Befolkningen ökar kraftigt i Sverige och utökande av bostäder är högst aktuellt. Frågor som blir aktuella är var de nya bostadshusen ska placeras och vad berörda beslutsfattare anser när de behöver kompromissa med grönområden. Denna studie inriktar sig på Gävle kommun som har en vision om att utveckla 10 500 bostäder till år 2030 (Gävle kommun, 2016). Ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv är det olämpligt att bebygga grönområden i städer. Trots detta finns det planer på att bygga bostäder i parker i Gävles innerstad, vilket har diskuterats i media. Syftet med denna studie är att med hjälp av en enkätstudie undersöka hur Gävle kommuns anställda på samhällsbyggnad prioriterar och tar hänsyn till kvaliteter på grönområden. Resultatet jämförs även med de anställda på samhällsbyggnad på Sandvikens kommun, Tierps kommun, Älvkarleby kommun och Bollnäs kommun. Resultatet visade att det inte finns någon markant skillnad mellan de olika kommunerna eller arbetsgrupperna och överlag finns det heller inga större skillnader mellan praktiken och vad litteraturen påvisar. / The population in Sweden is rapidly increasing and expanding possibilities of residential housing is highly topical. In light of this, other matters arise such as where the new residential buildings are to be located and how this affects existing green areas. This study focuses on Gävle municipality and its vision of developing 10 500 residential housings, by the year of 2030. From a sustainability perspective, it is inappropriate to build on green areas in cities. Regardless of the sustainability aspects, Gävle municipality plans to construct residential housings in the inner city parks of the city, as debated in media. The purpose of this study was to examine how employees within the department of Urban planning at Gävle municipality prioritize and account for the qualities of green areas. The study was carried out utilizing a survey and the results were compared to answers obtained from employees within the Urban planning department at the municipalities of Sandviken, Tierp, Älvkarleby and Bollnäs. The results did not show any significant differences between neither municipality, workgroup belonging, nor were any substantial differences between practice and literature identified.

The aim of this thesis is to understand how a repertoire of municipal planning narratives evolved and how these were used as a means to explain, legitimise and produce change in a city that went through a process of urban transformation. The focus is set on the role of narratives in municipal plans as a mental preparation for change. In order to reach this aim, a framework for narrative analysis is developed that shall facilitate a critical reading of such municipal planning documents as comprehensive plans. This shall help to understand among other things how place and community are constructed. This framework is used to interpret four documents of the municipality of Karlskrona, one introductory guide for new inhabitants from 1980, and three consecutive comprehensive plans, adopted in 1991, 2002 and 2010. In short, the narrative analysis consists of four different ways of reading each respective document. First, more or less coherent narratives are identified in the texts. Second, they are analysed with respect to their literary and rhetoric form, in a way that is inspired by historian and literary theorist Hayden White. A third reading places the documents’ narratives into their historical context. Finally, they are classified as certain narratives of place identity on the basis of a typology developed by sociologist Manuel Castells. He states that identities can be constructed with help of narratives that legitimise the existing societal structures, that stand in opposition to these structures, or that create a new identity out of available resources. Based on these readings, I find that the four documents use very different literary and rhetorical forms and that they construct the place’s identity in ways clearly distinct from each other. They express various moral and political perspectives and convey clearly distinct social norms regarding the role of inhabitants and the municipality. Over the decades, there has been a clear shift of expressed values from those that support a leading role of the (local) state in fostering local development to those that highlight the importance of market actors and market forces. A similar change has occurred from the pronunciation of state responsibility for the inhabitant’s well-being to a greater focus on individual responsibility. This confirms the notion that municipal planning is increasingly influenced by ideas of neoliberal development. It could also be observed that storytelling and a purposeful narrative construction of place identity have become more prominent as instruments of planning. Planning narratives were clearly used to explain and legitimise shifts or persistence in municipal policymaking. Due to this it can be concluded that in the eyes of local policy makers, the municipality seems to have gone through a complete process of urban transformation from being in a state of decline to one of stabilised growth.

The graduation theses aims to the illustrate principles of the spatial planning in Finland. For better understanding of the spatial planning system will shortly realize socioeconomic analysis of Finland on which will be connected the characteristic of spatial planning system in Finland with its historical development and legislative framework. The aim of the graduation thesis is to point out strengths and weaknesses of the spatial planning system in Finland.

This diploma thesis is focused on legal aspects of a private and public construction law from builder's perspective with a special emphasis on several current issues of Czech legislation and jurisprudence. As its name suggests this thesis is divided into two parts which corresponds to construction entitlement and construction permit. The first part of the thesis is comparison of terms land and building within different legal regulations. These two terms are highly important because they represent a normative basis for the issue. Subsequently, the most frequent private- law titles, entitling the construction of a building, together with the institutions of usucaption and the problem of unauthorized construction, which are very closely related to these titles, are analyzed. The core of this thesis is the second part, dealing with spatial planning, planning proceeding and construction permitting. These partial problems are analyzed in a timeline as they naturally follow from one viewpoint of the builder. While less emphasis is placed on spatial planning and construction permits, a deeper analysis is devoted to the planning proceeding. This fact has its merit, because from the procedural point of view, the planning proceeding is of the greatest importance and also has a close connection with a...

Esta tese avalia o ordenamento territorial urbano no planejamento da metrópole do Rio de Janeiro e de sua região de influência. O ordenamento territorial implica estabelecer conexões complexas e por vezes inusitadas. Envolto em numerosos conflitos políticos, o ordenamento territorial urbano carioca conjuga o impasse entre as expectativas da sociedade quanto ao acesso aos bens e serviços urbanos e o anacronismo dos instrumentos jurídicos, administrativos e normativos. A cidade do Rio de Janeiro, outrora capital federal (1834 a 1960), Estado da Guanabara (1960 a 1975) e, atualmente, capital do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (a partir de 1975), adquiriu numerosas peculiaridades no ordenamento de seu território. As dificuldades em estabelecer uma estrutura de planejamento urbano e regional, assim como as intervenções localizadas de elevado custo resultaram num espaço bastante segmentado e suscetível aos conflitos sociais e territoriais impeditivos para políticas públicas integradas em toda região metropolitana. A estruturação do espaço urbano carioca caracterizou-se por intensos conflitos oriundos da complexa estrutura interna de poderes sobrepostos; um conjunto de legislações urbanísticas excludentes, ineficazes no que se refere à justiça social; a intensa presença do governo federal em políticas locais; ineficiente estrutura organizativa e administrativa dos órgãos de planejamento do governo; distanciamento dos planos e programas da realidade dinâmica das relações sociais estabelecidas e principalmente pela descontinuidade das ações e políticas urbanas. Há que se considerar que hoje o ordenamento territorial deixou de ser apenas uma incumbência de um único representante político o intervir sobre o território. De modo conflituoso a proposta do ordenamento territorial vem se tornando um tema político importante ao se confrontar com o quadro de crise que se estabeleceu entre as formas e sistemas de governos centralizadores, nacionalistas e autoritários. O ordenamento territorial impõe reformas governamentais diante de uma realidade de novas repartições de poderes sobre o território, dos desafios lançados às administrações públicas e das mudanças do papel do governo no mundo de relações globalizadas / This thesis evaluates the urban land use in planning of the metropolis of Rio de Janeiro and its region of influence. Evaluating the spatial planning in Rio de Janeiro implies establish complex and unusual bonds. Wrapped in many political conflits, the spatial planning in the state combines the impasse between the society expectations regarding the acess to the urban goods and services and the anacronism of the legal, administrative and regulatory requirements. The city of Rio de Janeiro, once federal capital (1834 to 1960), State of Guanabara (1960 to 1975) and currently capital of the State of Rio de Janeiro (from 1975 to nowadays), acquired many singularities in spatial planning. The difficulties of establishing a structure of urban and territorial planning and the located interventions of high cost resulted in a highly segmented space and susceptible to social and territorial conflits, liable to affect integrated public policies across the whole metropolitan area. The structuring of carioca urban space was featured by a deep conflicts caused by the complex internal structure of overlapping powers; a set of ineffective and exclusionary urban legislation when it comes to social justice; strong presence of the federal government in local policies; inefficient organizational and administrative structure organs of government planning; detachment of plans and remoteness of plans and programs of the dynamic reality of social relations and especially by the discontinuity of urban policies and actions. There has to be considered that today, the land use is no longer just a task of a single political representative to speak on the territory. So the proposal of the spatial planning, in a conflicting way, is becoming an important political issue against the crisis situation that has developed between the forms and systems of centralized, nationalist and authoritarian government. The spatial planning imposes government reforms against a reality of new public offices and new challenges over the territory, of challenges posed to public administrations and to the changes of the government´s role on the world of global relationships.

Este estudo faz uma abordagem da produção de energia hidroelétrica sob a perspectiva da Geografia crítica e releva que a água é um elemento natural em todas as manifestações, sendo o seu uso o que a transforma em recurso natural e produtivo. A água não é fonte direta de energia elétrica, ela é condição natural de um lugar. A construção de usinas hidroelétricas coloca-a em circuitos de fixos, fazendo com que se integrem aos circuitos produtivos. O levantamento desses equipamentos, especialmente as grandes usinas construídas no Brasil com essa finalidade, é importante para a Geografia do ponto de vista teórico, pois têm grande fixidez no território e são agregadas a ele como verdadeiras próteses territoriais. Sua análise serve ao ordenamento do espaço, que é fundamental para o planejamento do País. / This study approaches the production of hydroelectric power from the perspective of critical geography and emphasizes that water is a natural element in all of its manifestations, being that its use transforms it into a natural and productive resource. Water is not a direct source of electricity. It is a natural condition of a place. The construction of hydroelectric power plants puts water in fixed circuits, making it a part of productive circuits. The data collection of these equipments, especially large hydropower plants in Brazil, is important for geography from a theoretical point of view because they have great fixity on the territory and are aggregated as true territorial prostheses. Their analysis serves as spatial planning, which is crucial for the planning of the country.

Introdução: A forma como os assentamentos humanos são dispostos na paisagem influencia o funcionamento dos ecossistemas naturais e, consequentemente, a qualidade de vida das populações. A manutenção de conexões entre importantes elementos naturais em uma paisagem é um dos principais aspectos para a sustentabilidade na ocupação de um território, já que essas viabilizam a ocorrência dos fluxos de matéria e energia, que dão suporte aos serviços ambientais. Os corredores verdes podem ser utilizados como uma estratégia de planejamento para a manutenção da conectividade de uma paisagem. Entre os municípios brasileiros, os de pequeno porte, são aqueles que apresentam paisagens com menor grau de alteração pela ação humana; no entanto, não se verifica nesses locais o desenvolvimento de planejamentos territoriais que garantam a preservação de suas paisagens, segundo os aspectos mencionados. Objetivos: O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi o desenvolvimento de uma abordagem que auxilie no planejamento de uma rede de corredores verdes, em municípios brasileiros de pequeno porte. Com a intenção de que a abordagem fosse efetiva para essa realidade, foram atendidos três requisitos fundamentais: utilizaram-se base de dados de domínio público, procedimentos de integração de dados simplificados e de fácil compreensão e promoveu-se a participação de atores locais no processo de planejamento, com o intuito de produzir um plano legítimo e de aumentar o grau de conscientização com relação à questão da sustentabilidade, em geral e dos corredores verdes, em especial. Método: A estratégia de pesquisa adotada foi a pesquisa construtiva, a qual requer três etapas para a sua condução: compreensão, desenvolvimento e reflexão. A primeira etapa teve como objetivo a compreensão dos temas: corredores verdes e ordenação da paisagem de municípios brasileiros de pequeno porte. A segunda etapa teve como foco a construção da abordagem, embasada pelos conhecimentos obtidos na primeira etapa. Por fim, foi realizada uma reflexão sobre os resultados obtidos. O Município de Feliz, localizado no Rio Grande do Sul, deu suporte ao desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Resultados: A abordagem proposta incluiu três fases. A primeira foi dedicada à compreensão da paisagem de planejamento. Nessa fase foram confeccionados mapas temáticos e realizada uma oficina de planejamento, com a participação de atores locais. Nessa oficina, realizou-se a capacitação dos participantes para o desenvolvimento do plano e obtiveram-se informações complementares para dar suporte à proposição da rede de corredores. Na segunda fase da abordagem, foi desenvolvida, pelos participantes, a proposta para a rede de corredores, em escala municipal. A proposta foi desenvolvida em uma oficina de planejamento, a partir da aplicação de orientações definidas previamente à atividade. A terceira fase foi dedicada à avaliação e à complementação da proposta. Conclusões: As oficinas de planejamento promoveram ciclos de aprendizado que permitiram o refinamento da abordagem proposta. Os procedimentos utilizados atenderam aos requisitos definidos e são considerados replicáveis a outros contextos de planejamento, pois não foram desenvolvidos especificamente para o objeto empírico. / Introduction: The way in which human settlements are spread in the landscape affects the functioning of natural ecosystems and the quality of life of populations. The maintenance of connections between important elements in natural landscapes is a key aspect for sustainable land use, since connections allow the ocurrence of flows of matter and energy, that support ecosystem services. Greenways can be used in spatial planning as a strategy for maintaining connectivity of a landscape. Amongst the Brazilian municipalities, the small ones, are those that present landscapes with lower degree of alteration by human action; although, there is no development in these locations of any spatial planning that ensure the preservation of their landscapes, according to the mentioned aspects. Objectives: The aim of this research was to develop an approach to assist the planning of a network of greenways, in small Brazilian municipalities. As the approach is intended to be applied to the reality of these municipalities, three fundamental requirements were sought: the data base used was of public domain, procedures for data integration were simplified and easiness of comprehension and participation of local stakeholders were included in the planning process, in order to produce a legitimate plan and to increase the level of awareness regarding the issue of sustainability, in general and of greenways, in particular. Method: The research strategy adopted was the constructive research. This strategy involves three main stages of research: understanding, development and reflection. The first stage aimed at understanding some issues, like: greenways and the arrangement of small Brazilian municipalities’ landscapes. The second stage focused on the construction of the approach, which was based on the knowledge obtained in the first stage. The last stage was carried out to reflect on the results. The Municipality of Feliz, located in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was chosen to be the empirical subject studied for the development of this research. Results: The proposed approach includes three phases. The first phase focused on the comprehension of the landscape of planning. In this phase, thematic maps were prepared and a planning workshop, with the participation of local stakeholders, was held. The workshop sought to enable local stakeholders to develop the plan and to obtain additional information to support the proposition of the greenway network, in the local landscape. The second phase focused on the proposition of the greenway network, at the municipal level. The proposal was developed with the inclusion of local stakeholders, in a second workshop. The local group applied proposed guidelines for the location of connections, on a synthesis map. The third phase included the assessment and the complementation of the proposal developed by the local group. Conclusions: The workshops promoted learning cycles that enable the refinement of the proposed approach. The procedures used met the defined requirements and are considered replicable to other planning contexts, once they were not specifically developed for the empirical object.

Barito Kuala, une région de Kalimantan du Sud, en Indonésie, est située le long de la côte du fleuve Barito, avec une largeur moyenne de 500 m et une longueur d'environ 900 km. Sa proximité de la rivière a rendu la terre dans cette région riche et fertile, avec de vastes zones de marécages forestiers inoccupés. Ces conditions favorables ont conduit le gouvernement indonésien, depuis 1969, à mettre en œuvre des politiques de transmigration à l'égard de la région de Barito Kuala et à l'affecter à divers projets agricoles. En conséquence, en 2014, Barito Kuala est devenu le plus grand producteur de riz de Kalimantan du Sud, avec 53% de sa superficie utilisée comme rizières. Les surfaces restantes sont allouées aux plantations (22%), suivies par les arbustes (13%), le logement (4%), les forêts (2%) et autres (6%), y compris les étangs et les rivières. La répartition actuelle des terres à Barito Kuala contraste fortement avec les images satellites prises en 1973, qui montrent clairement que la majorité de sa superficie était couverte de forêts (64%), suivie de rizières (26%), de plantations (4%) et d'autres (10%) y compris les roseaux et les rivières. Ces faits indiquent que les changements d'utilisation des terres se sont produits très rapidement à Barito Kuala, en particulier en ce qui concerne les forêts et les plantations. Ces changements majeurs dans l'utilisation des terres ont déclenché des changements majeurs dans le régime foncier, dont les droits d'utilisation des terres. Cette situation est devenue plus compliquée par le développement rapide de la nouvelle ville métropolitaine de Banjar Bakula, établie depuis 2012, qui comprend une partie de Barito Kuala dans sa zone métropolitaine. L'émergence des marchés fonciers a également affecté la forme et le rythme de l'urbanisation et les transformations des terres et les structures foncières. Il est intéressant de considérer le cas de Barito Kuala où la transformation d'une zone humide-zone rurale en une zone urbaine tentaculaire et spectaculaire est en proie à des problèmes fonciers. / Barito Kuala, a district in South Kalimantan, Indonesia, is located along the coast of the great river Barito, with an average width of 500 m and a length of about 900 km. Its proximity to the river has rendered its terrestrial landscape rich and fertile, with large areas of idle forest wetlands. These opportune conditions led the Government of Indonesia, since 1969, to implement transmigratory policies toward the district of Barito Kuala and earmarked it for various agricultural developments. As a result, in 2014, Barito Kuala became the largest rice producer in South Kalimantan, with 53% of its land area utilized as rice fields. The remaining areas are allocated for plantations (22%), followed by reeds (13%), housing (4%), forest (2%) and others (6%), including pond and rivers. The present land allocation in Barito Kuala is in stark contrast with satellite images taken in 1973, which clearly shows that most of its area was forest covered (64%) followed by rice field (26%), plantation (4%), and others (10%, including reeds and rivers). These facts indicate that land use changes occurred very quickly in Barito Kuala, especially with regards to forest and plantation areas. These major changes in land uses have triggered major shifts in land tenure, including land use rights. This situation is further complicated by the rapid development of a new metropolitan city of Banjar Bakula, established since 2012, which includes a part of Barito Kuala in its metropolitan zone. The emergence of land markets has also affected the form and pace of urbanization, including land transformations and land structures. It is interesting to consider the case of Barito Kuala; the transformation of a wetland-rural area into a sprawling and spectacular urban zone rife with land tenure issues.

Thesis (D.Phil. (Town and Regional Planning)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Despite considerable expansion in the scope and function of the state with respect to environmental protection, the world’s biological diversity and ecosystem services continue to deteriorate. Finding ways to better govern human-nature relations in cities is an important part of addressing this decline. The aim of this thesis is to explore the potential of social-ecological resilience to inform urban governance in theory and practice, through a focus on strategic spatial planning. Resilience has become an increasingly important urban policy discourse and much hope is placed in its potential to improve urban governance. However, there is an acknowledged gap between social-ecological resilience as an ideal and the ability to govern towards it in practice. At the time this doctoral research commenced there had been no engagement with social-ecological resilience in the planning theory literature and minimal engagement by empirical planning research. It is to this gap the thesis contributes. Social-ecological resilience scholarship is found to offer planning theory a partly new way of understanding complex human-nature relations. This is relevant to calls by planning theorists for more attention to matters of substance, including ecological processes. With respect to practice, planners see potential for social-ecological resilience to critically inform strategic spatial planning, including through the framing of problems, tools for analysis/synthesis and governance options. There are also however, lessons for social-ecological resilience scholarship that emerge from the detailed empirical research which suggests that attention to the politics of the everyday activities of administrators, elected officials, planning officials, conservationists and citizens operating within the so-called ‘mangle of practice’ is critical to explaining the gap between the ideal of governing for urban resilience, and what happens in practice. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.</p>