This thesis works towards establishing a legacy of influence between George Eliot’s “The Lifted Veil” and Henry James’ “The Beast in the Jungle.” Through an exploration of James’ relationship to Eliot’s oeuvre and a close study of the two works in tandem, it will become apparent the influence Eliot’s slight Gothic story held on James’ celebrated short story. Furthermore, this thesis will introduce another chapter of the growing critical tradition of studying the relationship between George Eliot and Henry James.

Les difficultés qui peuvent être rencontrées par une entreprise sont multiformes et de degrés variables. Lorsqu’elles n’ont pas atteint le seuil suffisant permettant de déclencher une procédure collective, le chef d’entreprise rechigne bien souvent à dévoiler la véritable situation de leur entreprise. Les réticences à l’officialisation des difficultés tiennent parfois à des contingences socioculturelles tandis ou à des considérations d’ordre juridique. Le chef d’entreprise craint, le plus souvent, qu’il soit porté atteinte à l’exercice des prérogatives et responsabilités dont il a pratiquement seul la charge. L’apparition des difficultés peut déclencher divers contrôles de gestion de l’entreprise, mais aussi provoquer une réaction de méfiance, voire le retrait de certains partenaires financiers et/ou des collaborateurs importants. Les hésitations à révéler la situation préoccupante de l’entreprise s’expliquent aussi par le secret des affaires. En l’absence d’un véritable droit à l’information au profit des travailleurs, le chef d’entreprise peut juger de l’opportunité de donner ou non des informations. L’intérêt de l’entreprise est souvent invoqué pour justifier le silence, mais aussi pour canaliser la réaction des travailleurs. S’il s’exprime, le chef d’entreprise va pouvoir choisir les informations ainsi que le canal par lequel elles doivent parvenir aux destinataires.La procédure d’alerte en droit OHADA destinée à « réveiller les dirigeants insouciants de l’état périlleux de l’entreprise » mérite d’être saluée. L’employeur peut répondre aux difficultés par l’évitement des liens d’emplois, le développement des emplois précaires, l’externalisation et le recours aux travailleurs réellement ou non indépendants.La décision de restructuration prise par le dirigeant a des conséquences négatives sur la situation des salariés. L’article 11.8 du Code du travail qui impose le maintien des contrats de travail en cas de modification dans la situation juridique de l’employeur vise à en atténuer les conséquences. Il tente de préserver l’emploi et de permettre la poursuite de l’activité. Théoriquement, il s’agit d’une protection essentielle des salariés, mais en pratique, la "garantie d’emploi" est limitée à la seule période du changement de la situation juridique. L’ancien employeur et son successeur ne sont pas totalement privés de leur pouvoir de licencier, mais le transfert d’activité ne peut constituer en tant que tel un motif légitime de rupture des contrats. L’absence de solidarité légale entre les employeurs successifs rend difficile le paiement intégral des créances salariales.Pour autant, les travailleurs ne sont pas totalement abandonnés face à la décision patronale de procéder à des licenciements pour motif économique ; une procédure particulière doit être observée. Elle constitue l'ultime espoir de limitation de suppression d’emplois. Enfin, la liquidation de l’entreprise est synonyme de disparition des emplois. À cette occasion, la priorité est accordée aux mesures visant à sauver le capital. Le juge-commissaire qui a la responsabilité de se prononcer sur la réduction ou non du personnel décide presque toujours dans le sens souhaité par le dirigeant. Toutefois, lors de la formation du concordat, les travailleurs peuvent faire valoir des arguments permettant d’améliorer la consistance des mesures d’accompagnement de la suppression des emplois. La protection des intérêts des travailleurs en cas de difficultés de l’entreprise est insuffisante tant du point de vue des procédures que de l’indemnisation de la perte de l’emploi, ceci a notamment pour conséquence bien souvent d’attraire les salariés licenciés vers l’économie informelle pour assurer leur survie et celle de leur famille. / The difficulties that can be encountered by a company are multiform and varying degrees. When they have not reached the sufficient threshold to trigger a collective procedure, the entrepreneur often refrains from revealing the true situation of their company. The reluctance to formalize difficulties sometimes arises from socio-cultural contingencies, or from legal considerations. In most cases, the entrepreneur fears that the exercise of the prerogatives and responsibilities of which he is almost solely responsible will be undermined. The emergence of difficulties can trigger various management controls of the company, but also provoke a reaction of mistrust, or even the withdrawal of some financial partners and / or important collaborators. The hesitation to reveal the worrying situation of the company is also explained by the secrecy of business. In the absence of a genuine right to information for the benefit of workers, the entrepreneur may decide whether or not to give information. The interest of the company is often invoked to justify the silence, but also to channel the reaction of the workers. If he speaks, the entrepreneur will be able to choose the information and the channel by which he must reach the recipients.The procedure of warning in OHADA law to "awaken the careless leaders of the perilous state of the enterprise" deserves to be welcomed. The employer can respond to difficulties by avoiding job bonds, developing precarious jobs, outsourcing and using genuine or non-independent workers.The restructuring decision taken by the manager has negative consequences for the employees' situation. Section 11.8 of the Labor Code, which requires the maintenance of employment contracts in the event of a change in the employer's legal position, is intended to mitigate the consequences. It tries to preserve employment and to allow the continuation of the activity. Theoretically, this is an essential protection for employees, but in practice the "employment guarantee" is limited to the only period of change in the legal situation. The former employer and his successor are not totally deprived of their power to dismiss, but the transfer of activity can not as such constitute a legitimate reason for breach of contract. The lack of legal solidarity between successive employers makes it difficult to pay full wage claims.However, the workers are not totally abandoned in the face of the employer's decision to make redundancies for economic reasons; a special procedure must be observed. It is the ultimate hope of limiting job losses. Finally, the liquidation of the company is synonymous with the disappearance of jobs. On this occasion, priority is given to measures to save capital. The judge-commissioner who is responsible for deciding on the reduction or not of the staff decides almost always in the direction desired by the officer. However, during the formation of the composition, the workers can put forward arguments to improve the consistency of measures accompanying the abolition of jobs. The protection of workers' interests in the event of company difficulties is insufficient both from the procedural point of view and from the compensation for loss of employment. This often leads to the attraction of redundant employees the informal economy to ensure their survival and that of their families.

Cette thèse appréhende le travail des déchets par l’usage de méthodes mixtes en sociologie : l’analyse du discours assistée par ordinateur et l’observation participante dans les usines chargées de l’élimination et de la valorisation des déchets. Elle vise à saisir le périmètre du travail dans le secteur du traitement et le contenu de l’activité du tri professionnel des déchets ménagers. En s’appuyant sur une sociologie de l’interaction, de la régulation sociale et du travail d’organisation, cette thèse montre les tensions qui existent entre la finalité environnementale de l’activité (emploi vert) et les conditions du travail industriel. La première partie souligne des éléments qui définissent ce type d’opposition. D’abord, nous avons observé une forte division du travail, notamment parce que la conception apparaît fort éloignée des activités manuelles qui s’exercent au sein des usines. Ensuite, la coexistence du secteur public et privé marque d’autres enjeux socio-économiques liés au type de gestion des activités. Enfin, travailler dans le milieu des déchets, c’est également prendre en compte la question des risques professionnels et pour l’environnement, qui ne recouvrent pas la même signification en fonction du contexte du travail. La seconde partie de la thèse vise à comprendre comment les travailleurs du tri vivent ces contradictions et comment ils arrivent à se mouvoir dans cet univers industriel contraignant. Cette thèse montre le passage du novice pour « devenir » un travailleur en intégrant un collectif et en s’appropriant le travail. Cela permet de souligner l’importance des relations sociales et de l’activité langagière dans ce milieu de travail a priori hostile aux interactions. Enfin, le poids des représentations du métier de trieur, le risque de souillure, et l’appréhension du travail à la chaîne amènent le travailleur à négocier ce très sale boulot pour le/se rendre plus viable et digne. / This dissertation explores the work of waste management by the use sociological mixed methods: computer-assisted discourse analysis and participant observation in waste industries. This research aims at showing the scope of work in waste industry as well as the content of the professional household waste sorting activity. The research focuses on interaction, social regulation and organizational work. This PhD dissertation shows the tensions between environment (green jobs) and the conditions of industrial work. The first part emphasizes on the elements that define this type of opposition. We observed a strong division of labor, particularly because the conception appears very far from the actual manual activities occurring in factories. Then the coexistence of public and private showcase other socio-economic issues related to the type of management. Finally, work in the waste sector, it is also considering the issue of risks at work and environmental hazards, which meanings are subject to the work context. The second part of the dissertation research aims at understanding how the workers live these contradictions and how they manage to move in this constraining industrial world. The research shows the importance and the difficulties for a novice to "become" a worker through the integration of a work collective and the appropriation of work. This will highlight the importance of social relationships and language activity in a workplace “a priori” hostile to interactions. Finally, the weight of waste sorter job’s representations, the risk of soiling and the apprehension of line work bring the worker to negotiate this “very dirty work” in order to change the working conditions and representations to be more viable and decent.

abstract: Learning to read in English is difficult for adult English language learners due to their diverse background, their level of experience with literacy in their first language, and their reason and desire for wanting to learn to read in English. Teachers of adult language learners must consider the educational and language experiences of adults enrolled in English as a Second Language (ESL) classes in order to provide adequate learning opportunities for a diverse student body. Promoting learning opportunities for adult Arabic speakers was an area of interest for me when I first began teaching adult English language learners six years ago. The purpose of my action research study was to provide the adult Arabic speakers in my classroom with strategies they could use in order to read accurately in English. Current research used to guide my study focused on the difficulties Arabic speakers have with the orthographic features of the English language. As I conducted various cycles of action research in an ESL reading class, I developed an intervention to support adult Arabic speakers gain an understanding of the sound spelling system of the English language inclusive of instructional strategies to support accurate word reading. Data was collected to identify the individuals experience in learning to read. I included a pre and post miscue analysis to help identify the common error patterns of the participants of my study. Over an eight-week period, I followed a constructivist approach and facilitated word sorts to help students identify common sound spellings found in the English language. Instructional strategies were included to help the participants decode multisyllabic words by bringing awareness to the syllable types found in the English language. The findings of my study revealed that Arabic speakers benefited from an intervention focused on the sound spellings and syllabication of the English language. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Educational Leadership and Policy Studies 2020

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The dual influence of person characteristics and situational contexts on behaviour has long been debated on by personality and social psychologists alike. Traditionally, personality traits have been emphasised, whilst the assessment of situational influences has received limited attention. As a result, there has been little progress in understanding how situational contexts impact individuals' daily organisational behaviour – a key imperative of organisational psychology. This study leverages recent developments in situation assessment to investigate the extent to which personality traits and situational characteristics independently, and in combination, predict workrelevant behaviour. Survey response data from 256 South African participants within the International Situations Project (ISP; Baranski et al., 2017) were analysed. Sets of multiple regression analyses were conducted with each of seven work-related behaviours as criteria, using the Big Five personality traits and DIAMONDS situational characteristics as predictors. Next, barebones meta-analysis (Hunter & Schmidt, 1990) of the resulting multiple correlation coefficients was conducted to estimate the relative predictive power of traits vs. situations, averaged across target behaviours. The results revealed that the combination of personality traits and situational characteristics explained more variance in work-related behaviour than their independent effects. Although situational characteristics independently predicted all work-related behaviours, personality traits were not strong predictors of particular behaviours. These findings highlight the importance of integrating knowledge of both traits and situations to enhance our understanding of why people behave the way they do. Practically, results further suggest that organisations may increase the ability to predict employee behaviour on the job by incorporating measures of situations, in combination with traits, into human resource management applications (e.g., personnel selection and assessment).

The dual influence of person characteristics and situational contexts on behaviour has long been debated on by personality and social psychologists alike. Traditionally, personality traits have been emphasised, whilst the assessment of situational influences has received limited attention. As a result, there has been little progress in understanding how situational contexts impact individuals' daily organisational behaviour – a key imperative of organisational psychology. This study leverages recent developments in situation assessment to investigate the extent to which personality traits and situational characteristics independently, and in combination, predict workrelevant behaviour. Survey response data from 256 South African participants within the International Situations Project (ISP; Baranski et al., 2017) were analysed. Sets of multiple regression analyses were conducted with each of seven work-related behaviours as criteria, using the Big Five personality traits and DIAMONDS situational characteristics as predictors. Next, barebones meta-analysis (Hunter & Schmidt, 1990) of the resulting multiple correlation coefficients was conducted to estimate the relative predictive power of traits vs. situations, averaged across target behaviours. The results revealed that the combination of personality traits and situational characteristics explained more variance in work-related behaviour than their independent effects. Although situational characteristics independently predicted all work-related behaviours, personality traits were not strong predictors of particular behaviours. These findings highlight the importance of integrating knowledge of both traits and situations to enhance our understanding of why people behave the way they do. Practically, results further suggest that organisations may increase the ability to predict employee behaviour on the job by incorporating measures of situations, in combination with traits, into human resource management applications (e.g., personnel selection and assessment).

Americans express support for “the environment” with environmental support cutting across political and demographic differences and cleavages. In the past 15 years, however, period effects, political sorting, and the emergence of a powerful anti-environmental movement have lessened the generalized levels of environmental support. Using the 2012 CCES survey, the expressed attitudes regarding multiple environmental issues found significant differences in levels of environmental support nationally by party, Tea Party attitudes, ideology, and certain demographic characteristics. For Floridians, the differences between the most pro-environmental respondents and the most anti-environmental are narrower; partisan identification itself is not significant in environmental attitudes; but ideology, Tea party support, and to a lesser degree, gender and race are associated in explaining variances in environmental attitudes. Voting decision behavior previously observed only for certain environmental issues appears to be influenced by multiple environmental positions. The significance of age on environmental attitudes remains perplexing with evidence for both younger and older respondents' support for environmentalism, as compared to the support expressed by persons aged 40-59. Support and opposition for a specific Florida constitutional ballot proposition on environmental land conservative acquisition reflect partisan and gender divides, and the impact of attitudes regarding an unpopular elected national official. Environmentalism appears to be further evidence of the “Big Sort” in American politics, increasingly likely to be used as an interparty wedge issue and for intraparty base mobilizations. The need for further research and the implications for environmental activists conclude this thesis.

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