This thesis examines the events that took plac,e. in the Northern Frontier District I North Eastern Province of Kenya hetween the late nineteenth century and 1968. After 1900 the imposition of colonial policies impacted on the socio-economic and political structures of the Somali people. This thesis also examines the nature of Somali resistance l\P- to the late 1920s when Somali society was finally pacified. It further examines colonial policies such as the creation of the Somali-Galla line in 1919, the separation of the J uhaland region from the Kenya Colony in 1926 and the Special District Ordinance of 1934. Between 1946 and 1948 the British Government through its Foreign Minister, Ernest Bevin, attempted to unify Somali territories in the Horn of Africa and this raised Somali hopes of uni fication. The Bevin Plan collapsed because of the opposition of the United States, the Soviet Union, the French and Ethiopian leaders. Similar hopes of NFD Somali unification were raised hetween 1958 and 1963 because of the unification of the former British Somali land and Italian Somaliland. Due to the imminent end of British colonial rule in Kenya, the NFD Somali leaders demanded secession from Kenya to join up with the nascent Somali republic. But the NFDSomali hopes of unification with the Somali Repuhlic were dashed by 1964 because of the same opposition provided by the United States, the French and the Ethiopians. The British Government were all along half-hearted towards Somali unification attempts even though the field administrators adopted a pro-Somali attitude to the issue. In the early 1960s, however, the NFD Somali leaders were faced with the additional opposition of the new KANU government in Kenya. In 1964 the failure of the NFD Somalis to secede from Kenya led to the guerrilla war, what the Kenyan government called the 'shifta movement', that engulfed the North Eastern Region until 1968 when the Arusha Memorandum of Understanding was signed between the Kenyan and the Somali Governments. The signing of the Arusha Memorandum of Understanding by the Kenyan and Somali Governments did not satisfy· the NFD Somalis hopes of joining the Somali Republic. The main conclusion of this thesis is that the N FD Somalis, except for few collahorators, did at no time, whether in the colonial or post-colonial eras, accept heing in Kenya. By the late 1960s the prospects of NFD Somalis unifying with the Somali Republic were, in view of the forces arrayed against the Somali secessionist movement, slim; and they have remained slim since then.

The impact of ethnic residential concentration on the process of integration of ethnic minorities into the mainstream society has been increasingly debated among both scholars and policy makers across Europe. This thesis seeks to contribute to this debate by addressing the effect of ethnic residential concentration on the political participation of Black Africans in Britain. The study pursues three main objectives: investigating the marginalising or mobilising impact of co-ethnic residential concentration on political participation; disentangling the processes underpinning this relationship by focusing on the effect of ethnic-based social networks, represented here by voluntary organisations, religious institutions and informal social networks; exploring the influence of the immigration-related heterogeneity that characterises the Black African community on the relationship between residential concentration, ethnic social networks and political participation. A mixed-method approach is adopted. The quantitative enquiry focuses on the Black African community as a whole and relies on secondary data drawn from the 2010 Ethnic Minority British Electoral Survey. The qualitative enquiry is based on primary data collected through face-to-face interviews and participant observation among Ghanaians and Somalis in London. The quantitative analysis shows that, among Black Africans, residential concentration has a mobilising effect on voter turnout but a marginalising effect on non-electoral participation. Ethnic social networks do not seem to mediate this relationship. Residential concentration is significantly, and positively, correlated to individual participation in ethnic places of worship and embeddedness in ethnic informal networks but not to involvement in ethnic organisations. In turn, the latter positively influences non-electoral engagement whereas ethnic places of worship and informal networks are not related to political engagement. The qualitative findings suggest that residential concentration is more relevant for the creation of and participation in ethnic organisations among Somalis than among Ghanaians. However, this relationship is likely to be influenced by other contextual factors such as institutional support, ethnic diversity and tribal homogeneity. Somali organisations also seem to play a more active political role than Ghanaian groups with regard to both electoral and non-electoral engagement. The two communities appear to be more similar when considering the relationship between ethnic religious institutions and informal connections with co-ethnics. These networks are not necessarily dependent on ethnic residential clustering and their effect on political engagement is primarily linked to informal political discussion. Overall, the results suggest that the relationship between residential concentration, ethnic social networks and political participation of Black Africans varies considerably between the two national groups researched, primarily due to their immigration-related characteristics, as well as across modes of political engagement (i.e. electoral, non-electoral) and local contexts.

Bakgrund: En av de största och snabbast växande invandrargrupperna i Sverige är den somalis-ka. Vi har sett mönster i forskningen som antyder att det inom sjukvården uppstår transkulturella möten mellan somaliska patienter och vårdgivare som många gånger präglas av missförstånd och negativa vårderfarenheter relaterat till skilda referensramar. Dessa har dock ofta framträtt som bifynd vid studerandet av specifika somaliska patientgrupper i smala sjukvårdskontexter, varför erfarenheterna inte alltid är applicerbara på den genomsnittliga somaliska patienten. Syfte: Att beskriva somaliers erfarenheter av mötet med den svenska sjukvården. Metod: Empirisk studie med deskriptiv kvalitativ design. Semistrukturerade intervjuer utfördes med nio personer med somaliskt ursprung. En frågeguide användes under intervjuerna, vilken utformades med beaktande till Leiningers transkulturella omvårdnadsteori. Data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys med deduktiva och induktiva inslag. Resultat: Utifrån analysen utkristalliserades nio kategorier, vilka beskriver somaliers erfarenheter av mötet med den svenska sjukvården: sjukvård på andra premisser, skilda kulturella referensramar, blandade erfarenheter av kulturellt hänsynstagande, språkets betydelse, informationsbrist, tolkens roll, varierande bemötanden, fördomar och attityder samt personlighet. Slutsats: Studien visar att kommunikationsbrister och skilda kulturella referensramar hos somalier och svensk sjukvårdspersonal är återkommande mönster i vårdmötet. Dessa bidrar till att det uppstår missförstånd och missnöje gentemot svensk sjukvård. Kulturella och språkliga barriärer till trots, kan ojämlikhet minskas och positiva vårderfarenheter skapas om en öppensinnlighet och strävan till förståelse infinner sig hos varje vårdgivare. Leiningers transkulturella omvårdnadsteori kan inspirera sjuksköterskor att utveckla dessa kvaliteter. Klinisk betydelse: Öka medvetenheten för kulturellt betingade synsätt hos somalierna som patientgrupp. / Background: One of the largest and fastest growing immigrant groups in Sweden are the Somalis. Research have shown us patterns that suggests that transcultural encounters occur between Somali patients and health care providers which are often marked by misunderstandings and negative health care experiences related to different frames of reference. These have often emerged as incidental findings when studying specific Somali patient groups in narrow medical contexts. The experiences are therefore not always applicable on the average Somali patient. Aim: To describe Somalis experiences of the encounter with Swedish health care. Method: Empirical study with descriptive qualitative design. Semistructured interviews were held with nine people of Somali origin. An interview guide was used during the interviews, which was designed with regard to Leininger’s transcultural theory. Data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis with deductive and inductive approach. Results: Based on the analysis nine categories emerged, which describes Somalis experiences of encountering the Swedish healthcare: healthcare at other premises, diverse cultural frames of reference, varied experiences of cultural considerations, the importance of language, lack of information, the interpreter's role, varying treatment, prejudices and attitudes and personality. Conclusion: The study shows that shortcomings in communication and diverse cultural frames among Somalis and Swedish caregivers are recurring patterns in the healthcare encounter. These contribute to the creation of misunderstandings and dissatisfaction towards Swedish healthcare. Despite cultural and linguistic barriers, inequality can be reduced and positive care experiences can arise if an openness and ambition for understanding appear in each caregiver. Leininger’s transcultural theory can inspire nurses to develop these qualities. Implications for practice: To increase awareness of culturally related views of the Somalis as a patient group.

This thesis evaluated a program of the Lutheran Community Services of Oregon, an English as a Second Language training program for Somali refugee women. This study examined the English test results and questionnaires of 28 pairs of Somali women and North American volunteers involved in tutoring. The evaluation included communicating with the Somali women, North American tutors, and Lutheran Community Services staff. The researcher created a literacy test, piloted it, and created questionnaires with the assistance of the staff. Before the tutoring began, the researcher created a needs assessment for the Somali participants and visited each Somali woman's home with a Somali interpreter to administer the initial student questionnaire, B.E.S.T. Test, Written Form Test, and needs assessment. The researcher administrated the initial questionnaire to the tutors. Next, the researcher observed the literacy and cultural trainings for the tutors and observed three pairs of tutors and students during tutoring sessions at the students' homes. The researcher attended an informal party for tutors and staff during the middle of the program and administrated the mid-term questionnaire at the party and over the phone. The evaluator discussed the program with the staff every couple months. The final step was going to each Somali woman's home to conduct the final student questionnaire, B.E.S.T. Test, Written Form Test. The final tutor questionnaire was completed over the phone. The researcher and Lutheran Community Services staff presented the findings at the 2000 Oregon Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (ORTESOL) Conference. Some of the more significant findings about creating effective programs are that programs for pre-literate refugees should use quantitative and qualitative methods of evaluation and should offer a non-threatening atmosphere for pre-literate adult refugees. Arranging for students to study in their own homes with tutors has positive as well as negative points. The views and languages all of the stakeholders during an evaluation should be considered. It is recommended that programs make materials specifically for their participants, create and offer literacy training specifically made to help tutors teach the targeted populations, and include cultural training for the students and tutors.

Cette thèse suit les trajectoires de quelques images choisies, d'abord réalisées sur et puis par des hommes et des femmes somalis de la Corne de l'Afrique depuis la fin du 19ème siècle à nos jours.Supports et vecteurs de la production et diffusion de savoirs anthropologiques auXIXème siècle, notamment dans le cadre d'exhibitions ethnographiques somalies en Europe - dont l'étude propose une reconstruction chronologique à partir de 1890 - ou au cours de missions d'explorations à caractère politico-commercial, ce travail entreprend d’étudier modalités et contextes de production, appréciation et filiation des « images somalies » produites en France dans les milieux savants et populaires.L’étude des circulations et réappropriations de quelques-unes de ces images historiques sur Internet, pour servir des enjeux contemporains, a conduit ensuite à analyser comment, à l’ère numérique, une jeune génération issue de la diaspora somalienne prend aujourd'hui la parole (et questionne ainsi qui peut parler et comment) à travers des projets de blogs/sites et tente ainsi de constituer (réparer ?) une « autre » archive photographique somalie. Ce faisant, elle interroge à la fois l’image du pays dans le médias internationaux (image associée, en grande partie, à la famine, au terrorisme islamique, à la piraterie et/ou à l’« État en faillite ») et les modalités de transmission d’autres mémoires, enfouies, de ce pays, dans un contexte de « destruction de l’histoire ».Enfin, la troisième et dernière partie de l’étude s'intéresse brièvement aux pratiques photographiques observées à Djibouti de 2010 à 2012, ici aussi avec une attention particulière à la manière dont les images produites ont été (ou sont aujourd’hui) conservées.Ce travail fait le pari d’une écriture de l’histoire (en cours) qui assume les manques et les vides – point que partagent ici chercheuse et sujets de la recherche - et s’élabore à partir de fragments (matériels tout autant que numériques) en mouvement, en s’efforçant de mettre en relief comment leurs circulations affectent à chaque fois leur compréhension et significations. / This thesis traces the trajectories of some selected images, first taken of and then by Somali men and women from the Horn of Africa since the late 19th century to the present.Taken during ethnographic exhibitions of Somalis in Europe (of which this workproposes a detailed timeline since 1890) or commercial and political exploration missions to East Africa, these photographs have been both the medium and vector through which a certain knowledge has been produced and circulated concerning these people. This study undertakes, therefore, to examine the modes and contexts ofproduction, consumption and filiation of these "Somali images" in learned societies and popular newspapers in France.The study of the circulation and reappropriation of these historical images today on the Internet to serve contemporary purposes then leads to an analysis of how, in the digital era, a young, Internet-savvy generation from the Somali diaspora is now reclaiming its voice (raising questions about who can speak and how) through new website and blog projects, which attempt to establish (or mend?) an alternative Somali photographic archive. Thus, these projects both question the image of Somalia in the international media (an image associated, to a great extent, with famine, Islamic terrorism, piracy and "failed states") and offer new ways of preserving and transmitting other, often buried, memories of this country and its past before the civil war in the context of a certain "destruction of history".Finally, the third and last part of this study briefly revolves around photographicpractices observed in Djibouti during fieldwork from 2010 to 2012, here again with aparticular attention to the ways in which images are produced and conserved.This thesis raises the challenge of writing an on-going history that embraces itslacunae and voids – a feature that the researcher and the "subjects" of the research share – based on evolving material and digital fragments, in an attempt to highlight how their circulations profoundly affect their meanings and they ways in which we understand and make sense of them.

Den somaliskfödda gruppen beskrivs ofta som den mest svårintegrerade i Sverige med en stor underrepresentation på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. De beskrivs ha traditionella värderingar och könsroller som ofta dikterar arbetsfördelning och funktioner i familjen. Den aktuella studien ämnar undersöka effekten av ett förvärvsarbete för somaliska familjeroller i ett migrationsperspektiv. Genom att jämföra lönearbetande och arbetslösa somaliskfödda kvinnors upplevelser avser studien även belysa förvärvsarbetets betydelse för kvinnans vardagsliv. Uppsatsen bygger på tidigare forskning om de historiska, sociala och transnationella dimensionerna i somaliskt familjeliv och kultur samt teoretiska begrepp såsom rollkonflikt, rollförändring och rollförhandling. En kvalitativ jämförande fallstudie har genomförts, där resultatet baseras på data från semistrukturerade intervjuer. Åtta respondenter deltog i undersökningen, varav fyra var förvärvsarbetande och fyra arbetslösa somaliskfödda kvinnor. Med utgångspunkt från tidigare forskning och samhällsvetenskapens rollteori har resultatet analyserats för att kunna besvara forskningsfrågorna. I resultatet framkommer det att det finns vissa skillnader mellan de båda grupperna. De somaliska familjerna där kvinnorna inte befinner sig i ett förvärvsarbete har en distinkt uppdelning av hushållsarbetet, där kvinnan står för majoriteten av sysslorna. Det är även tydligt att de traditionella somaliska familjerollerna fortfarande vidmakthålls. I de familjer där de somaliskfödda kvinnorna lönearbetar däremot, har de traditionella familjerollerna uppluckrats och lett till en mer jämlik fördelning av hushållsarbetet. Där delar mannen, kvinnan och barnen på ansvaret. Fortsättningsvis framkommer det att de arbetslösa somaliskfödda kvinnorna är mycket angelägna om att ha ett arbete då självständighet från stat och myndigheter är drivkraften. För de lönearbetande kvinnorna framkommer istället ett tydligare fokus på att vara självständig från mannen och kunna bestämma mer i familjeangelägenheter. Resultatet visar även hur samhällets förväntningar på kvinnorna har påverkat deras drivkrafter till att arbeta och sätt att tänka om sin funktion i familjen. / Somali-born immigrants are often described as the most difficult group to integrate into Swedish society with an extensive underrepresentation on the Swedish labour market as well as traditional values and gender roles that often dictate the division of labour and functions in the family. This study aims to examine the effects of a job on Somali family roles from a migration perspective. By comparing wage-earning and unemployed Somali-born women's experiences, the study also aspires to elucidate the importance of a job in their everyday life. The essay is based on previous research on the historical, social and transnational dimensions of Somali family life and culture, as well as theoretical concepts such as role conflict, role change and role negotiation. A qualitative comparative case study has been conducted, based on data from semi-structured interviews. Eight respondents participated in the survey – four employed and four unemployed women born in Somalia. The results were then analyzed in the light of previous research and the theoretical concepts. The result shows that there are some interesting differences between the two groups. The Somali families in which the women are unemployed have a distinct division of the household work, where the woman assumes the majority of the workload. Here it is also clear that traditional Somali family roles are still of importance. However, in the families where the Somali-born women have employment, traditional family roles have changed and led to a more even distribution of household work, where the men, women and children share the responsibility. Furthermore, it appears that the unemployed Somali-born women are very keen to have a job, as independence from the state and government is a main driving force. For the wage-earners on the other hand, there is a clearer focus on being independent from the man and being able to be a decision-maker in family matters. The result also illustrates how society's expectations on women influence their driving forces to work and the way they think about their role in the family.

Text in English / The aim of this research is to assess the impact social capital has had on Somali businesses. It argues against the perception that Somali business expertise is derived solely from the principles of economics. It argues that social capital plays a pivotal role in shaping the Somali spirit of entrepreneurship. The role of social capital in the creation of Somali human and financial capital is examined. This thesis, being a qualitative study, used semi-structured, unstructured interviews and direct observation as data collection methods. / Sociology / M.A. (Sociology)

The purpose of this thesis is to be able to contribute a small insight into how first-generationSomali women experience higher education and what they experience as opportunities andobstacles. The data has been collected through a semi-structured qualitative telephoneinterview. The result is based on five interviews with first-generation Somali femalestudents who have lived in Sweden for less than ten years and who are currently pursuingbachelors or master's level of education. The results showed that higher education plays animportant role in the lives of all the students, it also shows that the students socio-culturalupbringing is the driving force behind their pursuing of higher education. Education is alsoseen as crucial for gaining social cultural and economic capital. The results also shows thatthe female students face challenges such as prejudices, socio-cultural barriers and evendifficulties in finding work after their education.

Since 2012 more than 295 676 migrants have arrived in South Africa. Somalis form one of the most visible migrant minorities in the country. Since various studies have been conducted into the mistreatment of migrants and its psychological effects, this study aimed to investigate the reasons that led to the resilience of the Somali community residing in Fordsburg/Mayfair, Johannesburg despite the challenges they encountered. The sample for the study was selected using the purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through the use of face-to-face semi-structured interviews and subsequently analysed following Colaizzi’s (1978) descriptive phenomenological method of data analysis. The findings of the study show that the participants experienced several challenges en route to South Africa and once they reached the country. Their resilience can be attributed to reasons such as individual determination to achieve change, the Somali communal culture, religion and spirituality, the family spirit, gender role adaptation and hard work. / Psychology / M.A. (Research Consultation)