[ES] Debido a las regulaciones en materia de emisiones y CO2 la industria automotriz a desarrollado diferentes tecnologías innovadoras. Estas tecnologías incluyen combustibles alternativos y nuevos modos de combustión, entre otros. De aquí surge la necesidad del desarrollo de nuevos métodos para el control de la combustión en estas condiciones mencionadas. Por este motivo, en este trabajo se han desarrollado diferentes modelos e indicadores orientados al diagnóstico y control de la combustión tanto en condiciones normales como anormales. Para los casos de combustión normal, se ha desarrollado un modelo de combustión, cuyo objetivo es estimar la media de la evolución de la fracción de la masa quemada y la presión dentro del cilindro. Se implementó un observador, basado en la señal de knock, con la finalidad de mejorar la estimación en condiciones transitorias y poder aplicar así el modelo a diferentes tipos de combustibles. También se presenta un modelo de variabilidad cíclica, en el cual, a partir del modelo de combustión, se propaga una distribución en dos de los parámetros de dicho modelo. Ambos modelos han sido aplicados para un motor de encendido provocado y un motor de combustión de encendido por chorro turbulento. En los casos de combustión anormal, se ha incluido un análisis de la resonancia dentro de la cámara de combustión, en donde también se desarrollaron dos modelos capaces de estimar la evolución de la resonancia. Estos modelos, tanto para condiciones normales como anormales, se utilizaron para el diagnóstico de la combustión. Por una parte, para la detección de knock, en donde tres estrategias de detección de knock fueron desarrolladas: dos basadas en el sensor de presión en cámara y una en el sensor de knock. Por otra parte, se realizó una aplicación de un modelo de resonancia para la mejora de la estimación de la masa atrapada a partir de la resonancia. Finalmente, para mostrar el potencial de los modelos de diagnóstico, dos aplicaciones a control se desarrollaron: una para el control de knock a través de la actuación de la chispa, y otra para el control de gases residuales, a través de la actuación de la distribución variable, realizando paralelamente una optimización de la combustión a través de la actuación de la chispa. / [CA] Impulsada per les regulacions en matèria d'emissions i CO2 la indústria automotriu a desenvolupat diferents tecnologies inovadore. Aquestes tecnologies inclouen combustibles alternatius i nous modes de combustió, entre altres. D'ací sorgix la necessitat posar en pràctica nous mètodes per al control de la combustió. En aquest context, el present trevall proposa diferents models i indicadors orientats al diagnòstic i control de la combustió tant en condicions normals com anormals. Per als casos de combustió normal, es proposa un model de combustió, l'objectiu del qual és estimar la mitjana de l'evolució de la fracció de la massa cremada i la pressió dins del cilindre. Es va implementar un observador, basat en la senyal de knock, amb la finalitat de millorar l'estimació en condicions transitòries i poder aplicar així el model a diferents tipus de combustibles. També es presenta un model de variabilitat cíclica, en el qual, a partir del model de combustió, es propaga una distribució en dos dels parametres del dit model. Ambdós models han sigut aplicats a un motor d'encesa provocada i un motor de combustió d'encesa per doll turbulent. Als casos de combustió anormal, s'ha inclos un anàlisi de la ressonància dins de la cambra de combustió, on també es van desenvolupar dos models capaços d'estimar l'evolució de la ressonància. Aquests models, tant per a condicions normals com anormals, s'utilitzen per al diagnòstic de la combustió. Per una part, per a la detecció de knock, on tres estratègies de detecció de knock s'han desenvolupat: dues basades en el sensor de pressió a la cambra de combustió i una altra basada en el sensor de knock. Per altra part, es va realitzar una aplicació d'un model de ressonància per a la millora de l'estimació de la massa atrapada a partir de la ressonància. Finalment, per a mostrar el potencial dels models de diagnòstic, dos aplicacions de control es van desenvolupar: una per al control de knock a través de l'actuació de l'espurna, i una altra per al control de gasos residuals, a través de l'actuació de la distribució variable, realitzant paral·lelament una optimització de la combustió a través de l'actuació de l'espurna. / [EN] The need to satisfy emissions and CO2 regulations is pushing the automotive industry to develop different innovative technologies. These technologies include alternative fuels and new modes of combustion, among others. Therefore, the need for the development of new methods for combustion control in these mentioned conditions arises. For this reason, in this work different models and indicators have been developed aimed at the diagnosis and control of combustion in both normal and abnormal conditions. For normal combustion cases, a combustion model has been developed, the objective of this model is to estimate the mean of evolution of the mass fraction burned and the in-cylinder pressure. An observer had been implemented, based on knock sensor signal, in order to improve the estimation in transient conditions and also to be able to make use of the model with different fuels. A cyclic variability model is also presented, where from the combustion model, a probability distribution is propagated over two of the parameters of such model. Both models had been applied for a spark ignition engine and a turbulent jet ignition combustion engine. For the abnormal combustion cases, an analysis of the resonance within the combustion chamber had been included, where two models capable of estimating the evolution of the resonance were also developed. These models, for both normal and abnormal conditions, were used for the diagnosis of combustion: on the one hand, for knock recognition, where three knock detection strategies were developed: two based on the in-cylinder pressure sensor and one on the knock sensor. On the other hand, an application of a resonance model was carried out in order to improve the estimation of the trapped mass from the resonance excitation. Finally, to show the potential of such models and applications, two control strategies were developed: one for the control of knock through the actuation of the spark advance, and a second for the control of residual gases, through the actuation of the variable valve timing, while optimizing the combustion through the actuation of the spark advance. / El trabajo desarrollado en esta tesis ha sido posible gracias a la financiación de la Generalitat Valenciana y el fondo social europeo a través de la beca 132 GRISO- LIAP/2018/132 y BEFPI/2021/042. / Jiménez, IA. (2022). Development of Combustion Indicators for Control of Multi-Fuel Engines Based on New Combustion Concepts [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/181561 / TESIS

[ES] Los avances tecnológicos se encuentran, en algunas ocasiones, limitados debido a la imposibilidad de combinar las excelentes prestaciones de los materiales conocidos con algunas funcionalidades críticas necesarias para desarrollar nuevas aplicaciones tecnológicas. Estos nuevos materiales con un diseño a la carta resultan extremadamente interesantes ya que permiten combinar propiedades y funcionalidades actualmente inalcanzables. La circona, u oxido de zirconio (ZrO2), es un sólido cristalino blanco con enlaces iónicos altamente estables que es principalmente obtenido en forma de polvo para aplicaciones tecnológicas. Debido a sus propiedades física y químicas, la circona es un material cerámico que posee una serie de características excepcionales, que incluyen una dureza, tenacidad y fractura relativamente altas en comparación con otros materiales cerámicos, bajo coeficiente de fricción y alto punto de fusión. Además, es un material relativamente no reactivo cuando se expone a ambientes húmedos y corrosivos en comparación con otros materiales como metales y polímeros, con buena resistencia a altas temperaturas y abrasión. Todas estas propiedades posicionan a la circona como un material muy versátil con un amplio espectro de aplicaciones que abarca intercambiadores de calor, celdas de combustible, componentes de turbinas para sistemas aeronáuticos y generación de electricidad, así como para medicina, odontología y otras aplicaciones. El propósito de esta tesis doctoral es la obtención de materiales base circona que puedan ser empleados en la fabricación de nuevos composites con funcionalidades a la carta en sectores tecnológicos como el transporte, energía, medicina, etc. Para ello se utilizarán técnicas de sinterización no-convencionales: Microondas (MW) y Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). Para este trabajo se plantea el estudio de distintos composites base circona: circona reforzada con óxido de niobio (Nb2O5), Titania (TiO2) y composites de circona reforzados con manganita de lantano dopada con estroncio (LSM). El resultado final de esta investigación permitirá determinar si las técnicas rápidas de sinterización no-convencional, permiten mejoran las propiedades mecánicas, eléctricas y magnéticas de los materiales obtenidos en comparación con la sinterización por métodos convencionales. / [CA] Els avenços tecnològics són, en algunes ocasions, limitats per la impossibilitat de combinar l'excel·lent comportament dels materials coneguts amb algunes funcionalitats crítiques necessàries per desenvolupar noves aplicacions tecnològiques. Aquests nous materials amb disseny a la carta resulten summament interessants ja que permeten combinar propietats i funcionalitats actualment inabastables. La circonia, o òxid de zirconi (ZrO2), és un sòlid cristal·lí blanc amb enllaços iònics altament estables que s'obté principalment en forma de pols per a aplicacions tecnològiques. A causa de les seves propietats físiques i químiques, la zircònia és un material ceràmic que posseeix una sèrie de característiques excepcionals, que inclouen duresa, tenacitat i fractura relativament altes en comparació amb altres materials ceràmics, baix coeficient de fricció i alt punt de fusió. A més, és un material relativament no reactiu quan s'exposa a ambients humits i corrosius en comparació amb altres materials com metalls i polímers, amb bona resistència a altes temperatures i abrasió. Totes aquestes propietats posicionen a la zircònia com un material molt versàtil amb un ampli espectre d'aplicacions que inclou intercanviadors de calor, piles de combustible, components de turbines per a sistemes aeronàutics i generació d'electricitat, així com per a medicina, odontologia i altres aplicacions. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi doctoral és l'obtenció de materials base de zircònia que puguin ser utilitzats en la fabricació de nous compòsits amb funcionalitats sota demanda en sectors tecnològics com transport, energia, medicina, etc. Per a això, s'utilitzaran tècniques de sinterització no convencionals utilitzat: microones (MW) i sinterització per plasma d'espurna (SPS) Per a aquest treball es proposa l'estudi de diferents composites a força de zircònia: zircònia reforçada amb òxid de niobi (Nb2O5), titanat (TiO2) i composites de zircònia reforçats amb manganita de lantani dopat amb estronci (LSM). El resultat final d'aquesta investigació permetrà determinar si les tècniques de sinterització ràpida no convencional permeten millorar les propietats mecàniques, elèctriques i magnètiques dels materials obtinguts en comparació amb la sinterització per mètodes convencionals. / [EN] Technological advances are, on some occasions, limited due to the impossibility of combining the excellent performance of known materials with some critical functionalities necessary to develop new technological applications. These new materials of great design are extremely interesting since they allow combining properties and functionalities currently unattainable. Zirconia, or zirconium oxide (ZrO2), is a white crystalline solid with highly stable ionic bonds that is mainly obtained in powder form for technological applications. Due to its physical and chemical properties, zirconia is a ceramic material that possesses several exceptional characteristics, including relatively high hardness, toughness and fracture compared to other ceramic materials, low coefficient of friction, and high melting point. Furthermore, it is a relatively non-reactive material when exposed to humid and corrosive environments compared to other materials such as metals and polymers, with good resistance to high temperatures and abrasion. All these properties position zirconia as a very versatile material with a wide spectrum of applications that includes heat exchangers, fuel cells, turbine components for aeronautical systems and electricity generation, as well as for medicine, dentistry, and other applications. The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to obtain zirconia base materials that can be used in the manufacture of new composites with on-demand functionalities in technological sectors such as transport, energy, medicine, etc. For this, non-conventional sintering techniques will be used: Microwaves (MW) and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) For this work, the study of different zirconia-based composites is proposed: zirconia reinforced with niobium oxide (Nb2O5), titania (TiO2) and zirconia composites reinforced with strontium-doped lanthanum manganite (LSM). The result of this research will make it possible to determine whether rapid non-conventional sintering techniques allow the mechanical, electrical, and magnetic properties of the materials obtained to be improved compared to sintering by conventional methods. / El autor agradece a la Generalitat Valenciana por la ayuda económica recibida para la beca del programa Santiago Grisolía (GRISOLIAP/2018/168) / Guillén Pineda, RM. (2021). Desarrollo de materiales cerámicos base circona sinterizados mediante técnicas rápidas no convencionales [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/180231 / TESIS

Thermoelectric generators (TEG) are re-emerging technology that can be used to recover heat waste from commercial and industrial processes to generate electricity, enhancing fuel utilization and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. TEG modules are solid-state heat engines that produce no noise or vibration during operation. Notably, TEG modules are also able to operate at low-temperature differences, which makes them ideal for a wide range of heat waste recovery applications. Annular thermoelectric generator (ATEG) modules are optimal in applications where either the heat source or sink are round in shape. Bi2Te3 solution-based compounds are of significant interest in the application of thermoelectric materials (TE) used in low-temperature cooling and power generation applications. The main objective of the current work is to design a mechanically reliable ring-shaped ATEG module with a predictable performance using spark plasma sintered Bi2Te3 TE material for low temperature waste heat recovery applications. In terms of structure, this work is divided into two parts. The first part investigates how the use of a powder pre-treatment technique affects the mechanical and thermoelectric properties of P- and N-type Bi2Te3. In addition, part one also presents the measurements of these materials’ mechanical and thermoelectric properties, which serve as inputs for the finite element models used to design thermoelectric modules with parallel and perpendicular configurations vis-a-vis the sintering pressing direction. The second part evaluates the thermoelectric performance and thermal stresses of a ring-shaped ATEG couple that has been integrated between hot-side and cold-side heat exchangers. To this end, two configurations are compared with respect to their heat/electrical current flow paths: one that allows for radial flow (radial configuration), and one that allows for axial flow (axial configuration). The P- and N-type Bi2Te3 powder was treated using a mechanically agitated fluidized powder reduction facility that was built in-house. The characteristic uniaxial tensile strength of the P-type Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3 increased from 13.9 MPa to 26.3 MPa parallel to the sintering pressure, and from 16.3 MPa to 30.6 MPa perpendicular to the sintering pressure following oxide reduction using 5% H2 ˗ 95% Ar at 380 ℃ for 24 h. The figure of merit, ZT, increased from 0.35 to 0.80 and from 0.42 to 1.13 at room temperature (25 ℃) in the parallel and the perpendicular directions, respectively, after the surface oxide reduction treatment. On the other hand, the annealing effects of the oxide reduction pr-treatment of the N-type (Bi0.95 Sb0.05)2(Se0.05 Te0.95)3 using 5% H2 ˗ 95% Ar at 380 ℃ for 24 h were found to be responsible for the majority of the mechanical properties and ZT enhancement. Additionally, the characteristic uniaxial tensile strengths for this material increased from 30.4 to 34.1 MPa and from 30.8 to 38 MPa in the parallel and the perpendicular directions, respectively. The ZTmax (150 ℃) increased from 0.54 to 0.63 in both the parallel and perpendicular directions due to oxide reduction, while annealing led to an increase to 0.58 and 0.62 in the parallel and the perpendicular directions, respectively. An analytical model was constructed to compare the thermoelectric performance of the two configurations under three different hot-side thermal resistances, and a 3D coupled finite element ANSYS model was constructed to study and compare the thermal stresses of the two configurations at different dimensions. The two models were then used to create 2D maps in order to investigate the effects of ATEG couple configuration and dimensions, as well as the hot-side thermal resistance, with the goal of identifying the optimum design. The optimization of module geometry requires a trade-off between performance and mechanical reliability. The results of these investigations showed that increases in the temperature difference across the ATEG couple (ΔT) led to increases in both power and thermal stresses in both configurations. When both configurations were generating the same power at ΔT = 105 ℃, the thermal stresses in the radial configuration were as much as 67 MPa higher than those in the axial configuration due to the formation of additional tensile hoop stresses. The lowest thermal stress obtained for the axial couple configuration was 67.8 MPa, which was achieved when the couple had an outer diameter of 16 mm, an axial thickness of 1 mm, a ΔT of 14.8 ℃, and power generation of 10.4 mW per couple. The maximum thermal stress values were located at the corners of the interface between the solder and the TE rings due to the mismatched coefficient of thermal expansion. This thesis makes a novel contribution to the state-of-the-art literature in ring-shaped ATEG modules, as it details a well-characterised spark plasma sintered Bi2Te3 TE material and a methodology for designing a ring-shaped ATEG module with reliable, robust, and predictable thermoelectric and mechanical performance. The details of the contribution made by this work have been disseminated in the form of three journal publications, which have been integrated into this sandwich Ph.D. thesis. / Thesis / Doctor of Science (PhD)

L’amélioration des systèmes électroniques pour le déploiement de l'avion tout électrique dépend de la capacité des composants passifs, tels que les condensateurs, à réduire leur volume, leur masse et leur coût, et augmenter leurs performances et leur fiabilité, particulièrement dans l’environnement aéronautique. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a eu pour objectif l’étude et le développement de nouvelles technologies de condensateurs pour des applications avioniques. Dans la première partie des travaux, nous abordons l’évaluation de condensateurs céramique de puissance. La technologie céramique constitue, en effet, l’une des rares solutions matures capables de répondre aux exigences des équipementiers. La caractérisation, l’analyse des mécanismes de défaillance, de leurs effets et de leur criticité (AMDEC) ainsi que l’étude de fiabilité et de robustesse de composants commerciaux présentant des architectures originales (condensateurs multi-chips) ont été réalisées. Ces résultats ont été complétés par une étude plus amont sur la caractérisation de céramiques frittées par frittage flash (SPS). Les permittivités colossales de ces matériaux permettraient d’accroitre la fiabilité et la miniaturisation des condensateurs tout en conservant de fortes valeurs de capacité et de tension nominale. La seconde partie, plus fondamentale, a été consacrée au développement de nanoparticules céramique/polymère coeur-écorce pour des applications de condensateurs enterrés, opérant aux radiofréquences. La synthèse et les caractérisations physico-chimiques des nanocomposites ainsi que les procédés de fabrication de condensateurs en couches épaisses sont, en premier lieu, décrits. Une méthode de caractérisation électrique large bande a été mise au point pour permettre l’analyse des propriétés diélectriques et des mécanismes de conduction des nanoparticules. Les performances des dispositifs ont été recherchées en fonction de la température et des procédés de mise en forme. En outre, la durabilité en température de ces derniers a été évaluée. / The improvement of electronic systems for the deployment of all-electric aircrafts depends on the ability of passive components, such as capacitors, to reduce their volume, weight and cost, and to increase their performance and reliability, particularly in the aeronautical environment. In this context, the objective of this thesis was to study and develop novel capacitor technologies for avionics. In the first part of this work, the evaluation of power ceramic capacitors has been discussed. Indeed, the ceramic technology appeared to be one of the few mature solutions meeting the requirements of OEMs. The characterization, the failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) and reliability and robustness assessment of commercial components using original architectures (multi-chip capacitors) have been performed. These results have been completed by a more advanced study on the characterization of new ceramics sintered by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The colossal permittivity of these materials could allow to increase reliability and miniaturization of capacitors while maintaining high values of capacitance and voltage rating. The second part, more fundamental, is devoted to the development of core-shell ceramic/polymer nanoparticles for embedded capacitors operating at radiofrequencies. The synthesis and the physicochemical characterization of the nanocomposites as well as the manufacturing processes of the thick film capacitors are first described. A new broadband electrical characterization methodology has been developed to analyze the dielectric properties and the conduction mechanisms of the nanoparticles. The effects of the temperature and the manufacturing process on the device performance have been investigated. In addition, the durability was evaluated.

L'élaboration de composites à matrice céramique denses et à fibres continues multidirectionnelles par de nouveaux procédés hybrides a été étudiée. Les procédés développés reposent sur le dépôt d'interphases autour des fibres par Infiltration Chimique en phase Vapeur (CVI) puis sur l'introduction de poudres céramiques au sein de préformes fibreuses par infusion de suspensions aqueuses colloïdales concentrées et stables, et enfin sur la consolidation des préformes soit par frittage flash, soit par imprégnation réactive de métaux liquides.La consolidation des composites par frittage flash est très rapide (palier de maintien en température inférieure à 5 minutes) et permet d'obtenir des composites denses. Durant le frittage, la dégradation des fibres de carbone a pu être évitée en adaptant le cycle de pression afin de limiter l'évolution des gaz au sein du système.La densification totale des composites par imprégnation de métaux liquides a été obtenue en contrôlant attentivement les paramètres d'imprégnation afin d'éviter de piéger des espèces gazeuses au sein des préformes fibreuses.Les composites à fibres de carbone consolidés par frittage flash ou par imprégnation réactive de métaux liquide possèdent un comportement mécanique de type élastique endommageable ainsi qu'une contrainte à rupture en flexion voisine de 300 MPa. Ces composites ont montré leur capacité à s'autocicatriser dans des conditions oxydantes. Comparés aux composites à matrice céramiques élaborés par CVI, les composites densifiés par imprégnation de métaux liquide sont eux parfaitement denses et ont un comportement mécanique en traction à température ambiante similaire avec notamment une contrainte à rupture en traction de 220 MPa. / The fabrication of multidirectional continuous carbon fibers reinforced dense self healing Ceramic Matrix Composites by new short time hybrid processes was studied. The processes developed are based, first, on the deposition of fiber interphase and coating by chemical vapor infiltration, next, on the introduction of ceramic powders into the fibrous preform by Slurry Impregnation and, finally, on the densification of the composite by liquid-phase Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) or by Reactive Melt Infiltration of silicon (RMI).The homogeneous introduction of the ceramic particles into the multidirectional fiber preforms was realized by slurry impregnation from highly concentrated (> 32 %vol.) and well dispersed aqueous colloid suspensions. The densification of the composites by spark plasma sintering was possible with a short (< 5 minutes) dwelling period in temperature. The chemical degradation of the carbon fibers during the fabrication was prevented by adapting the sintering pressure cycle to inhibit gas evolution inside the system. The composites elaborated are dense. The fully densification of the composites by RMI was realised by carefully controlling the impregnation parameters to avoid to entrap some gaseous species inside the fiber preforms. Our carbon fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites processed by Spark Plasma Sintering or Reactive Melt Infiltration have a damageable mechanical behaviour with a room temperature bending stress at failure around 300 MPa and have shown their ability to self-healing in oxidizing conditions. Compared to the CMC processed by CVI, the composites processed with a final consolidation step by RMI are fully dense and have a similar room temperature tensile test behaviour with an ultimate tensile stress around 220 MPa.

Spark ignited engines are still important for conventional as well as for hybrid power trains and are thus objective to optimization. Today a lot of functionalities arise from software solutions, which have to be calibrated. Modern engine technologies provide an extensive variability considering their valve train, fuel injection and load control. Thus, calibration efforts are really high and shall be reduced by introduction of virtual methods. In this work a physical 0D combustion model is set up, which can cope with a new generation of spark ignition engines. Therefore, at first cylinder thermodynamics are modeled and validated in the whole engine map with the help of a real-time capable approach. Afterwards an up to date turbulence model is introduced, which is based on a quasi-dimensional k-epsilon-approach and can cope with turbulence production from large scale shearing. A simplified model for ignition delay is implemented which emphasizes the transfer from laminar to turbulent flame propagation after ignition. The modeling is completed with the calculation of overall heat release rates in a 0D entrainment approach with the help of turbulent flame velocities. After validation of all sub-models, the 0D combustion prediction is used in combination with a 1D gas exchange analysis to virtually calibrate the modern engine torque structure and the ECU function for exhaust gas temperature with extensive simulations. / Moderne Ottomotoren spielen heute sowohl in konventionellen als auch hybriden Fahrzeugantrieben eine große Rolle. Aktuelle Konzepte sind hochvariabel bezüglich Ventilsteuerung, Kraftstoffeinspritzung und Laststeuerung und ihre Optimierungspotentiale erwachsen zumeist aus neuen Softwarefunktionen. Deren Applikation ist zeit- und kostenintensiv und soll durch virtuelle Methoden unterstützt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein physikalisches 0D Verbrennungsmodell für Ottomotoren aufgebaut und bis zur praktischen Anwendung geführt. Dafür wurde zuerst die Thermodynamik echtzeitfähig modelliert und im gesamten Motorenkennfeld abgeglichen. Der Aufbau eines neuen Turbulenzmodells auf Basis der quasidimensionalen k-epsilon-Gleichung ermöglicht anschließend, die veränderlichen Einflüsse globaler Ladungsbewegung auf die Turbulenz abzubilden. Für den Brennverzug wurde ein vereinfachtes Modell abgeleitet, welches den Übergang von laminarer zu turbulenter Flammenausbreitung nach der Zündung in den Vordergrund stellt. Der restliche Brennverlauf wird durch die physikalische Ermittlung der turbulenten Brenngeschwindigkeit in einem 0D Entrainment-Ansatz dargestellt. Nach Validierung aller Teilmodelle erfolgt die virtuelle Bedatung der Momentenstruktur und der Abgastemperaturfunktion für das Motorsteuergerät.

Spark ignited engines are still important for conventional as well as for hybrid power trains and are thus objective to optimization. Today a lot of functionalities arise from software solutions, which have to be calibrated. Modern engine technologies provide an extensive variability considering their valve train, fuel injection and load control. Thus, calibration efforts are really high and shall be reduced by introduction of virtual methods. In this work a physical 0D combustion model is set up, which can cope with a new generation of spark ignition engines. Therefore, at first cylinder thermodynamics are modeled and validated in the whole engine map with the help of a real-time capable approach. Afterwards an up to date turbulence model is introduced, which is based on a quasi-dimensional k-epsilon-approach and can cope with turbulence production from large scale shearing. A simplified model for ignition delay is implemented which emphasizes the transfer from laminar to turbulent flame propagation after ignition. The modeling is completed with the calculation of overall heat release rates in a 0D entrainment approach with the help of turbulent flame velocities. After validation of all sub-models, the 0D combustion prediction is used in combination with a 1D gas exchange analysis to virtually calibrate the modern engine torque structure and the ECU function for exhaust gas temperature with extensive simulations.:Contents 1 Introduction. 2 Thermodynamic modeling with real-time capability. 3 Quasi-dimensional modeling of turbulence and global charge motion. 4 Physical modeling of ignition delay. 5 Combustion modeling based on a 0D entrainment approach. 6 Virtual engine calibration with a quasi-dimensional combustion model. 7 Summary and outlook. / Moderne Ottomotoren spielen heute sowohl in konventionellen als auch hybriden Fahrzeugantrieben eine große Rolle. Aktuelle Konzepte sind hochvariabel bezüglich Ventilsteuerung, Kraftstoffeinspritzung und Laststeuerung und ihre Optimierungspotentiale erwachsen zumeist aus neuen Softwarefunktionen. Deren Applikation ist zeit- und kostenintensiv und soll durch virtuelle Methoden unterstützt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein physikalisches 0D Verbrennungsmodell für Ottomotoren aufgebaut und bis zur praktischen Anwendung geführt. Dafür wurde zuerst die Thermodynamik echtzeitfähig modelliert und im gesamten Motorenkennfeld abgeglichen. Der Aufbau eines neuen Turbulenzmodells auf Basis der quasidimensionalen k-epsilon-Gleichung ermöglicht anschließend, die veränderlichen Einflüsse globaler Ladungsbewegung auf die Turbulenz abzubilden. Für den Brennverzug wurde ein vereinfachtes Modell abgeleitet, welches den Übergang von laminarer zu turbulenter Flammenausbreitung nach der Zündung in den Vordergrund stellt. Der restliche Brennverlauf wird durch die physikalische Ermittlung der turbulenten Brenngeschwindigkeit in einem 0D Entrainment-Ansatz dargestellt. Nach Validierung aller Teilmodelle erfolgt die virtuelle Bedatung der Momentenstruktur und der Abgastemperaturfunktion für das Motorsteuergerät.:Contents 1 Introduction. 2 Thermodynamic modeling with real-time capability. 3 Quasi-dimensional modeling of turbulence and global charge motion. 4 Physical modeling of ignition delay. 5 Combustion modeling based on a 0D entrainment approach. 6 Virtual engine calibration with a quasi-dimensional combustion model. 7 Summary and outlook.

This thesis addresses critical conceptions of Scottish literary development in the twentieth-century which inscribe realism as both the authenticating tradition and necessary telos of modern Scottish writing. To this end I identify and explore a Scottish ‘counter-tradition’ of modern uncanny fiction. Drawing critical attention to techniques of modal disruption in the works of a number of post-1970s Scottish writers gives cause to reconsider that realist teleology while positing a range of other continuities and tensions across modern Scottish literary history. The thesis initially defines the critical context for the project, considering how realism has come to be regarded as a medium of national literary representation. I go on to explore techniques of modal disruption and uncanny in texts by five Scottish writers, contesting ways in which habitual recourse to the realist tradition has obscured important aspects of their work. Chapter One investigates Ali Smith’s reimagining of ‘the uncanny guest’. While this trope has been employed by earlier Scottish writers, Smith redesigns it as part of a wider interrogation of the hyperreal twenty-first-century. Chapter Two considers two texts by James Robertson, each of which, I argue, invokes uncanny techniques familiar to readers of James Hogg and Robert Louis Stevenson in a way intended specifically to suggest concepts of national continuity and literary inheritance. Chapter Three argues that James Kelman’s political stance necessitates modal disruption as a means of relating intimate individual experience. Re-envisaging Kelman as a writer of the uncanny makes his central assimilation into the teleology of Scottish realism untenable, complicating the way his work has been positioned in the Scottish canon. Chapter Four analyses A.L. Kennedy’s So I Am Glad, delineating a similarity in the processes of repetition which result in both uncanny effects and the phenomenon of tradition, leading to Kennedy’s identification of an uncanny dimension in the concept of national tradition itself. Chapter Five considers the work of Alan Warner, in which the uncanny appears as an unsettling sense of significance embedded within the banal everyday, reflecting an existentialism which reaches beyond the national. In this way, I argue that habitual recourse to an inscribed realist tradition tends to obscure the range, complexity and instability of the realist techniques employed by the writers at issue, demonstrating how national continuities can be productively accommodated within wider, pluralistic analytical approaches.