Zu Beginn des Forschungsvorhabens wurden im Rahmen der Teilprojekte B1 und B2 des SFB 532 alkalibeständige Glas- und Carbonrovings eingesetzt, die zu offenmaschigen 2D-Textilien verarbeitet wurden. Untersuchungen des Verbund- und des Tragverhaltens der Verstärkungsstrukturen in Pull-Out- und Dehnkörperversuchen haben gezeigt, dass das Potential der Verstärkungsfasern aufgrund einer unvollständiger Durchtränkung der Bewehrung nicht vollständig ausgeschöpft werden kann. Auch Defizite bei der Produktionstechnik wurden erkannt und für zukünftige Entwicklungen analysiert. Um das Potential der verwendeten Verstärkungsfaser vollständiger auszuschöpfen, wurden innovative Garnkonstruktionen, die sich positiv auf den inneren und/oder den äußeren Verbund auswirken, entwickelt und erprobt. Anhand von Versuchsreihen auf der Textilebene wurden unterschiedliche Textilparameter, wie Art der Bindung, Gittergröße und Wirkfadenspannung, identifiziert, die unmittelbar die Tragfähigkeit der Verbundbauteile beeinflussen. Für die gängigen Produktionstechniken Laminieren, Gießen, Spritzen, Schleudern und Extrudieren wurden entsprechende Bewehrungskonstruktionen abgeleitet, die den Anforderungen des jeweiligen Prozess angepasst wurden. Ein weiterer Punkt der Forschungsaktivitäten stellte die Entwicklung der Maschinentechnik zur Herstellung von Verstärkungstextilien dar. Am Institut für Textiltechnik (ITA) der RWTH Aachen University wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit Industriepartnern ein Maschinenkonzept entwickelt und umgesetzt, das die Herstellung von 3D-Abstandsgewirken mit einer freien Gestaltung der Deckflächen mit marktrelevanten Produktionsgeschwindigkeiten ermöglicht. Zur gezielten Einstellung der Wirkfadenspannung wurde ein Regelungssystem konzipiert und technisch umgesetzt, mit dem eine reproduzierbare Fertigung von textilen Verstärkungsstrukturen möglich wird.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Land-use change and soil type can have significant impact on microbial communities of soil. The Pampa biome in recent decades has undergone severe changes in landscape due to landuse change, mainly for the introduction of exotic tree plantation and croplands. Different landuse in Pampa biome were evaluated to determine the effect on the structure of soil microbial communities. Furthermore, due to the presence of various soil types present in this biome, we investigated whether different soil type harbor different microbial communities. Soil samples were collected at two sites with different land-uses (native grassland, native forest, exotic tree plantation and cropland) and in a typical toposequence in Pampa biome formed by Paleudult, Albaqualf and alluvial soils. The structure of soil microbial community (archaeal and fungal) was evaluated by RISA and soil functional capabilities were measured by microbial biomass carbon and metabolic quotient. We detected different patterns in fungal and archaeal community driven by land-use change and soil type showing that both factors are significant drivers of microbial community structure and activity. Acacia and Eucalyptus afforestation presented the most dissimilar communities when compared with natural vegetation. Although differences in the communities were detected, the soils tested shared most of the taxonomic unities and only a proportion of the community suffers changes caused by human interference. / A mudança do uso da terra e o tipo de solo podem exercer impactos significantes sobre a comunidade microbiana do solo. O bioma Pampa Brasileiro, nas últimas décadas, tem sofrido severas mudanças na paisagem devido à mudança no uso da terra, principalmente pela introdução de plantações de árvores exóticas e pelos cultivos agrícolas. Diferentes usos do solo no bioma Pampa foram avaliados para determinar o efeito sobre a estrutura das comunidades microbianas do solo. Além disso, devido à presença de vários tipos de solo presentes neste bioma, foi investigado se diferentes tipos de solos abrigam diferentes comunidades microbianas. Amostras de solo foram coletadas em duas áreas com diferentes usos do solo (pastagem nativa, mata nativa, plantações de árvores exóticas e cultivo agrícola) e em uma topossequência típica no bioma Pampa formado por Argissolo, Planossolo e solos aluviais. A estrutura das comunidades microbianas do solo (arqueas e fungos) foi avaliada por RISA e capacidades funcionais do solo foram mensuradas através de carbono da biomassa microbiana e quociente metabólico. Diferentes padrões foram detectados nas comunidades de fungos e arqueas influenciados pela mudança no uso da terra e pelo tipo de solo, mostrando que ambos são importantes fatores da estrutura e atividade da comunidade microbiana. Florestamentos de acácia e eucalipto apresentaram as comunidades mais diferentes quando comparados com a vegetação natural. Embora diferenças nas comunidades foram detectadas, os diferentes usos e tipos de solos avaliados compartilham grande parte das unidades taxonômicas e mostram que apenas uma parte da comunidade sofre alterações causadas pela interferência humana.

Sjöräddningssällskapet har sedan 1907 räddat liv genom frivilliga sjöräddare. De har en vision om att kunna effektivisera sina räddningsaktioner genom att skicka ut en drönare till olycksplatsen för att få en övergripande bild av händelsen och på så sätt kunna anpassa rätt utrustning och personal. Idén var att konstruera drönarens kropp i form av en textil 3D-struktur, detta skulle underlätta dess användning då den skulle bli flexibel och vid olycksplatsen kunna stuvas undan och förflyttas smidigare. Tanken är att drönaren ska ha en konstruktion som kan blåsas upp och bli styv för att sedan kunna tömmas på luft och bli flexibel. Syftet med denna studie är att ta fram en flatstickad distanstextil som ska fungera som en kropp till en drönare där förhoppningen är att den textila 3D-kroppen ska kunna formstickas som en vinge. I distanstextil skapas luftrum mellan lagren vilket möjliggör att en uppblåsbar konstruktion kan skapas. Genom att variera olika parametrar kan man även ta fram önskade egenskaper som styvhet, form, flexibilitet samt lättvikt. För att skapa en distanstextil som är styv i uppblåst läge krävs en beredning. Trikåvaror är generellt svåra att bereda, därför har studien undersökt olika trikåbindningars förmåga att vidhäfta mot beredningar.   Den formstickade distansstrukturen i väfttrikå tillverkades på en flatstickmaskin, där formen skapades genom masköverhängningar. Genom att binda distanstråden på olika nålavstånd kunde ett ovalt tvärsnitt uppnås. För att undersöka olika bindningars förmåga att vidhäfta mot beredningar testades flatstickade 2D-prover. Bindningarna var slätstickning, pikévariant över 2 system, pikévariant över 4 system samt slätstickning med plätering. De olika beredningar som undersöktes var silikonbeläggning, polyuretanfilm, polyetenfilm tillsammans med polyuretanfilm samt en polypropenfilm. Syftet var att hitta en beredning som är lätt i vikt, luft- och vattentät. Ett vidhäftningstest utfördes på bindningarna slätstickning, pikévariant över 2 system samt pikévariant över 4 system med hjälp av en dragprovare för bestämning av de olika bindningarnas vidhäftning mot olika lamineringar. De tre bindningarna i kombination med laminering testades även för luft- och vattentäthet.   Studien visar att det finns goda möjligheter att formsticka en flatstickad distanstextil som ska fungera som en kropp till en drönare. Resultatet visar att provkroppen som var stickad med pikévariant över två system samt laminerad med polyuretanfilmen gav bäst resultat vid utfört vidhäftningstest. Vid test av luftgenomsläpplighet visade pikévariant över två system med laminering av polyuretanfilm tillsammans med en polyetenfilm tätast resultat med låg luftgenomsläpplighet. Test för bestämning av vattentäthet visar att den slätstickade varan med en laminering med polyetenfilm och en polyuretanfilm gav bäst resultat. / Since 1907, the Swedish Sea Rescue Society has saved lives with the help of volunteer workers. Their vision is to be able to improve their rescue operations with quicker respond times by sending out a drone to the scene of an accident. The idea is to get a comprehensive picture of the scene, so they can adapt the right equipment and personnel for the job. The idea is to create a drone with a textile 3D structure, which would ease use as it would become flexible and easier to remove from the scene of the alarm. The drone should have a structure similar to a stand-up paddle board, where it can be inflatable and become stiff and then be deflated and folded and tucked away.   The purpose of this study is to develop a flat knitted spacer fabric that will serve as a body of the drone, hoping that the textile 3D structure can be shaped like a wing. With spacer fabrics, space for air is created between the layers, enabling an inflatable construction to be created. By varying different parameters, one can also develop desired features such as stiffness, shape, flexibility and decrease weight. To be able to create a spacer fabric that is stiff when inflated, a finishing process is required. It is generally hard to find a finishing to a knitted fabric, therefore the study investigates the ability of different bindings on a knitted fabric to adhere to finishes.   The shaped spacer fabric was manufactured by weft knitting on a flat knitting machine called Stoll CMS 822 HP. A wing shaped spacer and an oval cross section were achieved in this study. To investigate how the binding affects the adhesion of the finishing, three different bindings of flat knitted 2D- structures were tested. The bindings were: plain fabric (single jersey), pique structure over 2 feeders, pique structure over 4 feeders and plain fabric with plating. The finishing processes that were studied were silicone coating, a polyurethane film, a polyethylene film and a polypropylene film. The aim was to find a finishing with the properties of light weight, air and water tightness. An adhesion test was performed on the bindings plain fabric, pique structure over 2 feeders and pique structure over 4 feeders by a tensile tester to determine the adhesion between the tested bindings and finishes. These test specimens were also tested to determine resistance to water penetration and air permeability.   The study shows that it is possible to create a shaped spacer fabric by flat knitting, that will act as the body of a drone. The result of the adhesion test shows that the test specimen with binding pique over 2 feeders and laminated with a polyurethane film performed the best. In the air permeability test the same binding showed the best result but with a lamination of a polyurethane film and a polyethylene film. The test to determine resistance to water penetration showed that the binding plain fabric was the best, with a lamination of a polyurethane film, and a polyethylene film.

Tillsammans med företaget Houdini Sportswear har det här projektets ämne och avgränsningar tagits fram. Houdini är ett svenskt klädföretag som designar friluftskläder av hög kvalitet och med stort fokus på funktion och komfort. De letar ständigt efter nya lösningar för utveckling kring smartare materialval, förbättrad funktion och komfort och mindre materialåtgång. I det här projektet vill Houdini undersöka hur man kan utveckla förhållandet mellan värmeisolering och vikt i flatstickade textila strukturer. Genom att öka textilens värmeisolerande förmåga med fokus på minskad vikt kan både materialåtgång och ökad funktion och komfort nås. En av de viktigaste faktorerna som bidrar till hög värmeisolerande förmåga är mängden instängd stilla luft i den textila strukturen. En tät ytstruktur och mycket volym med många luftfickor är därför intressant för att behålla och immobilisera luften i varan. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur justeringar av parametrar i en distanstextil, stickad på flatstickmaskin påverkar den värmeisolerande förmågan. Tillsammans med Houdini har en viktbegränsning satts på 400 g/m2 och genom hela studien används endast en typ av ullgarn med garngrovlek Nm 48/2 för att skapa en vara som är i monomaterial och som relativt lätt kan brytas ner.   För att testa den värmeisolerande förmågan hos textilier idag använder Houdini och flera andra företag standardiserade testmetoder. På forskningsinstitutet Swerea IVF finns möjligheten att testa sina textilier med vald testmetod. Dessa metoder är dock otillgängliga och kräver avancerad utrustning som kan försvåra processen och ta lång tid. Studiens syfte är därför även att ta fram och jämföra en egen, mer lättillgänglig, framtagen testmetod för värmeisolering med två standardiserade testmetoder, SS-­ISO 5085-­1:2004 och ISO 11092:2014, för att se om och hur resultaten varierar mellan dem.   En förstudie genomförs där olika bindningar och två egna testmetoder för värmeisolering tas fram. En av testmetoderna och en distanstextil utvecklas vidare i huvudstudien. Fokus ligger på variationer av distanstrådens masklängd och placering. Samtliga prover från huvudstudien testas på den egna testmetoden och vissa utvalda prover testas på de två nämnda standardiserade testmetoderna på Swerea IVF. Sedan görs en jämförelse mellan resultaten.   Resultatet visar att det inte finns något tydligt samband mellan ökad masklängd och ökad värmeisoleringsförmåga. Däremot kan vissa slutsatser dras om att ökade intervaller av distanstrådens placering kan öka den värmeisolerande förmågan. Detta ökar dock även vikten. Resultat från mätningar med tre olika testmetoder visar att rangordningen av provers värmeisolerande förmåga skiljer sig mellan de olika metoderna. Den egna testmetoden bör därför vidareutvecklas men anses ändå ha potential för att jämföra provers värmeisolerande förmåga. / This study is a collaboration with the sportswear company Houdini Sportswear. They are looking for new ways to improve function and comfort in their garments with less material waste and choosing more sustainable materials. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between heat and weight in flat bed knitted spacer structures and what parameters that affects it. By creating a material with high heat insulating properties and with focus on reducing the weight it is possible to reduce the material waste and to achieve an improved function. One of the most important factors contributing to high insulation value is the amount of entrapped still air within the textile structure. This project therefore investigates how the stitch length and the placement of the spacer thread can affect the amount of air within the structure and thereby the thermal insulation. Together with Houdini a weight limit has been set to 400 g/m2 and only one type of wool yarn is used throughout the project in order to make a mono-­material fabric that can more easily degrade.   When measuring the thermal insulation properties of a fabric standardized methods are often used. These might have advanced equipment and be hard to access.The second aim of this project is therefore to develop a more accessible test method for measurement of thermal insulation in textiles and also to compare the results from the own method with the results from two standardized methods.   A pre study is made where different structures and two own developed test methods are being investigated. One of the test methods and a spacer binding is further developed in the main study where focus lies on reproducibility of the tests, and variations of the spacer thread stitch length and placement. All of the samples from the main study is tested on the own developed test method and some chosen samples are tested on two standardized test methods: ISO 5085-­1:2004 and ISO 11092:2014 at the Swedish research institute Swerea IVF. A comparison is made between the results from the three methods.   The results show that tests with our own developed test method has not been able to show a clear relationship between heat insulation and the changes of parameters in different textiles. Although, the samples that have been tested indicate that there might be a relationship between high heat insulating properties when the spacer thread is knitting more frequently. When comparing the results from the three different test methods the own developed method show different raking from the two standardized methods. The own developed test method should therefore be further developed. But still, after discussion with Valter Dejke, researcher at Swerea IVF, and Sibel Okcabol, quality manager at Swerea IVF, it is believed that the own test method could be used for comparing thermal insulating properties between textiles.

Resultados anteriores sugerem que existem diferenças biológicas entre espécimens de Anopheles oswaldoi capturados no Estado do Acre e os do Estado de Rondônia, Brasil. Esta espécie tem sido apontada como um importante vetor de malária em localidades do Peru e Acre. Entretanto, em Rondônia, somente um número pequeno de A. oswaldoi alimentados em pacientes com malária desenvolveram infecção nas glândulas salivares. Além disso, há suspeita de que espécimens identificados como A. oswaldoi, capturados em áreas abertas em Costa Marques, Rondônia, são na verdade A. konderi, e que A. oswaldoi sensu stricto estaria restrito a áreas de florestas. Estes dados, juntamente com as dificuldades encontradas na identificação de anofelinos do grupo Oswaldoi, baseadas em critérios morfológicos, sugerem que espécimens de A. oswaldoi são membros de um complexo de espécies crípticas. A distinção de espécies crípticas de insetos vetores é de grande importância, já que diferentes membros em um complexo podem exibir diferenças na ecologia, capacidade vetorial e resposta a medidas de controle. Análise de sequências de DNA, particularmente da região do ITS2 do cistron do DNA ribossômico, tem sido usada como um caracter diagnóstico em alguns grupos de espécies crípticas, tornando-se um instrumento para estudos taxonômicos e filogenéticos. A primeira parte deste estudo teve o objetivo de determinar as diferenças encontradas nas sequências de ITS2 de espécimens de A. oswaldoi capturados em várias localidades da América do Sul. As regiões dos ITS2 destes anofelinos foram amplificadas usando oligonucleotídeos iniciadores conservados das regiões 5.8S e 28S e os produtos de PCR foram clonados e sequenciados. Os ITS2 de todos os mosquitos capturados tiveram tamanho aproximado de 350 nucleotídeos, com aproximadamente 53% de conteúdo de GC. Análise do alinhamento destas sequências, mostrou similaridade variando entre 87% e 100%, e a análise de uma árvore de similaridade, neighbor-joining, produzida com p-distance usando as diferenças nas sequências de ITS2, separou estes espécimens em quatro grupos. Um deles está provavelmente relacionado ao A. oswaldoi sensu stricto, e um outro pode estar relacionado à espécie A. konderi. Os outros dois grupos podem corresponder a espécies cuja identificação morfológica permanece para ser esclarecida no complexo A. oswaldoi. Estes dados são evidências de que espécimens de A. oswaldoi estão incluídos em um complexo de espécies crípticas e que identificação por DNA pode resolver estas questões taxonômicas. A. konderi tem sido considerado uma sinonímia de A. oswaldoi. Embora estágios adultos e imaturos destas espécies de anofelinos apresentem características morfológicas idênticas, aspectos encontrados na genitália masculina podem distinguir estes taxa. A segunda parte deste estudo foi conduzida com o objetivo de comparar a susceptibilidade de A. oswaldoi s.s. e de A. konderi à infecção com Plasmodium vivax. A susceptibilidade foi baseada na proporção de mosquitos com oocistos e esporozoítos. Os anofelinos foram capturados no Acre e em Rondônia para obtenção de progênies F1. Após a emergência dos adultos, as genitálias masculinas dos mosquitos de cada progênie foram dissecadas e examinadas. Todas progênies originadas dos mosquitos capturados em Rondônia corresponderam a A. konderi, enquanto que cerca de 85,0% das progênies do Acre eram A. oswaldoi s.s.. Estas progênies F1 de A. oswaldoi s.s., A. konderi e A. darlingi foram alimentadas simultaneamente com sangue infectado com P. vivax. Estes mosquitos foram dissecados 10-12 dias após infecção e examinados para verificação da presença de oocistos e esporozoítos. Tanto A. oswaldoi s.s. como A. konderi apresentaram oocistos nos tratos digestivos, entretanto, a porcentagem de tratos digestivos positivos para oocistos foi maior em A. oswaldoi s.s. (13,8%) do que em A. konderi (3,3%). Esporozoítos foram encontrados somente nas glândulas salivares de A. oswaldoi s.s., com 6,9% de positividade. As taxas de infecção nos controles A. darlingi foram de 22,5% a 30,0%, para ambos oocistos e esporozoítos. Estes resultados indicam que A. oswaldoi s.s. pode transmitir P. vivax e sugerem que esta espécie é mais susceptível que A. konderi. Embora A. oswaldoi s.s. seja uma espécie exofílica e zoofílica, este anofelino pode estar envolvido na transmissão da malária humana como parece estar ocorrendo no Estado do Acre. / Previous results have suggested that biological differences could exist between specimens of Anopheles oswaldoi captured in the State of Acre and those from the State of Rondônia, Brazil. This species has been appointed as an important malaria vector in localities of Peru and Acre. However, in Rondônia, only a very low percentage of A. oswaldoi fed on malaria patients developed salivary gland infections. In addition, it was suspected that specimens identified as A. oswaldoi captured in open clearings in Costa Marques, Rondônia, were actually A. konderi, and that A. oswaldoi sensu stricto would be restricted to forested areas. These data, together with the difficulties found to identify anophelines of the Oswaldoi group based on morphologic criteria suggest that specimens of A. oswaldoi are members of a complex of cryptic species. The distinction of cryptic species of insects is of critical importance, since different members in a Complex could exhibit differences in ecology, vectorial capacity and response to control measures. DNA sequence analysis and particularly that of the ITS2 region of the rDNA cistron has provided diagnostic characters in some groups of cryptic species becoming a general tool for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. The first part of the present study was undertaken to determine the extent of differences over the ITS2 sequence of specimens of A. oswaldoi s.l. captured in several localities of South America. The ITS2 of these anophelines were amplified using conserved primers of the 5.8S and 28S regions, cloned and sequenced. The lengths of ITS2 of all mosquitoes captured were about 350 nucleotides, with about 53% GC content. Analysis of the alignment of the sequences, which showed that the similarity varied between 87% and 100%, and analysis of a neighbor-joining tree produced with p-distance using the ITS2 sequences, separated these specimens in four groups. One of them is probably related to A. oswaldoi sensu stricto, and another one can possibly be related to A. konderi. The other two groups may correspond to species the morphologycal identification of which remains to be clarified in the A. oswaldoi complex. These data are evidences that specimens of A. oswaldoi are included in a complex of cryptic species and that the DNA identification could solve some taxonomic questions. A. konderi has been currently considered to be a synonym of A. oswaldoi. Although adults and immature stages of both these anopheline species have identical morphological characters, features of the male genitalia can distinguish these taxa. The second part of this study was conducted in order to compare the susceptibility of A. oswaldoi s.s. and of A. konderi to infection by Plasmodium vivax. The susceptibility was based on the proportion of mosquitoes with oocysts and sporozoites. Anophelines were captured in the State of Acre and Rondônia and used to obtain F1 progenies. After emergency of adults, male genitalia of mosquitoes of each family were dissected. All families originated from mosquitoes captured in Rondônia corresponded to A. konderi, while about 85.0% of the families from Acre were A. oswaldoi s.s.. F1 progeny of field-captured A. oswaldoi s.s., A. konderi and A. darlingi were fed simultaneously on P. vivax infected blood. Mosquitoes were dissected on day 10-12 after infection and examined for the presence of oocysts and sporozoites. Both A. oswaldoi s.s. and A. konderi developed oocysts in midguts, however, the percentage of oocyst-positives in A. oswaldoi s.s. (13.8%) was higher than in A. konderi (3.3%), and only A. oswaldoi s.s. developed salivary infection with sporozoites (6.9% of positivity). Infection rates in A. darlingi ranged from 22.5% to 30.0% for both oocysts and sporozoites. These results indicate that A. oswaldoi s.s. can transmit P. vivax and suggest that it is more susceptible than A. konderi. Although A. oswaldoi s.s. is an exophilic and zoophilic species, it may be involved in human malaria transmission as it seems to be occuring in the State of Acre.

Phytoplasmas are bacterial intracellular plant pathogens that cause devasting yield losses in diverse crops worldwide. Phytoplasmas were detected in clover and Catharanthus roseus plants, pear, apple and apricot trees. SecA and 16S rRNA genes, spacer region and 23S rRNA gene of five phytoplasma isolates were sequenced.

Orientadores: Ana Maria Lima de Azeredo-Espin, Nilson Ivo Tonin Zanchin / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T22:51:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marinho_MarcoAntonioTonus_D.pdf: 17816653 bytes, checksum: e915a871c22b7741c1be765f87c95ff5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A superfamília Oestroidea (Diptera:Brachycera:Calyptratae), com +13.000 espécies descritas, compreende um dos grupos mais numerosos e ecologicamente diversos da ordem Diptera. O grupo possui grande interesse para atividades humanas por englobar espécies de importância médica, veterinária e forense, muitas das quais compõem a família Calliphoridae. Apesar do grande número de estudos disponíveis, as relações evolutivas no grupo, o qual é composto predominantemente por linhagens de rápida diversificação e radiação, ainda são controversas e pouco compreendidas, encorajando a caracterização de novos marcadores moleculares para análises de filogenia molecular. Neste contexto, esta tese foi desenvolvida e organizada em três capítulos descrevendo estudos genéticoevolutivos em espécies da superfamília Oestroidea, com ênfase em Calliphoridae. O primeiro capítulo trata da caracterização e avaliação do segundo espaçador transcrito interno (ITS2) do DNA ribossomal como um marcador molecular para análises filogenéticas em Calliphoridae, incorporando informações tanto da sequência primária quanto da estrutura secundária adquirida pela região. A análise do ITS2 revelou um padrão hierarquicamente organizado das distâncias genéticas nos níveis de espécies, gêneros e subfamílias, enquanto pouca variação intra-específica foi encontrada. As árvores inferidas recuperaram muitas das relações comumente aceitas entre os táxons amostrados, sendo que a inclusão da informação estrutural nas análises resultou na recuperação de topologias mais confiáveis. Sendo assim, o potencial da região ITS2 como um marcador molecular para análises evolutivas na família Calliphoridae foi confirmado e seu uso em análises de maior escala, incluindo marcadores de diferentes naturezas de evolução, encorajado. O segundo capítulo da tese descreve a caracterização in vitro da estrutura secundária adquirida pelo ITS2, através de padrões de digestão enzimática e análise dos fragmentos gerados, em espécies representantes das três superfamílias de Calyptratae: Glossina morsitans, Musca domestica e Cochliomyia hominivorax. A análise do padrão de fragmentos gerados pelas enzimas RNAse I, A, T1 e V1, quando mapeados na estrutura secundária predita in silico, corroborou muitos dos domínios inicialmente preditos pelo método computacional, ressaltando a importância e confiabilidade desses métodos na predição de estruturas secundárias. O terceiro capítulo da tese descreve análises de filogenia molecular na superfamília Oestroidea, com ênfase na amostragem de espécies de Calliphoridae, utilizando quatro marcadores moleculares, dois nucleares (ITS2 e 28S) e dois mitocondriais (COI e 16). As análises, que incluíram uma extensa avaliação dos efeitos de diferentes estratégias de particionamento dos dados em análises de inferência Bayesiana (por conformação estrutural e posição no códon), revelaram a existência de dois clados principais em Oestroidea: Tachinidae + Mesembrinellinae e Oestridae + Rhiniinae + Sarcophagidae + Calliphoridae (definida em senso estrito). O status de família recentemente atribuído à Rhiniinae foi encontrado, enquanto há também evidências para sugerir o mesmo para a subfamília Mesembrinellinae, como proposto anteriormente por outros autores. As diferentes estratégias de particionamento do conjunto de dados amostrados resultaram em diferenças discretas em termos de topologia, comprimentos de ramo e suporte geral das filogenias inferidas. Embora o resultado geral indique uma melhor resolução das análises quando do uso de combinações de partições e modelos mais complexas, as mesmas podem ocasionar também um aumento considerável na incerteza associada às análises / Abstract: The Oestroidea superfamily (Diptera: Brachycera: Calyptratae), with +13,000 described species, comprises one of the most numerous and ecologically diverse groups in the Diptera order. The group is actually of great interest for human activities since it includes species of medical, veterinary and forensic importance, most of them included in the Calliphoridae family. Despite the existence of several studies addressing the issue, evolutionary relationships in Oestroidea, a group mainly composed of rapidly diverged lineages, remains contentious and poorly understood, encouraging the characterization of new molecular markers for phylogenetic inference analyses. In this context, this thesis was developed and organized in three chapters describing genetic and evolutionary studies in species of the Oestroidea superfamily, with emphasis in Calliphoridae. The first chapter deals with the characterization and evaluation of the second internal transcribed spacer region (ITS2) of the ribosomal DNA cluster as a molecular marker for phylogenetic inference in Calliphoridae, including information of both primary sequence and secondary structure. The analyses revealed an hierarchically organized pattern of genetic distances in the specific, generic and subfamilial level, while little intraspecific variation was detected. Inferred trees were able to recover most of the commonly accepted relationships among the sampled taxa, with the consideration of structural information resulting in better supported topologies. Thereby, the potential of the ITS2 region as a molecular marker for phylogenetic inference in the Calliphoridae family was corroborated and its use in larger scale analyses, including other markers with different evolutionary patterns, encouraged. Chapter II describes the in vitro characterization of the secondary structure of the ITS2 region, through patterns of enzymatic digestion and analysis of the generated fragments, in representative species of the three superfamilies of the Calyptratae clade: Glossina morsitans, Musca domestica and Cochliomyia hominivorax. Analyses of the patterns of the fragments generated by enzymatic digestions with the RNAses I, A, T1 and V1, when mapped in the in silico predicted secondary structure, corroborated the folding of most of the domains predicted by computational methods, highlighting the importance and reliability of these methods in secondary structure prediction. Chapter III describes molecular phylogenetic analyses in the Oestroidea superfamily, with emphasis on the Calliphoridae family, using four different molecular markers, two nuclear (ITS2 and 28S) and two mitochondrial (COI and 16S) regions. The analyses, which included a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of different data partitioning strategies in a Bayesian framework (by structural conformation and codon position), revealed the existence of two main clades in Oestroidea: Tachinidae+Mesembrinellinae and Oestridae+Rhiniinae+Sarcophagidae+Calliphoridae (defined in a strict sense). The recently attributed family status to Rhiniinae was confirmed, and there are evidence to also suggest the same for Mesembrinellinae, as previously pointed out by other studies. The different data partitioning strategies used in the sampled dataset resulted in small differences in terms of inferred topologies, estimated branch lengths and average support. Although the overall results indicate a significant increase in phylogeny resolution when more complex and parameter-rich models / partitions combinations are used, they can also lead to an increased uncertainty in the phylogenetic estimation process / Doutorado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Soutor em Genética e Biologia Molecular

Les vibrations induites par l'écoulement dans le coeur du REP peuvent provoquer une usure par frottement des crayons combustibles par friction au niveau des contacts entre la cellule de grille et les crayons des assemblages combustibles. Cela peut entraîner des dommages irréversibles de la gaine du crayon combustible et compromettre la première barrière de sûreté du réacteur. Assurer l'intégrité de la gaine est une préoccupation majeure dans la sûreté du réacteur. Cependant, les spectres d'excitation des forces fluides agissant sur les crayons ne sont pas bien connus. Le but de cette thèse est d'utiliser des éléments géométriques simples pour reproduire des cellules de grilles d'un REP. SGE ont été effectuées sur une conduite annulaire avec différents maillages en utilisant le code TrioCFD. Une étude de sensibilité de maillage a été réalisée afin de proposer un maillage reproduisant correctement les résultats dans la littérature. Ces informations de résolution de maillage ont été utilisées lors de la réalisation des simulations en utilisant divers obstacles géométriques intérieurs à la conduite, i.e., des ailettes de mélange, une grille circulaire et une combinaison de grille carrée et d'ailettes de mélange. Un maillage hybride a été utilisé dans le cas des ailettes de mélange et dans le cas de cellule de grille carrée. Les caractéristiques hydrauliques ainsi que la pression pariétale ont été analysées dans chaque cas. Il apparaît que la grille carrée est une combinaison approximative du cas des ailettes de mélange et du cas de la grille circulaire. Les simulations ont été comparés avec des mesures réalisées au CEA / Flow-induced vibrations in the pressurized water reactor core can cause fretting wear in the fuel rods. Due to friction, wear occurs at the contact locations between the spacer grid and the fuel rod. This may compromise the first safety barrier of the nuclear reactor by damaging the fuel rod cladding. In order to ensure the integrity of the cladding, it is necessary to know the random fluctuating forces acting on the rods. However, the spectra for these fluid forces are not well known. The goal of this thesis is to use simple geometrical elements to check the reproducibility of realistic PWR spacer grids. As a first step, LES were performed on annular pipe for different mesh refinements using the CFD code TrioCFD. A mesh sensitivity study was performed to propose a good mesh for reproducing standard literature results. This information on mesh resolution was used when carrying out simulations using various geometric obstacles inside the pipe-mixing vanes, circular spacer grid and a combination of square spacer grid with mixing vanes. Structured mesh was generated for the annular pipe case and circular grid case. An innovative hybrid mesh was used for the two remaining cases of the mixing vanes and the square grid; keeping unstructured mesh around the obstacles and structured mesh in the rest of the domain. Both hydraulic and wall pressure characteristics were analyzed for each case. The results for the square grid case were found to be an approximate combination of the mixing vane case and circular grid case. Simulation results were compared with experiments performed at CEA Cadarache. Some preliminary comparisons were also made with classical empirical models.

Afin de répondre aux demandes constantes de l’industrie micro-électronique pour la réduction des tailles des dispositifs électroniques, de nouvelles techniques de lithographie sont mises au point. Une de ces techniques est l’auto-assemblage dirigé des copolymères à blocs (DSA). Cette technique consiste à utiliser la capacité des copolymères à blocs à s’auto-assembler en nanodomaines (cylindres ou lamelles) pour former des motifs de type contact ou ligne / espace. En l’absence de motifs directionnels, les copolymères à blocs ne possèdent pas d’ordre à longue distance, nécessaire pour toute application type CMOS. Ainsi, deux approches différentes de DSA sont utilisées: la grapho-épitaxie, qui génère une orientation par guidage physique, et la chemo-épitaxie, qui génère une orientation par affinité chimique. Cette dernière permet plus de flexibilité lors de la conception des masques de lithographie puisque les zones actives sont définies à postériori par l’approche « cut last », et est de fait la plus recherchée aujourd’hui pour aligner les copolymères à blocs. Toutefois, les procédés de chemo-épitaxie actuels ont montré leurs limitations pour l’utilisation de copolymères à blocs de haute résolution dit high , dont la période est inférieure à 20 nm, due aux limitations des outils de lithographie conventionnelle utilisés en production.Dans cette thèse, un nouveau procédé de chemo-épitaxie, nommé ACE (Arkema-CEA) spécialement conçu pour l’intégration de copolymères à blocs high  est présenté. Dans ce procédé, les guides de chemo-épitaxie sont formés en combinant la lithographie standard et le procédé de lithographie par espaceur. Une sous-couche neutre, permettant l’orientation perpendiculaire du copolymère à blocs, est dans un premier temps déposée entre les espaceurs. Après le retrait des espaceurs, une étape de greffage sélectif a lieu pour obtenir un guide affine. Dans le procédé ACE, la taille finale du guide n’est plus directement définie par lithographie mais elle est plutôt déterminée par la taille de l’espaceur, obtenue en contrôlant l’épaisseur de dépôt. Cette technique permet de s’affranchir des contraintes de la lithographie au niveau des hautes résolutions.Afin de démontrer la faisabilité du procédé ACE, la thèse est divisée en deux axes de recherches. Le premier axe consiste à valider les points critiques du procédé, à savoir le greffage sélectif du guide directionnel entre les motifs formés par la sous-couche neutre et le retrait des espaceurs. Une étude approfondie sur les différentes sous-couches polymères disponibles et les effets des procédés sur celles-ci est réalisée. Le second axe s’intéresse à l’alignement du copolymère à blocs par le procédé ACE. Des fenêtres de procédé permettant d’étudier la stabilité et la reproductibilité du procédé sont obtenues en mesurant la défectivité du copolymère à blocs en fonction de la commensurabilité des motifs de lithographie. L’influence des différents paramètres (conditions de recuit et d’épaisseur du copolymère à blocs, hauteur et CD des espaceurs, …) est étudiée afin d’optimiser le procédé mis en place.Au vu des essais réalisés, le procédé mis en place est un procédé hybride chemo-grapho-épitaxie : la combinaison des guides physiques et chimiques permet l’alignement à longue distance des copolymères à blocs. L’absence de topographie ou la modification de l’affinité chimique du guide entraine une absence ou une modification de l’alignement des blocs. L’optimisation des paramètres permet l’alignement des copolymères à blocs sur de longues distances (plusieurs dizaines de micromètres carré), qui pourront permettre la définition de zone active par l’approche « cut last ». / In order to offer a solution to constant micro-electronics fab requirements in terms of lithography resolution, new lithography approaches are under study. One of this technic consist of using Block Copolymer capabilities to self-assembled in micro-structures, forming patterns structures like contact (cylinders) and line / space (lamellae). In the absence of any constraint, block copolymer do not own a long range order, useful for any CMOS-type application. Thereby two technics are used to obtain a block alignment: the grapho-epitaxy which align the block copolymer thanks to a physical guide, and the chemo-epitaxy, which align block copolymer thanks to a chemical affinity. Chemo-epitaxy, contrary to graph-epitaxy, offers space saving by aligning the blocs all over the studied field. Today, it is the most used technic. However, the current lithography requirements lead to the integration of high  block copolymers whose period are below 20 nm. With this dimension, the current chemo-epitaxy processes are not adapted anymore, due to the resolution limit of the standard lithography tools defining the guides.This thesis aims to introduce a new chemo-epitaxy process flow, called Process ACE,by using LETI 300mm process capability and Arkema’s block copolymer advanced materials. In this new process, chemo-epitaxy guides are formed by combining standard lithography and established spacer patterning process. Spacer patterning technique is an option which, thanks to its aggressive dimensions, allows the integration of high  block copolymers. A neutral underlayer, allowing perpendicular bloc copolymer orientation is located between the spacers. After the spacer removal, a selective grafting takes place to obtain an affine guide for one of the block. The final guide size corresponds to the one of the spacer earlier processed.In order to validate the process feasibility the thesis is divided in two parts. The first part investigates the critical process steps, that is to say the affinity guide selective grafting between the patterns form by the neutral underlayer and the spacers removal, by means of an in-depth polymer underlayer study and the process effects on these one’s. The second part focuses on block copolymer alignment with process ACE. Process windows validating the process stability and reproducibility are obtained by measuring block copolymer defectivity as a function of the lithography patterns commensurability. The different parameters effect (block copolymer baking, spacer height and width) is studied in order to optimise the process set up.On the basis of the testis undertaken, the process set up is a hybrid chemo-grapho-epitaxy process. It allows block copolymer long range order thanks to physical and chemical guides involved at the underlayer – block copolymer interface all by allowing a full space occupation of the available space.

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