Although rates of tuberculosis (TB) in much of the western world have steadily declined since the Second World War, this infectious disease remains a leading cause of death among those living in impoverished circumstances. Social science perspectives have argued that TB is as much a reflection of socio-economic inequality and the uneven distribution of power and resources as it is about biological processes. In this thesis I explore the lived experience of TB within the Somali refugee community in Auckland, New Zealand. While migrants and refugees are frequently blamed for the resurgence in TB in Western countries, very little is known about the determinants that underlie this manifestation of the disease. The present research addresses this gap in the literature by employing a transdisciplinary social science approach that considers the determinants of health and illness that range across the social, cultural economic and political domains of human experience. The geographical underpinnings of the work are borne out in the fundamental goal: to (literally and metaphorically) place the lived experience of health, disease (and particularly TB) within the Somali refugee community in the wider context of migration and resettlement. Employing qualitative methods I draw upon participants’ narratives to highlight the different ways in which Somali health beliefs and experiences have been shaped by wider structural forces. I demonstrate that within Auckland, Somalis encounter multiple and overlapping layers of disadvantage. The combined impacts of this disadvantage have a profound influence on their health and illness experience, particularly in terms of the development and ongoing occurrence of TB. Respondents with TB recounted widespread stigma that exacerbated the harm incurred by the illness itself. Although Somalis are highly marginalised, the thesis acknowledges the agency and creativity exerted by people in fashioning the course of their life within the context of considerable structural constraints.

Although rates of tuberculosis (TB) in much of the western world have steadily declined since the Second World War, this infectious disease remains a leading cause of death among those living in impoverished circumstances. Social science perspectives have argued that TB is as much a reflection of socio-economic inequality and the uneven distribution of power and resources as it is about biological processes. In this thesis I explore the lived experience of TB within the Somali refugee community in Auckland, New Zealand. While migrants and refugees are frequently blamed for the resurgence in TB in Western countries, very little is known about the determinants that underlie this manifestation of the disease. The present research addresses this gap in the literature by employing a transdisciplinary social science approach that considers the determinants of health and illness that range across the social, cultural economic and political domains of human experience. The geographical underpinnings of the work are borne out in the fundamental goal: to (literally and metaphorically) place the lived experience of health, disease (and particularly TB) within the Somali refugee community in the wider context of migration and resettlement. Employing qualitative methods I draw upon participants’ narratives to highlight the different ways in which Somali health beliefs and experiences have been shaped by wider structural forces. I demonstrate that within Auckland, Somalis encounter multiple and overlapping layers of disadvantage. The combined impacts of this disadvantage have a profound influence on their health and illness experience, particularly in terms of the development and ongoing occurrence of TB. Respondents with TB recounted widespread stigma that exacerbated the harm incurred by the illness itself. Although Somalis are highly marginalised, the thesis acknowledges the agency and creativity exerted by people in fashioning the course of their life within the context of considerable structural constraints.

Although rates of tuberculosis (TB) in much of the western world have steadily declined since the Second World War, this infectious disease remains a leading cause of death among those living in impoverished circumstances. Social science perspectives have argued that TB is as much a reflection of socio-economic inequality and the uneven distribution of power and resources as it is about biological processes. In this thesis I explore the lived experience of TB within the Somali refugee community in Auckland, New Zealand. While migrants and refugees are frequently blamed for the resurgence in TB in Western countries, very little is known about the determinants that underlie this manifestation of the disease. The present research addresses this gap in the literature by employing a transdisciplinary social science approach that considers the determinants of health and illness that range across the social, cultural economic and political domains of human experience. The geographical underpinnings of the work are borne out in the fundamental goal: to (literally and metaphorically) place the lived experience of health, disease (and particularly TB) within the Somali refugee community in the wider context of migration and resettlement. Employing qualitative methods I draw upon participants’ narratives to highlight the different ways in which Somali health beliefs and experiences have been shaped by wider structural forces. I demonstrate that within Auckland, Somalis encounter multiple and overlapping layers of disadvantage. The combined impacts of this disadvantage have a profound influence on their health and illness experience, particularly in terms of the development and ongoing occurrence of TB. Respondents with TB recounted widespread stigma that exacerbated the harm incurred by the illness itself. Although Somalis are highly marginalised, the thesis acknowledges the agency and creativity exerted by people in fashioning the course of their life within the context of considerable structural constraints.

Statistics regarding Somalis’ integration in Sweden, indicates that this group have a hard time to become integrated, currently being characterized by high levels of unemployment, low levels of education and as being residentially segregated. Today, many Somalis reside in Sweden separated from their family. This due to the contemporary asylum framework, which does not recognize Somali identification documents as valid evidence for proving ones identity, when applying for asylum based on family ties. The decision from the Swedish Board of Migration, and its rejection of Somali identification documents as evidence for proving ones identity, can arguably be seen to illuminate the fact that Somalia is not seen as a legitimate nation-state. This view can therefore have effects on the concerned Somalis sense of national identity and citizenship.     This study investigates what consequences these two factors, stemming from the contemporary asylum framework, have on the affected Somalis ability and willingness to integrate, and if it can be seen as resulting in a state of anomie among the concerned group.        This has been done by interviewing Somalis that have been subject to the contemporary asylum framework and the outcome of family separation. The findings from these interviews have then been analyzed in relation to a conceptual framework and theoretical figure, which illustrates an interrelation between the concepts of citizenship, identity and integration, furthering integration in terms of a symmetric relationship between the three concepts, while possibly resulting in a state of anomie, in case of an asymmetric relationship between the three concepts.     The findings from this study indicate that the contemporary asylum frameworks denial of Somali identification documents can not be seen to have affected their sense of national identity and citizenship substantially. However, the issue of family separation can be seen to hamper the ability to integrate among affected Somalis, and can instead be seen to result in a sense of exclusion and un-representation among them, creating a state of anomie among this group.

Les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) sont omniprésentes et les médias sociaux, la télévision par satellite et internet façonnent notre façon de vivre, de travailler et d’interagir. Elles ont aussi transformé la migration internationale, rendant possible pour les migrants le maintien des liens forts entre la société d’accueil et le pays d’origine. De nombreux travaux ont été menés dans ce cadre sur les usages des TIC par les migrants dans les pays d’accueil. Toutefois, les travaux relatifs aux usages des TIC par les réfugiés durant leurs trajectoires migratoires sont embryonnaires. Cette étude porte sur l’analyse des pratiques médiatiques et des usages des médias sociaux par les refugiés Somaliens depuis la Somalie jusqu’en France (Rennes, Angers et Paris). En outre, la présente enquête de terrain est multi-sites et s’est s’intéressée à comprendre les liens entre reconstruction identitaire et pratiques médiatiques des Somaliens dans deux villes canadiennes, Ottawa et Toronto. Malgré l’émergence des études sur la communauté somalienne du Canada, très peu de recherches existent sur l’analyse des pratiques médiatiques des Somaliens, surtout dans le contexte domestique. La démarche méthodologique adoptée s’articule dans une posture épistémologique empruntant les outils de l’ethnographie critique et multi-sites. L’ethnographie critique vise à dénoncer les inégalités sociales et économiques dans lesquelles vivent les Somaliens en France et au Canada. Les résultats de cette recherche dévoilent que les réfugiés, loin des clichés largement répandus les désignant souvent sous-équipés et maîtrisant peu l’informatique, savent manier les médias sociaux (Facebook, Youtube) et les moyens de communication instantanée (Skype, MSN Messenger, VoIP). Nous verrons aussi comment l’utilisation collective des vidéos sur Youtube, de la télévision et la radio dans la salle de séjour par les Somaliens au Canada occupe un rôle complémentaire par rapport à celui des institutions chargées de la sauvegarde de la mémoire et de la transmission de l’identité culturelle. La production et la réception de vidéos et des émissions radiophoniques et télévisuelles de la communauté somalienne correspondent à autant de « traces » pour reconstruire de façon symbolique la Somalie. En donnant une attention particulière aux pratiques médiatiques dans le contexte migratoire, cette présente recherche tente de contribuer à l’avancement du savoir sur les usages des TIC par les réfugiés Somaliens. / Technologies are omnipresent in our society, from social media, to satellite television and Internet broadcasting and shape the way we live, work, and interact. It has also transformed the international migration, making it possible for migrants to maintain strong ties between their host society and country of origin. Many studies have been conducted on the usage of ICT by migrants in the host country; however, there is limited research on the use of ICT by refugees during their migratory paths. This study focuses on the analysis of media practices and uses of social media by Somali refugees from Somalia to France (Rennes, Angers and Paris). In addition, this field survey is multi-sited and covers the relationship between the media practices and identity reconstruction of Somalis in two Canadian cities, Ottawa and Toronto. Despite the emergence of studies on the Canadian Somali community, very little research exists on the analysis of media practices Somalis, particularly in the domestic context. The methodological approach used in this study is based on an epistemological posture via the tools of critical ethnography and multi-sited. Critical ethnography aims to address the social and economic inequalities in which Somalis live in France and Canada. The results of this research show that the refugees, who are often labelled as being under-equipped with limited knowledge of computers, know how to use social media (Facebook, Youtube) and instant communication tools (Skype, MSN Messenger,VoIP) and information technologies and communication. We will also see how the collective use of YouTube videos, television and radio by Somalis in Canada and France has a complementary role to that of the institutions responsible for safeguarding the memory and transmission of cultural identity. The production and reception of video, radio and television broadcasts of the Somali community symbolize "traces" or efforts to rebuild Somalia. Through detailed analysis of media practices in the context of migration, this study seeks to contribute to the advancement of knowledge on the use of ICT by Somali refugees.

No description available.

No description available.

Since the early 1990s Oregon has witnessed an economic and politically based influx of immigrants and refugees. Most refugees resettled in Oregon initially settled in the greater Portland metro area, and Portland currently ranks eleventh among cities around the country that resettle international refugees. This research focuses on the reception and resettlement experiences of one sub-group of refugees and immigrants: those from Somalia. In the Portland area, Somalis are a largely marginalized social group. They live on the peripheries of society and are often segregated (physically as well as culturally) in what is historically a racially and culturally homogenous state. To date, limited research has focused on the reception experiences and adjustment challenges of the local Somali community. The intent of this descriptive case study is to explore and record the arrival and adjustment experiences and perspectives of Somali refugees and immigrants, so as to understand their journey of displacement and resettlement holistically. It investigates the context of their acclimatization into US society via the Portland urban area. It, more specifically, explores the nature of the arrival and adjustment experiences of the community, as well as the factors influencing them. It attempts to understand how these factors and the overall experience of adjustment influence the negotiation and construction of individual and collective identity of the local Somalis. In understanding the overall experience of resettlement within the community, the study also explores how well the needs of the community are met when it comes to support services and other resources for adaptation. Seventeen participants were interviewed from the community, and they indicated that the journey of adjustment is an on-going one that needs to be understood holistically while incorporating all the stages of exile: from displacement to resettlement. Identity formation and negotiation is a key process that emerged within the narratives, through which the experience of resettlement is maneuvered. Within the local community, identity informs the participation of Somalis within social networks, as well as the myriad social roles they take on as individuals, family members, and community members. This study finds some important similarities and differences in the experiences of the local Somalis with other local and national immigrant and refugee groups.

Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att redogöra för hur fyra svensksomalier ser på svenskhet och undersöka eventuella hinder de identifierar för att bli betraktade som svenska. Jag har tittat närmare på hur de ser på sin identitet och vilket samband det har med vad de betraktar som sitt hem respektive hemland. Jag visar att mina informanter förhåller sig på ett delvis varierande sätt till svenskhet och att det bland dem också finns flera gemensamma sätt att resonera på. Att bli helt svensk är något de både väljer bort och något de inte anser sig ha möjlighet att bli. Hur de betraktar sig själva är i högsta grad beroende inte bara av andras bemötande utan även vad de antar att andra har för uppfattning om dem. För att förstå mina informanters upplevda utanförskap diskuterar jag vad det är de känner sig utanför och i vilka situationer utanförskapet blir aktuellt. Upplevelsen att vara utanför det svenska kan i sin tur skapa andra identiteter och tillhandahålla nya gemenskaper. / The purpose of this thesis is to give an account of how four Swedish Somalis view Swedishness and to examine possible obstacles they identify to be considered as Swedish. I have examined how they look at their identities and how this relates to how they view home and homeland. I show that my informants responds to Swedishness in partially varying ways and that there are also several common ways of reasoning among them. Becoming totally Swedish is something my informants both choose not to be and something they do not feel they have the opportunity to become. How my informants consider themselves is highly dependent not only of others' dealing with them, but also what they suppose others think of them. In order to understand my informants perceived exclusion, I discuss what they feel excluded from and in which situations the exclusion comes into question. The experience of being excluded from Swedishness can in turn create other identities and provide new solidarities.

Santrauka Humanitarinė intervencija ir jėgos nenaudojimo principas - daug diskusijų sukelianti tema. Atkreipti dėmesį į jėgos nenaudojimo principo ir humanitarinės intervencijos santykį skatina ne tik vyraujantis nuomonių skirtumas, bet ir palaipsniui vykstanti minėtų doktrinų modifikacija, kurią įtakoja valstybių praktika bei tarptautinėje arenoje vykstantys įvykiai. Darbe pateikiama trumpa humanitarinės intervencijos sampratų, kurias siūlo lietuvos ir užsienio autoriai, lyginamoji analizė. Taip pat aptariamas ir jėgos nenaudojimo principas. Antroje darbo dalyje glaustai pristatoma minėtų doktrinų istorinė raida. Trečiojoje darbo dalyje dėmėsys koncentruojamas į Jungtinių Tautų vaidmens, įgyvendinant jėgos nenaudojimo principą bei humanitarinės intervencijos doktriną, atskleidimui. Joje aptariama humanitarinės intervencijos ir jėgos nenudojimo principą įtvirtinančios Jungtinių Tautų Chartijos normos suderinamumo galimybė. Apžvelgiama Saugumo Tarybos ir Generalinės Asamblėjos kompetencija sankcionuojant jėgos naudojimą pagal Chartijos VII skyrių bei galimybė pasinaudoti šiuo mechanizmu įgyvendinant humanitarinę intervenciją. Šioje dalyje taip pat glaustai pristatoma ST praktika įgyvendinant humanitarinės intervencijos doktriną bei vieni iš svarbiausių atvejų, kuomet jėga humanitariniais tikslais buvo panaudota be ST sankcijos. Neapseita ir be Tarptautinio Teisingumo Teismo praktikos, kurioje sprendžiami jėgos nenaudojimo ir humanitarinės intervencijos klausimai, iškilę... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Humanitarian Intervention and the Non Use of Force Principle The doctrine of humanitarian intervention and the non use of force principle is the theme that causes a lot of discussions. But this is not the only reason that makes it interesting, there are also changes in both of them caused by states practice and events in international arena. In this work it is given short analysis of what are conceptions suggested by foreign and Lithuanian authors, what is humanitarian intervention. Also it is talked what is the principle of the non use of force. The second part of work is imposed for historical analysis of both doctrines. In the third part of work attention is concentrated in the role of the United Nations in implementation of the non use of force principle and humanitarian intervention. In this part it is talked about the possibility to match the norm of the United Nations Charter that firms the prohibition of the use of force in international relations and the doctrine of humanitarian intervention. Also, the competence of the United Nations Security Council and General assembly to authorize the use of force under the Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter and the possibility to use this mechanism for humanitarian purposes is viewed. This part of work also represents shortly the practice of Security Council when it authorized the use of force for humanitarian reasons. Also in this part there are some examples when the use of force for humanitarian purposes was not... [to full text]