopiques (FTIR et EXAFS) et sur l’utilisation de références solides caractérisées par DRX monocristal, FTIR et EXAFS. Cette méthodologie a été développée afin d’améliorer l’interprétation des signaux enregistrés sur les solutions aqueuses et organique de ruthénium.La méthode de couplage entre les données FTIR, les résultats de dosages potentiométriques en phase aqueuse et les informations obtenues lors de l’ajustement des spectres EXAFS nous a permis d’obtenir des structures moyennes des espèces [RuNO(NO3)x(OH)y(H2O)5-x-y]3-(x+y)+ présentes tant en phase aqueuse qu’en phase organique. Elle a permis de démontrer que dans les conditions d’extraction du procédé, les complexes identifiés en phase aqueuse sont extraits en phase organique sans modification de la sphère de coordination. L’hypothèse d’une coordination directe entre le TBP et le ruthénium a pu être exclue. L’influence de la concentration en acide nitrique ainsi qu’en ions nitrates, sur la spéciation du ruthénium dans les phases aqueuses et organiques a été mise en évidence. Différents équilibres d’extraction sont mis en œuvre selon les conditions chimiques. Pour les solutions à forte acidité (CHNO3aq = 4 M), des complexes de ruthénium non-hydrolysés avec un nombre de ligands nitrates proche de 3 ont identifiés (2 < x < 4 et z = 0). Au contraire à faible acidité (CHNO3aq = 1 M), une forme hydrolysée des complexes du ruthénium, présente en solution aqueuse, est extraite par le solvant. Cette espèce hydrolysée s’avère être un complexe bimétallique de la forme [(RuNO)2(NO3)2x(H2O)9-2x(µ-OH)](5-2x)+.Enfin l’étude du vieillissement des phases organiques a permis de mettre en évidence des échanges entre les ligands liés au ruthénium et l’acide nitrique solubilisé en phase organique. Ces processus, relativement lents pour une phase organique isolée, sont accélérés lorsque les mesures sont effectuées en présence d’une phase aqueuse, ce qui engendre une augmentation du coefficient de distribution du ruthénium. Ces échanges de ligands dans la sphère de coordination du ruthénium et les variations importantes de spéciation en fonctions des conditions chimiques (CH+ et CNO3-) pourraient être à l’origine du phénomène de rétention du ruthénium observé au sein du procédé. Finalement cette étude offre des voies d’amélioration pour une meilleure prise en compte de la diversité des équilibres impliquant le ruthénium au sein des modèles thermodynamiques, et soutient ainsi le développement de modèles prédictifs des procédés industriels de séparation. / Currently, used nuclear fuel is reprocessed using the PUREX process to isolate uranium and plutonium. Separation of these actinides is achieved through multiple steps of liquid-liquid extraction using tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TBP) as the extractant. Work aiming to develop a precise model of the fuel retreatment process in order to optimize it fails to accurately reproduce the ruthenium partial extraction and its retention in organic phase. Molecular mechanisms are still badly understood and hinder these developments. Previous studies had shown that ruthenium chemistry is complex but they mostly rely on macroscopic information as distribution coefficients or rate constants. Deficiencies remain about the coordination mode between TBP and ruthenium, about the structure and stability of extracted species or about the speciation for solutions at low acidities (CHNO3aq < 3 M).Ruthenium speciation analysis was undertaken during this work. It relies on the combination of different spectroscopic techniques (FTIR and EXAFS) and on the use of solid reference compounds fully characterized by single crystal XRD, FTIR and EXAFS. This method was developed in order to improve the interpretation of spectroscopic results for ruthenium aqueous and organic phases.This method coupling FTIR analysis, potentiometric determination in aqueous phase and fit results of EXAFS experimental data allowed us to obtain average structure for [RuNO(NO3)x(OH)y(H2O)5-x-y]3-(x+y)+ species in solution. It was demonstrated that ruthenium coordination sphere was not modified during extraction in process conditions. The hypothesis of a direct link between ruthenium and TBP was excluded. Influence of the nitric acid and nitrate concentrations was highlighted for ruthenium speciation in both aqueous and organic phases. Separate equilibria should be implemented to describe ruthenium extraction depending on chemical conditions. At high acidity (CHNO3aq = 4 M), non-hydrolyzed ruthenium complexes with an average nitrate number close to 3 were identified (2 < x < 4 et z = 0). Conversely, at low acidity (CHNO3aq = 1 M), a hydrolyzed ruthenium compound, observed in aqueous phase, is extracted into the organic phase. This compound was shown to be a bimetallic complex which could be written as [(RuNO)2(NO3)2x(H2O)9-2x(µ-OH)](5-2x)+.Finally the ageing study of organic phase allowed us to highlight exchanges between the ruthenium ligands and solvated nitric acid. These phenomena are relatively slow for isolated organic phases but are accelerated in the presence of an aqueous phase. An increase of ruthenium distribution coefficient was also observed. These ligand exchanges in ruthenium coordination sphere and the large fluctuations of speciation depending on chemical conditions (CH+ et CNO3-) may cause the ruthenium retention noticed in the process.This study offers opportunities to improve ruthenium extraction equilibria coverage in thermodynamic models and support the development of predictive models for industrial separation processes.

The principal aim of this research was to determine the optimum conditions of extraction and separation of niobium and tantalum with octanol as solvent, from Mozambican tantalite using ammonium bifluoride as an alternative to hydrofluoric acid. The extraction of niobium and tantalum from tantalite can be divided into three activities, viz., acid treatment of the ore to bring the niobium and tantalum values into solution, separation of niobium and tantalum by solvent extraction and preparation of pure niobium pentoxide and tantalum pentoxide by precipitation followed by calcination. An initial solution was prepared by melting a mixture of tantalite and ammonium bifluoride followed by leaching of the soluble component with water and separation of the solution by filtration. The solution filtered was successfully used after adjustment of the acidity for the extraction and separation of niobium and tantalum. After liquid-liquid extraction highly pure niobium pentoxide and tantalum pentoxide were obtained through precipitation with ammonium hydroxide and calcination. Comparative experiments were performed modifying the following variables: decomposition temperature; decomposition time of the digestion of niobium and tantalum; acid concentration of feed solution; solvent agent; and stripping agent. From the experimental results it was determined that the decomposition temperature, decomposition time of the digestion of niobium and tantalum, the acidity of the feed solution, the solvent agent, and stripping agent, all have an important effect on the extraction and separation of tantalum and niobium. The optimal conditions were determined to be: tantalite-to-ammonium bifluoride 1:30; decomposition temperature 250°C; decomposition time 3 hours; and a water leach period of 10 minutes. Under these conditions the leach recovery of niobium and tantalum was about 95.07% and 98.52%, respectively. For nearly complete extraction of tantalum and niobium with 2-octanol, two and three equilibrium stages, respectively, are required. The equilibrium data were obtained at an aqueous-to-organic ratio (A/O) of 1:1 using: 100% 2 octanol; 6 M H2SO4; 10 minutes contact time at room temperature for tantalum; and 100% 2 octanol, 9 M H2SO4, 10 minutes contact time at room temperature for niobium. Different stripping agents were used and water seems to give good result for both. For the nearly complete stripping process four equilibrium stages are required. From the results obtained an optimum stripping efficiency is achieved after 15 minutes for a 1:1 ratio. Niobium and tantalum were then neutralized using 28% ammonium hydroxide. The precipitate obtained was dried and placed in a muffle furnace for 4 hours at 900°C. After calcinations, pure tantalum pentoxide and niobium pentoxide were obtained and characterized using XRD and SEM. Tantalum pentoxide and niobium pentoxide synthesized contain trace impurities such as iron and titanium which can be removed by incorporating an appropriate intermediate treatment. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

No description available.

In the design of a solvent extraction plant for metals it is necessary to treat the equilibrium data either graphically or analytically. This enables stagewise calculations to be performed to explore solvent usage and feed conditions and so optimise on the cost of recovery of the metal. The present study reviews the methods of presenting and correlating equilibrium data for solvent extraction systems involving metals; the limitations of each approach are highlighted. The most important example of metal extraction which has been studied falls into that class involving a metal species, in acid aqueous media, which displaces protons from the organic extractant during the mass transfer process. In the typical case of copper extracted by hydroxyoximes the equilibrium problem reduces to one of modelling a surface. The concentration of copper in the organic phase is a function of the concentrations of copper and sulphuric acid in the aqueous phase. Empirical models seem to be as satisfactory to the engineer as chemical ones provided the model is used between restricted regions of data. Practical work has involved the measurement of equilibrium data for the extraction of zinc and copper by di- (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) in a kerosene diluent. Both the single and binary metal systems have been studied. The data reported are for feeds between 2-40 g/l zinc, 2-60 g/l copper and 20% V/v D2EHPA. A limited number of results are also presented for 10% V/v D2EHPA. Specific chemical and empirical models have been developed to correlate these data. Because the extractant has a high affinity for zinc in the presence of copper the binary data can be modelled making the assumption that the interaction of copper on zinc is negligible. However the effect of zinc on the limited extraction of copper is significant, the zinc reducing the copper loading markedly. In this way zinc can be decontaminated of copper. The methods for presentation of equilibrium data are discussed and a computer program is given which displays three dimensional equilibrium surfaces. Classical design procedures for stagewise. calculations are used against these three dimensional data plots. Computer programs which allow the investigation of a variety of operating conditions have also been written.