Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T15:00:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Helisvania Gomes Silva.pdf: 266520 bytes, checksum: e81d7999b426e27d563c38b6c1425832 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-11 / Vegetation structure of a Cerrado in the northeastern of Maranhão, Brazil). The vegetation structure of a Cerrado area, located at the Urbano Santos municipality, MA, Brazil, was evaluated through the analysis of spatial distribution. The Point-Centered Quarter method was used for sampling, being allocated 399 points in three parallel transects, systematically placed at a 200m distance for each other, with the starting point of the first transect randomized. The distance between sampling points was 10m, with inclusion criteria 3cm perimeter at soil level. The 1596 sampled individuals were distributed in 70 species and 32 families. Six species totalized 49.86% of total IVI, being Plathymenia reticulata (candeia) the most important species. Seventy five percent of the total sampled individuals are concentrated in 14 species (20% of the total of species). Seventeen species occurred with a single individual (rare species). The diversity of the area and the equability were high. The distribution of the diameters in size classes indicated that the most of individuals (70.4%) is concentrated in the first class up to diameter, and 61,5% of dead individuals are also in the 1st diameter class. The floristic comparison among seven surveys carried out in Cerrado areas in Maranhão State indicated a high heterogeneity and low similarity among the studied vegetation, and the nearest areas showed the most floristic similarity only when the analyses with abundance values of species were performed. / Estrutura da vegetação de um cerradão no Nordeste do Maranhão). A estrutura da vegetação de uma área de cerradão, localizado no município de Urbano Santos-MA, foi avaliada através da análise do padrão de distribuição espacial. A amostragem utilizou o método de quadrante, sendo alocados 399 pontos em três transectos paralelos, distribuídos sistematicamente a uma distancia de 200m, com o ponto de inicio do primeiro transecto sorteado. A distância entre os pontos amostrais foi de 10 metros, com critério de inclusão de 3cm de perímetro ao nível do solo. Foram amostrados 1596 indivíduos distribuídos em 70 espécies e 32 famílias. Seis espécies totalizaram 49,86% IVI total, sendo Plathymenia reticulata (candeia) a espécie mais importante. Do total de indivíduos amostrados 75% estão concentrados em 14 espécies (20% das espécies). Dezessete espécies ocorreram com apenas um indivíduo (espécies raras). A diversidade da área e a equabilidade foram altas. A distribuição dos diâmetros em classes de tamanho indicou que a maioria dos indivíduos (70,4%) está concentrada na primeira classe e 61,5% dos indivíduos mortos encontraram-se também na 1ª classe de diâmetro. A comparação florística entre sete levantamentos realizados em áreas de cerrado no Estado do Maranhão indicou elevada heterogeneidade e baixa similaridade entre as formações, ocorrendo uma maior similaridade florística entre as localidades com maior proximidade geográfica apenas nas análises que incluíram valores de abundância das espécies.

A biogeografia estuda a distribuição dos organismos em relação ao espaço e ao tempo, favorecendo a compreensão dos mecanismos que geram e mantém a diversidade, especiação, extinção e dispersão das espécies. Dentre as florestas tropicais, a Mata Atlântica constitui um mosaico vegetal de grande diversidade, onde a filosfera representa um dos habitats mais comuns para os microrganismos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a estrutura e diversidade da comunidade bacteriana da filosfera de Maytenus robusta no Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso e Estação Ecológica de Assis, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As folhas foram coletadas em duas épocas do ano, seca e chuvosa. A estrutura da comunidade bacteriana foi avaliada através de PCR-DGGE da região V3 do gene rRNA 16S e a diversidade por sequenciamento da região V1-V3 do mesmo gene. A similaridade entre a estrutura de comunidades de Bacteria foi determinada com base na presença ou ausência das bandas detectadas no gel após PCR-DGGE. O agrupamento hierárquico gerado com o coeficiente de Jaccard e o método UPGMA mostrou a existência de comunidades bacterianas distintas na filosfera de M. robusta nas áreas amostradas. A existência de padrões biogeográficos foi determinada através de análises de regressão, usando os dados de similaridade da estrutura das comunidades bacterianas e os de distância geográfica entre as árvores amostradas. A correlação negativa observada nas avaliações fornece evidências para suportar a hipótese de que a similaridade entre as comunidades bacterianas da filosfera de plantas da mesma espécie diminui com o aumento da distância entre as árvores, dentro de um mesmo bioma. A avaliação espaço temporal da composição da comunidade bacteriana, realizada pela análise NMDS, demonstrou que houve efeito espacial mas no temporal na estrutura das comunidades bacterianas da filosfera de M. robusta. A afiliação taxonômica de 1.470 sequências de clones do gene rRNA 16S de Bacteria, obtidas da filosfera de M. Robusta, nas diferentes áreas e épocas, e a comparação múltipla das bibliotecas, mostraram que as comunidades bacterianas na filosfera foram distintas umas das outras, sendo os filos Proteobacteria e Acidobacteria os mais frequentes. Somente 1% das Unidades Taxonômicas Operacionais foram comuns entre os indivíduos avaliados. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se inferir que, em cada bioma, plantas da mesma espécie possuem comunidades bacterianas únicas, sugerindo a existência de endemismo, altos níveis de especiação e baixa dispersão das comunidades bacterianas nas áreas avaliadas. / Biogeography studies the distribution of organisms in relation to space and time, favoring the understanding of the mechanisms that generate and keep the diversity, speciation, extinction and dispersion of species. Among the tropical forests, the Atlantic Forest constitutes a highly diverse vegetation mosaic, in which the phyllosphere represents one of the most common habitats for microorganisms. The goal of this work was to evaluate the structure and diversity of the bacterial community from the phyllosphere of Maytenus robusta in the Carlos Botelho State Park, Ilha do Cardoso State Park and Assis Ecologic Station, São Paulo state, Brazil. The leaves were collected in two different seasons of the year, dry season and rainy season. The structure of the bacterial community was evaluated through PCR-DGGE of the 16S rRNA gene V3 region, and the diversity by sequencing of the V1-V3 region of the same gene. The similarities between the structures of the bacterial community were determined based on the presence or absence of bands detected in the gels after PCR-DGGE. The hierarchical clustering generated using the Jaccard coefficient and the UPGMA method showed the existence of distinct bacterial communities in the M. robusta phyllosphere of the sampled areas. The existence of biogeographic patterns was determined through regression analyses, using the community structure similarity data geographic distance among the sampled trees. The negative correlation observed in most of the cases provides evidence to support the hypothesis that the similarity between the bacterial communities from phyllosphere of plants of the same species decreases as the distance among trees increased, within the same biome. The spacial-temporal evaluation of the structure of the bacterial communities, performed by the NMDS analyses, showed the occurrence of spacial but not temporal effects on the structure of the bacterial communities of M. robusta phyllosphere. The taxonomic affiliation of 1,470 bacterial 16S rRNA gene clones obtained from the M. robusta phyllosphere, in different areas and seasons, as well as the multiple comparisons of libraries showed that the bacterial communities in the phyllosphere were distinct from each other, and that Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria phyla were the most frequent. Only 1% of the bacterial Operational Taxonomic Units were common among the individuals evaluated. Based on the results obtained it is possible to conclude that, in each biome, plants of same species have unique bacterial communities, suggesting the existence of endemism, high levels of speciation and low dispersal of bacterial communities in the evaluated areas.

O presente trabalho pretende analisar a historicidade, a distribuição espacial e a diversidade dos equipamentos de cultura e lazer na cidade de São Paulo, relacionando-os às categorias sociocupacionais da população residente nas áreas em que estão presentes. A metodologia utilizada foi pesquisa bibliográfica, georreferenciamento e análise fatorial por correspondência binária com base no levantamento dos espaços culturais. A pesquisa partiu da noção de patrimônio para a construção de uma tipologia de equipamentos de cultura e lazer. A historicidade de cada tipo foi então relacionada à distribuição espacial deles. Em seguida, analisou-se esta distribuição em relação às categorias sociocupacionais dos residentes, possibilitando a criação de uma tipologia de áreas homogêneas. As concentrações dos equipamentos revelaram uma cidade marcada pela diversidade de centralidades. As noções de patrimônio, de segregações, social e residencial, e de centralidades aparecem como fatores definidores da paisagem. A análise possibilitou verificar, portanto, o adensamento e a diversidade dos equipamentos de cultura e lazer nos quais estão fortemente presentes as camadas superiores e médias da hierarquia social. Isso revelou a ausência de uma única centralidade e a segregação definida também pelos padrões de distribuição do patrimônio de cultura e lazer na cidade de São Paulo. / The present study intends to analyze the historicity, the spatial distribution and diversity of cultural and leisure edifications within the city of São Paulo. This study relates, therefore, the location of these edifications to the socio-occupational categories of resident population within these areas where these are present. The methodology used was bibliographical research, georeferencing and factorial analysis under binary correspondence based on survey of cultural and leisure edifications. The research started on the notion of patrimony moving towards the construction of a typology of cultural and leisure edifications. The historicity of each type was, then, linked to their spatial distribution. From this point on, such distribution was analyzed regarding residents\' socio-occupational categories, allowing the elaboration of a typology of homogeneous areas. The concentration of these edifications revealed a city shaped by a diversity of centralities. The notions of patrimony, of social and residential segregation, of centralities appear as defining factors of the landscape. The analysis verified, therefore, the concentration and diversity of cultural and leisure edifications in which medium and superior layers of social hierarchy were densely present. This conclusion revealed the absence of one single centrality and segregation, defined also by standards of distribution of cultural and leisure patrimony in the city of São Paulo.

Orientador: Álvaro de Oliveira D'Antona / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T05:40:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bueno_MariadoCarmoDias_D.pdf: 7981716 bytes, checksum: 356dc960778fb4aecc233ad1c7da89f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Dois problemas relacionados com a utilização de dados agregados são bastante conhecidos e citados na literatura. O primeiro deles diz respeito à não coincidência entre as unidades para as quais os dados são disponibilizados e aquelas para as quais os dados são necessários; o segundo está relacionado com a estabilidade temporal das unidades de agregação. Como solução para esses problemas este trabalho propõe a utilização de células regulares dispostas em um sistema de grade para a agregação e disseminação de dados censitários, denominada "grade estatística". As células desta grade têm pequenas dimensões, podendo ser consideradas como "tijolos" que se juntam para formar qualquer recorte espacial desejado e não se alteram ao longo do tempo. A utilização de dados agregados em unidades de pequenas dimensões proporciona também um aumento do potencial analítico. Foram selecionadas duas unidades da federação ¿ Pará e São Paulo - para a criação da metodologia de geração da grade estatística e para a execução de aplicações práticas. A abordagem selecionada é híbrida, mesclando agregação e desagregação. A primeira utiliza os microdados censitários associados aos seus atributos de localização para a agregação dos dados; a segunda utiliza métodos espaciais e/ou estatísticos juntamente com dados secundários para a realocação espacial dos dados. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a abordagem híbrida é viável e deve ser utilizada quando existe uma grande variação na qualidade dos dados e a área de estudo abrange grandes extensões. Os dados obtidos apresentaram uma boa qualidade e a sua utilização permitiu a execução de análises com um maior nível de desagregação espacial, além de facilitar a integração de dados agregados em unidades geográficas diferentes / Abstract: Two problems associated with the use of aggregate data are well known and reported in the literature. The first concerns the mismatch between those units for which data is available and those for which data is needed; the second is related to the temporal stability of the aggregation units. As a solution to these problems, this study proposes the use of regular cells arranged in a grid-like pattern, called a "statistical grid," to aggregate and disseminate census data. The cells of this grid have small dimensions; they may be considered as "bricks" that come together to fill any desired spatial area and remain unchanged over time. The use of aggregate data in units of small dimensions also provides an increased potential for analysis. Two states ¿ Pará and São Paulo ¿ were selected to create a methodology for generating a statistical grid and to implement practical applications. A hybrid approach was selected, merging aggregation and disaggregation approaches. The first uses the census microdata associated with its location attributes; the second uses spatial and/or statistical methods and ancillary data. The results demonstrated that the hybrid approach is viable and should be used in the event of a large variation in data quality and when the study area encompasses large expanses. The data obtained are of good fit and their use enabled the execution of analysis with a higher level of spatial disaggregation, in addition to facilitating the integration of data available in different geographical units / Doutorado / Demografia / Doutora em Demografia

Les forêts tropicales contiennent dans leur biomasse aérienne un stock de carbone important à l’échelle de la planète. Mesurer ce stock et comprendre son fonctionnement permet de mieux saisir les enjeux liés à sa protection, sa destruction ou sa modification, ainsi que son rôle dans le cycle du carbone et les mécanismes climatiques globaux. Dans le cadre des problématiques économiques et écologiques liés au climat, les forêts sont progressivement prises en compte dans les programmes internationaux de mesures visant à réduire l’impact anthropique sur le climat (Protocole de Kyoto, 1998 ; Accord de Copenhague, 2009). L’intégration des forêts dans les mécanismes financiers liés au marché du carbone est clairement envisagée dans les années à venir (marché de carbone « d’origine forestière »).L’estimation de la biomasse aérienne d’une parcelle de forêt inventoriée nécessite l’utilisation successive de plusieurs modèles. Dans ces parcelles, le diamètre et l’espèce de chaque arbre sont renseignés. Ensuite, ces parcelles sont utilisées comme références pour l’extrapolation spatiale des valeurs de biomasse. Cette extrapolation repose souvent sur le traitement de signaux aériens (avions, satellites). Il est aussi possible d’utiliser covariables environnementales (climat, géologie, …).L’incertitude associée à l’estimation de la biomasse d’une région est le résultat de toutes les incertitudes associées à ces différents processus. Les connaissances actuelles ne nous permettent pas de quantifier cette incertitude. L’objectif de la thèse est de développer une méthodologie d’estimation de la biomasse qui permette la propagation des incertitudes ainsi que l’identification des sources de cette incertitude.Modèle de hauteur : Nous proposons un nouveau modèle de hauteur pour les forêts tropicales. Les paramètres de ce modèle ont un sens écologique et peuvent être prédits par des variables décrivant le peuplement sur lequel il est appliqué. Nous avons utilisé les données des projets Amalin et Bridge et sélectionné 42 parcelles réparties en Guyane dans lesquelles le diamètre et la hauteur de chaque arbre ont été mesurés.Modèle de densité de bois : Un modèle à été conçu pour associer à chaque espèce une distribution de densité de bois et non une valeur fixe. Nous avons utilisé les données du projet Bridge dans lequel la densité de bois a été mesurée sur 2504 arbres représentant 466 espèces.Modèle de biomasse: Nous avons montré par une analyse de sensibilité que les incertitudes des prédictions de hauteur et de densité de bois n’avaient qu’une part négligeable dans l’incertitude des prédictions de biomasse. L’amélioration de la précision de ces modèles n’est donc pas une priorité. En revanche, le modèle de hauteur peut être une source de biais.Modélisation spatiale : Les modèles développés ont été appliqués à différents réseaux de parcelles couvrant bien la zone littorale guyanaise : inventaires papetiers de l’ONF, réseau Guyafor, projet Amalin… Les prédictions de biomasse de ces parcelles sont utilisées dans un modèle spatiale. Nous produisons ainsi une carte de biomasse guyanaise associée à une carte de l’incertitude de cette estimation. / Tropical forest yield and important part of the aerial vegetation carbon stock on earth. Measuring and understanding this stock distribution is crucial for the management of the tropical forests facing the actual environmental challenges (REDD+, carbon market).Aerial Biomass estimation of forest census plots requires few models depending on the precision of the inventory: diameter models, height models, wood density models. Spatial extrapolation between census plots relies on aerial data (satellite measurements, images) or ground-based data (geology, altitude).The uncertainty of the estimation of a region’s biomass is the result of the uncertainty brought by all these models. The aim of the thesis is to develop models and methods to estimate the biomass of a region while propagating the uncertainties. This is applied to the neo-tropical forest of French Guiana (South America, Guianas Plateau).

A produção agrícola tem crescido nos últimos anos impulsionada pelo aumento populacional e por avanços tecnológicos. Esse crescimento pode ocasionar impactos ambientais importantes, inclusive a degradação do solo, se não forem realizados o correto planejamento agrícola e manejo do solo, a fim de assegurar uma produção competitiva e sustentável. Para isto, a descrição da variabilidade espacial do solo é necessária, sendo realizada convencionalmente através de coleta e análise de amostras. Entretanto, estes métodos convencionais de levantamento da variabilidade do solo possuem custos elevados e demandam bastante tempo e mãode- obra para serem realizados. Com o aumento da quantidade de informação necessária os custos para descrição da variabilidade espacial do solo podem tornarse um obstáculo, se somente metodologias convencionais são aplicadas. Portanto, métodos alternativos tornam-se necessários para auxiliar no levantamento de atributos do solo em escala adequada ao manejo agrícola. Para isto, são propostas metodologias de espectroscopia de reflectância no Vis-NIR-SWIR, as quais empregam o comportamento espectral do solo de 400 nm a 2500 nm para realizar a quantificação de seus atributos. Isto é possível, pois a informação espectral possui relação direta com os constituintes do solo. Assim, no presente estudo é avaliado o uso de imagens aéreas hiperespectrais na quantificação de atributos do solo, através do método PLSR, e mapeamento destes atributos, empregando krigagem. O desempenho das predições feitas com dados do sensor aéreo é comparado ao obtido com espectros coletados em laboratório. Foi também avaliado, através de experimentos de campo, com diferentes doses de calcário em duas áreas diferentes (textura arenosa e média), o uso de informações espectrais coletadas no campo, em movimento, e em laboratório, com amostras úmidas, para a quantificação de atributos e da necessidade de calagem, pelo método PLSR. Foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios através dos dados do sensor aéreo, principalmente, para a quantificação dos teores de argila, areia e CTC (R2 de 0,73, 0,73 e 0,80, respectivamente). Com relação aos dados obtidos por sensoriamento próximo no campo, os melhores resultados foram obtidos para a área de textura média, com R2 de 0,33, 0,38 e 0,61 para a predição da CTC, V% e da necessidade de calagem, respectivamente. / Agricultural production has increased in the last years stimulated by the population growth and technological advances. This can cause significant environmental impacts including soil degradation if suitable agricultural planning and soil management are not applied in order to ensure a competitive and sustainable production. For this purpose, the soil variability assessment is needed and it is conventionally performed through soil sampling and analysis. However, conventional methods have high costs and require considerable time and labor. When the amount of information needed increases, costs to describe soil spatial variability may become an obstacle if only conventional methodologies are applied. Therefore, alternative methods can help to depict soil properties variability on a scale suitable to soil management. So, Vis-NIR-SWIR reflectance spectroscopy (from 400 nm to 2500 nm) is proposed as a mean to predict soil properties. This is possible because spectral information has a direct relationship with soil constituents and characteristics. Therefore, in this study hyperspectral airborne imagery is evaluated as an information source to be used in soil properties quantification, via the PLSR method, and mapping, using kriging. The performance of the models derived from airborne imagery data was compared with the results obtained by models calculated from laboratory sensor data. The use of spectral information collected in the field (on-thego) was evaluated too using a field experiment in witch different rates of lime were applied. The experiment was allocated in two fields with different soil textures (one with about 100 g kg-1 of clay and other with about 320 g kg-1 of clay). The soil properties prediction based on the on-the-go spectral measurements were compared to predictions made using spectra collect in the laboratory and the PLSR method was used to calculate models. Satisfactory results were obtained with airborne sensor data, especially for clay, sand and CTC quantification (R2 of 0.73, 0.73 and 0.80, respectively). Regarding the on-the-go proximal sensing, better predictions were obtained for the clayey area, with R2 of 0.33, 0.38 and 0.61 for predictions of CEC, base saturation of the soil CEC (V%) and lime requirement, respectively.

<div>Global warming is considered to result from excessive emission of CO₂ caused by human activity. The security of long term CO₂ capture and sequestration on the subsurface depends on the integrity of caprocks. Natural and engineered subsurface activities can generate fractures in caprocks that can lead to CO₂ leakage. Reactive fluids that flow through a fracture may seal a fracture through mineral precipitation or open a fracture through dissolution. It is extremely useful to CO₂ storage to understand the behavior of reactive fluids that generates mineral precipitation that can seal a fracture. Experiments on non-reactive and reactive fluid mixing were performed to explore gravity-driven chemical dynamics that control the mixing and spatial distribution of mineral precipitates. Fracture inclination, fracture apertures, fluid pumping rates, and density contrasts between fluids were studied for their effects on fluid mixing. From non-reactive fluid mixing experiments, a less dense fluid was found to be confined to a narrow path (runlet) by the denser fluid under the influence of gravity. Fracture inclination angle affected the shape of the less dense fluid runlet. As the angle of inclination decreased, the area of the less dense runlet increased. Improved mixing and a potentially larger area of precipitation formation will occur during reactive fluid mixing when the fracture plane is perpendicular to gravity. Fracture aperture affected the time evolution of the mixing of the fluids, while pumping rate affected fluid mixing by controlling the relative velocities between the two fluids. The fact that the spatial distribution of the two fluids, instead of the fracture roughness, dominated the fluid mixing sheds light on the potential behaviors of reactive fluids mixing in fractures. The location for the majority of precipitation formation and the transport of precipitates can be accordingly predicted from knowledge of the properties of the two reactive fluids and the orientation of the fracture.</div><div>From a small study on wave propagation across fractures with precipitates, simulation results showed that the impedance difference between the matrix material and the precipitate affects the transmitted signal amplitude. Both the aperture and fraction of aperture filled with precipitates affect signal amplitude.</div><div><br></div>

L’accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) est une pathologie soudaine et brutale, pouvant entraîner de graves séquelles. L’atteinte des grandes fonctions neurologiques provoquée par un AVC explique ces lourdes séquelles. Sur le long terme, un handicap de nature et de sévérité très variées persiste fréquemment, qui s’accompagne en outre souvent de syndromes dépressifs importants ainsi que de troubles émotionnels et parfois comportementaux. En France, l’AVC représente la troisième cause de décès chez les hommes (13 003 décès) et la première chez les femmes (18 343 décès) en 2013. Le parcours de santé des patients victimes d'AVC se compose de plusieurs séquences : la phase préhospitalière, avec un enjeu de transfert urgent vers une unité neurovasculaire (UNV), puis l’hospitalisation en aiguë, avec la prise en charge thérapeutique en urgence et, enfin, le retour à domicile. Durant la phase préhospitalière, la notion d’urgence est essentielle : plus vite le patient est traité et plus il a de chances de réduire le risque de séquelles lourdes. En effet, une victime perd 2 millions de neurones chaque minute à la phase aigüe de l’AVC. Deux traitements, dans certains cas complémentaires, existent : la thrombolyse et la thrombectomie. Ils sont réalisés dans les structures de référence de traitement, les UNV. Les territoires ne sont pas égaux face à la prise en charge de l’AVC, que ce soit en termes d’accessibilité, mais également de répartition spatiale des occurrences d’AVC. La géographie de la santé est ainsi une discipline essentielle pour répondre à ces problématiques. Les outils de la géographie permettent notamment de cibler les populations à risque de retard, mais également à risque de survenue plus élevé. Ce travail de recherche poursuit ainsi différents objectifs complémentaires. En premier lieu, ce travail a pour but de décrire l’accessibilité au traitement du patient, quel que soit son lieu de prise en charge, depuis le moment où il appelle le SAMU centre 15, en fonction des vecteurs de prise en charge (SAMU, sapeurs-pompiers), des conditions de circulations et de la stratégie thérapeutique. Ainsi, les populations à risque de retard de prise en charge, et possiblement de non accès au traitement, sont identifiées. En outre, le second objectif est de décrire la répartition spatiale des occurrences d’AVC et caractériser les modèles de distribution spatiale d’AVC. Cette répartition est ensuite analysée à l’aide de différentes variables territoriales (socio-économiques, structurelles, environnementales) afin de comprendre les causes de la sur-représentation des AVC en certains endroits. Afin de mener une caractérisation globale des causes explicatives de survenue de l’AVC, des analyses sur une série chronologique ont également été menées afin de savoir, notamment, si un type de temps à risque de survenue d’AVC existe. Les analyses menées tout au long de ce travail se sont appuyées sur les données du registre des AVC thrombolysés du Réseau des Urgences de la Vallée du Rhône (RESUVal), ainsi que sur les données de la cohorte STROKE 69 dans le Rhône. Par ailleurs, l’évaluation de l’accessibilité dans le département a pu bénéficier de l’exploitation de la base de données du SDMIS. Ce travail se veut très opérationnel, permettant de proposer des axes pour améliorer territorialement la prise en charge de l’AVC : en termes d’organisation et de répartition des structures pouvant traiter les patients, mais également de politiques publiques permettant de sensibiliser les populations à risque de survenue d’un AVC / Stroke is a sudden and brutal pathology that can lead to serious sequelae. The damage to major neurological functions caused by stroke explains these severe sequelae. In the long term, a disability of very varied nature and severity most often persists, often accompanied by significant depressive syndromes and emotional and sometimes behavioural disorders. In France, stroke is the third leading cause of death among men (13,003 deaths) and the first among women (18,343 deaths) in 2013. The management of stroke patients consists of several sequences: the pre-hospital phase, with an urgent need for transfer to a stroke unit (UNV), then acute hospitalization, with emergency therapeutic management and, finally, direct return home. During the pre-hospital phase, the notion of urgency is essential: the sooner the patient is treated, the more likely he is to reduce the risk of serious sequelae. Indeed, a victim loses 2 million neurons every minute during the acute phase of stroke. Two treatments, which may be complementary, exist: thrombolysis and thrombectomy. They are carried out in the treatment reference structures, the stroke unit (UNV). Areas are not equal in terms of stroke management, either in terms of accessibility or in terms of the spatial distribution of stroke occurrences. The geography of health is thus an essential discipline to address these issues. Geographic tools allow to target populations at risk of delay, but also at higher risk of occurrence. This research work thus pursues different complementary objectives. First, this work aims to describe the patient's accessibility to treatment, regardless of where he is treated, from the moment he calls the SAMU centre 15, depending on the type of vectors of care (SAMU, fire brigade), traffic conditions and therapeutic strategy. In this way, populations at risk of delayed care, and possibly lack of access to treatment, can be identified. In addition, the second objective is to describe the spatial distribution of stroke occurrences and characterize models of spatial distribution of stroke. This distribution is then analyzed using different territorial variables (socio-economic, facilities, environmental) to understand the causes of the over-representation of stroke in some areas. In order to conduct a global characterization of the explanatory causes of stroke occurrence, time series analyses were also conducted to determine, among other things, whether a type of time at risk of stroke exists. The analyses conducted throughout this work were based on data from the thrombolytic stroke registry of a French emergency network called Réseau des Urgences de la Vallée du Rhône (RESUVal), as well as data from the STROKE 69 cohort in the Rhone. In addition, the evaluation of accessibility in the department was able to benefit from the use of the SDMIS database.This work is intended to be very operational, making it possible to propose ways to improve stroke management in the region: in terms of the organization and distribution of structures that can treat patients, but also in terms of public policies to raise awareness among populations at risk of having a stroke

This thesis evaluates the limitations of passive airborne remote sensing methods to retrieve optical and microphysical properties of Arctic mixed-phase clouds. These limitations are circumvented using a synergy of passive and active remote sensing techniques, and large eddy simulations. Using this synergetic approach, the three-dimensional spatial distribution of the thermodynamic phase of two cloud case studies is characterized. The findings are subsequently applied to a statistical analysis of the cloud properties measured during the Arctic Cloud Observations Using airborne measurements during polar Day (ACLOUD) campaign.

Benthic filter feeders (BFF) can reduce phytoplankton concentration (abundance) thereby controlling eutrophication in several ecosystems, including rivers. However, experiments suggest warming can alter the relationship between BFF grazing rate and the growth rate of (heterotrophic) planktonic prey. To investigate how eutrophication control by grazers is altered with temperature under the influence of other important abiotic (water depth, and speed, light, and turbidity) and biotic factors (initial phytoplankton concentration [hereafter: Pin value], BFF density and spatial BFF distribution), we developed a spatially-explicit computer simulation model. This model simulates the dynamics of a phytoplankton population traveling through a simplified river channel while being grazed by BFF. Our model includes the thermal responses of BFF grazing and phytoplankton growth. The results show that BFF grazing can qualitatively alter and, in some circumstances, even reverse the response of phytoplankton to warming. Moreover, the response of grazer-controlled phytoplankton to warming, water depth and Pin value is non-linear and phytoplankton can increase steeply with slight changes within some ranges of these variables. In addition, these variables can interact causing their combined effects on eutrophication to differ from what is expected considering their isolated effects. Generally, the effect of most variables, including temperature, Pin value and BFF density and spatial distribution, is larger at shallow waters. Moreover, our study shows that phytoplankton control can be substantially improved by heterogeneous BFF distributions where the BFF are located at the extremes of the river either upstream or downstream instead of homogenously distributed along the whole river. However, warming can cause a switch between these two optimal distributions or even can cause differences among the spatial distributions to disappear. In general, the homogeneous BFF distribution can be used as conservative estimate of eutrophication control. In conclusion, this work shows that trophic control can qualitatively alter the response of eutrophication to warming, supporting previous studies suggesting that the prediction of global warming effects requires considering not only the thermal responses of organisms but also their trophic interactions. In addition to these biotic variables, this thesis reveals that considering the interactions between abiotic and biotic variables and including their spatial distribution are important for eutrophication control. Especially, the detection of thresholds in the response of grazer-controlled phytoplankton to temperature, water depth, Pin value, and spatial BFF distribution indicates that one should be careful with predictions because of potential abrupt changes. Although further studies are needed to make specific recommendations for water quality management, our work provides preliminary suggestions on the conditions where grazers or Pin reductions can be more efficient to control eutrophication.