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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

BIOLOGIA E ECOLOGIA POPULACIONAL DE CTENUS FASCIATUS MELLO-LEITÃO E ENOPLOCTENUS CYCLOTHORAX (BERTKAU) EM CAVERNAS DO ALTO RIBEIRA, IPORANGA, SP (ARANEAE: CTENIDAE) / Population ecology and biology of CTENUS FASCIATUS and ENOPLOCTENUS CYCLOTHORAX in the Upper Ribeira karst are, southeastern Brazil (Araneae: Ctenidae)

Flavia Pellegatti Franco 31 January 2005 (has links)
Ctenus fasciatus e Enoploctenus cyclothorax (Araneae: Ctenidae) foram estudadas em cavernas da área cárstica do Alto Ribeira, município de Iporanga, sul de São Paulo, abordando a distribuição no meio subterrâneo, ecologia populacional, deslocamentos, alimentação e reprodução e crescimento. A primeira espécie foi estudada na Gruta da Lage Branca, localizada no Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), e em quatro cavernas do Parque Estadual Intervales (Grutas da Barra Bonita, do Tatu, do Fóssil Desconhecido e Toca Detrás), enquanto que E. cyclothorax foi estudada apenas nas cavernas mencionadas do PEI. Utilizou-se o método de marcação e recaptura em viagens mensais e os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo método de Jolly-Seber para se estimar o tamanho das populações. Observou-se que as populações são sazonais, com pico no número de exemplares encontrados coincidindo com o período reprodutivo, que ocorre no verão (novembro a março) para C. fasciatus e no inverno (maio a outubro), para E. cyclothorax. A população de C. fasciatus estudada na Lage Branca apresentou uma acentuada queda de um ano para o outro, o que foi atribuído às constantes enxurradas que ocorreram no período de estudo e às atividades turísticas descontroladas. Também houve queda populacional para essa espécie no conjunto das cavernas do PEI, entretanto em menor escala, a qual foi interpretada como flutuação natural das populações. No caso de E. cyclothorax, o estudo populacional no PEI sugere que a população de exemplares adultos se renova anualmente, com indivíduos machos mais errantes e fêmeas sedentárias. Concluiu-se que estas últimas são trogloxenas não obrigatórias, enquanto aranhas C. fasciatus são troglófilas, distribuídas por todo o interior das cavernas e raramente encontradas no meio epígeo. Estas últimas são caracteristicamente errantes, observando-se deslocamentos de até 140 m em períodos máximos de 4 e 5 meses. Exemplares das duas espécies foram transportados ao laboratório, em sala climatizada no Departamento de Zoologia da USP, onde foram mantidos para acompanhamento do comportamento reprodutivo e desenvolvimento pós-embrionário. Aranhas de uma outra espécie da mesma família (Isoctenus sp.), coletada na Lapa do Angélica, situada no Parque de Terra Ronca (PETER), município de São Domingos (GO), reproduziram-se em laboratório e também foram acompanhadas com relação ao desenvolvimento pós-embrionário. O desenvolvimento tanto de C. fasciatus como de Isoctenus sp. é longo (três a quatro anos), e essas aranhas só atingem a vida adulta após 17 ou 18 mudas. Não foi possível acompanhar o desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de E. cyclothorax, pois os exemplares jovens não suportaram as condições de laboratório. Após a cópula, as fêmeas de C. fasciatus sempre se alimentam dos machos para suportar longos períodos sem alimentação até o nascimento e dispersão dos filhotes. E. cyclothorax pode alimentar-se dos machos ou não, já que elas abandonam suas posturas periodicamente para buscar alimento. As ootecas das três espécies são fixas ao substrato rochoso, em superfícies verticais, e nascem aproximadamente 400 a 500 aranhiços de cada ooteca. / Ctenus fasciatus e Enoploctenus cyclothorax (Araneae: Ctenidae) from caves in the Alto Ribeira karst area, Iporanga Co., southern State of São Paulo, were studied with focus on their distribution in the subterranean habitat, population ecology, movements, feeding, and reproduction and growth. The populations of C. fasciatus from Lage Branca Cave, in the Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), and from four caves in the Parque Estadual Intervales (Barra Bonita, do Tatu, do Fóssil Desconhecido e Toca Detrás), as well as those of E. cyclothorax found in the latter, were investigated using mark-recapture techniques. These populations are seasonal, with a peak in the number of observed specimens coincident with the reproductive season, which occurs in the summer (November to March) for C. fasciatus and in the winter for E. cyclothorax. There was an accentuated decrease in the population of C. fasciatus in the Lage Branca Cave from the first to the second study year (2001 to 2002), possibly due to floodings and/or poorly controlled touristic visitation. A less accentuated population decrease was also observed for C. fasciatus in caves from the PEI, possibly representing a natural fluctuation. For E. cyclothorax, the study in the PEI indicates that the males are errant and the females tend to be sedentary, and that the adult population renews every year. Females of E. cyclothorax are non-obligatory trogloxenes (aparently males do not use the hypogean habitat), whereas C. fasciatus is a typical troglophile rarely found in the epigean environment. The latter is found throughout the caves, in different substrata (walking on the floor, on rocky walls, hidden in crevices or log); 140 m long movements within 4-5 months were observed for two individuals. Individuals of both species, as well as Isoctenus sp. from a cave in São Domingos karst area, State of Goiás, Central Brazil, were kept in laboratory for study of reproduction and postembryonic development. Development in C. fasciatus and Isoctenus sp. Takes a long time (three to four years till the sexual maturity) and a relatively high numbers of moults (at least 17-18). It was not possibly to describe the postembryonic development in E. cyclothorax because the spiderlings did not survive in laboratory. C. fasciatus females usually eat the male after copulating, probably as an adaptation to survive the long time of parental care without leaving the egg sac to feed. Females of E. cyclothorax may or may not eat the males, and may leave temporarily the egg sac to eat.
82

Habitat Partitioning by a Riparian Cursorial Spider Guild, and Intraspecific Behaviors of the Wolf Spider Pardosa valens (LYCOSIDAE) and the Stonefly Hydroperla crosbyi (PERLODIDAE)

Moring, J. Bruce (James Bruce) 05 1900 (has links)
Members of a guild of cursorial spiders (Pardosa spp. and Alopecosa spp.) spatially segregated among five discrete habitats, from a streamside cobble habitat grading laterally along a successional gradient to the leaf litter zone of a transition or climax riparian forest. Seasonal activity peaked in midsummer for all guild members. Spiders were active diurnally earlier in the streamside habitats, and levels of activity were positively correlated with light intensity. Guild members Pardosa tristis and Pardosa uncata were most different in habitat selection and periods of diurnal activity. Males and females of all guild species differed in their distribution among habitats and over months of collection. Measures of guild species diversity and evenness were variable between habitats, and were largely influenced by the relatively high abundance of one or two guild species, particularly in the streamside habitats.
83

Revisão taxonômica e análise filogenética do gênero Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae) / Taxonomic review and phylogenetic analysis of the genus Idiops Perty, 1833 (Araneae, Idiopidae)

Yamamoto, Flávio Uemori 15 April 2013 (has links)
Idiops é um dos maiores gêneros dentre as aranhas migalomorfas, apresentando 80 espécies e uma subespécie, com distribuição nas Américas do Sul e Central, África e oeste asiático. São chamadas popularmente de aranhas-de-alçapão, escavando tocas no solo com auxílio do rastelo e protegem sua área interior com uma porta bem camuflada. As fêmeas vivem permanentemente nas tocas, enquanto os machos são errantes na fase adulta, procurando ativamente as fêmeas para cópula. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo revisar taxonomicamente as espécies de Idiops, redescrevê-las e realizar uma análise filogenética, testando o monofiletismo do gênero e analisar o relacionando das espécies. Os estudos taxonômicos resultaram nas seguintes sinonímias: Idiops crudeni é sinônimo-junior de I. flaveolus; I. gunningi e a subespécie I. gunningi elongatus são sinônimos-junior de I. pretoriae; I. munois e I. lusingius são sinôminos-junior de I. straeleni comb. nov.; I. pullus é sinônimo-junior de I. parvus comb. nov.; e I. rubrolimbatus é sinônimo-junior de I. fossor. A análise cladística contou com 54 espécies de Idiops, além de pelo menos um representante de cada gênero da subfamília Idiopinae. Em todas as análises realizadas, Idiops foi considerado parafilético. Através dos resultados filogenéticos, Idiops foi redefinido, cotando agora com dez espécies em seu elenco: I. clarus, I. germaini, I. argus, I. cambridgei, I. camelus, I. pirassununguensis, I. rastratus, I. opifex, I. fuscus e I. rohdei, todas sul americanas. Idiops possui uma sinapomorfia homoplástica: quelícera com fileira retrolateral de dentes paralela a fileira prolateral e ocupando o terço basal. Três gêneros novos são prospostos. Gen. n. 1, com as espécies Gen. n. 1 upembensis comb. nov., Gen. n. 1 wittei comb. nov., Gen. n. 1 schenkeli comb. nov., Gen. n. 1 kaperonis comb. nov., Gen. n. 1 kazibius comb. nov.; Gen. n. 2., com as espécies Gen. n. 2 kanonganus comb. nov., Gen. n. 2 fageli comb. nov., Gen. n. 2 angusticeps comb. nov.; e Gen. n. 3, com as espécies Gen. n. 3 castaneus comb. nov., Gen. n. 3 versicolor comb. nov., Gen. n. 3 yemenensis comb. nov., Gen. n. 3 parvus comb. nov., Gen. n. 3 pretoriae, Gen. n. 3 fry comb. nov. As seguintes transferências são realizadas: I. straeleni é transferida para Heligmomerus; I. crassus, I. constructor, I. fortis, I. bombayensis e I. robustos são transferidas para Titanidiops; e I. flaveolus e Gorgyrella schreineri minor são transferidas para Segregara. As espécies de Idiops não incluídas nos gêneros acima são consideradas incertae sedis ou species inquirenda / Idiops is one of the diverse genera among Mygalomorphae spiders, presenting 80 species and one subspecies, occurring in Central and South America, Africa and west Asia. They are known as trapdoor spiders, and use their rastellum to excavate burrows in the soil and protect the entrance with a well masked trapdoor. The females live permanently in burrow, while adult males usually wander around in search of mate. The present study aimed to taxonomically revise Idiops species, redescribe then and develop a phylogenetic analysis, testing Idiops monophyly, and analyze its species relationship. The taxonomic review resulted in the establishment of the following synonyms: Idiops crudeni is junior-synonym of I. flaveolus; I. gunningi and the subspecies I. gunningi elongates are junior-synonym of I. pretoriae; I. munois e I. lusingius are junior-synonym of I. straeleni; I. pullus is junior-synonym of I. parvus; .and I. rubrolimbatus is junior-synonym of I. fossor. The cladistic analysis included 54 Idiops species and at least one representative of each Idiopinae genus. Idiops was considered paraphyletic in analysis made here. Based on the phylogenetic results, Idiops is redefined with only ten species: I. clarus, I. germaini, I. argus, I. cambridgei, I. camelus, I. pirassununguensis, I. rastratus, I. opifex, I. fuscus and I. rohdei, all occurring in American continent. Three new genera are proposed based on the cladistic results: Gen. n. 1, with Gen. n. 1 upembensis comb. nov., Gen. n. 1 wittei comb. nov., Gen. n. 1 schenkeli comb. nov., Gen. n. 1 kaperonis comb. nov. and Gen. n. 1 kazibius comb. nov.; Gen. n. 2., with Gen. n. 2 kanonganus comb. nov., Gen. n. 2 fageli comb. nov. and Gen. n. 2 angusticeps comb. nov.; Gen. n. 3, with Gen. n. 3 castaneus comb. nov., Gen. n. 3 versicolor comb. nov., Gen. n. 3 yemenensis comb. nov., Gen. n. 3 parvus comb. nov., Gen. n. 3 pretoriae and Gen. n. 3 fryi comb. nov. The cladistic results also led to the following transferences: I. straeleni is transferred to Heligmomerus; I. crassus, I. constructor, I. fortis, I. bombayensis and I. robustos are transferred to Titanidiops; and I. flaveolus and Gorgyrella schreineri minor are transferred to Segregara. Idiops species that are not listed in the genera above are considered species inquirenda> or incertae sedis.
84

Padrões bioenergéticos das aranhas de teia: considerações sobre a unidade e a diversidade do fenômeno / Patterns of bioenergetic of web spiders: considerations about the unity and diversity of the phenomenon

Kawamoto, Tatiana Hideko 30 March 2012 (has links)
A mecanismos fisiológicos é frequentemente usada para explicar fenômenos importantes da evolução (p.e. endotermia) e ecologia (p.e. limitações fisiológicas para ocupação de determinado microhabitat) dos vertebrados. Apesar de ser uma área promissora para fornecer explicações e mecanismo que tornam hipóteses evolutivas e ecológicas mais robustas, como já é amplamente praticado no estudo dos vertebrados, ela é raramente usada nas hipóteses elencadas para explicar a megadiversidade das aranhas de teia. Por outro lado, as leis da fisiologia são baseadas fortemente em dados de vertebrados que consistem em menos de 1% da biodiversidade existente no planeta. As aranhas são o sétimo maior táxon em número de espécies e são um bom modelo para testar a validade das regras gerais propostas para os vertebrados. Com insto em mente, o presente trabalho investigou três tipos de taxa metabólica - Metabolismo Padrão, Metabolismo Espontâneo Máximo e Metabolismo Diário - em aranhas de teia. Todas estas taxas foram obtidas através de respirometria intermitente Em um primeiro experimento, usando como modelo Loxosceles, um gênero de aranhas especialmente homogêneo em sua morfologia, testou-se o efeito de sedentarismo e intensidade de construção da teia nas taxas metabólicas. Em um segundo experimento, testou-se como as taxas metabólicas se apresentariam frente a grande diversidade das aranhas do clado Orbiculariae. Os resultados mostram que: as diferenças comportamentais analisadas não afetam significativamente as taxas metabólicas; as taxas metabólicas não possuem sinal filogenético; e o melhor modelo é o que ajusta uma relação alometrica diferente para cada gênero em detrimento de um coeficiente exponencial da massa único para toda a amostra. As diferenças comportamentais de Loxosceles provavelmente apresentam-se na distribuição de gasto energético ao longo do dia partindo de um mesmo montante energético. Os dados de diversidade de Orbiculariae provavelmente precisam ser investigados futuramente sob o aspecto das diferenças morfológicas subjacente à diversidade do clado. / The physiological mechanisms are often applied to explain important evolutionary adaptations (e.g. endothermy) and ecology (e.g. physiological limitations to occupy a particular microhabitat) of vertebrates. Despite the fact that it improves vertebrates ecological and evolutionary hypotheses with possible processes and mechanisms, it is scarcely used to understand the megadiversity of web spiders. On the other hand, the physiological rules are based mainly on vertebrates data, an animal group that represents less than 1% of the world biodiversity. Spiders group is the seventh most diverse taxon in terms of species number on the world and are a good model to test the validity of the general rules proposed for vertebrates. Accordingly, this study investigated three types of metabolic rate - Standard Metabolism, Maximum Spontaneous Metabolism, Daily Metabolism - on web spiders. All these rates were obtained by intermittent respirometry. In the first experiment, the Loxosceles model was chosen, a genus of spider with a especially homogeneous morphology, with whom we tested the differences on metabolic rates of spiders with different sedentarity and web building expenditure. In a second experiment we tested how metabolic rates would vary under the high diversity of Orbiculariae spiders clade. The results show that: behavioral differences do not affect significantly the metabolic rates examined, metabolic rates do not have any significant phylogenetic signal and the best model is the one that adjusts a separate allometric relation for each genus at the expense of an unique allometric model for the whole sample. The behavioral differences of Loxosceles probably could be explained by the distribution of energy expenditure throughout the day under the same amount of energy. The diversity of data of Orbiculariae clade probably need to be investigated in the future under the aspect of morphological differences underlying the diversity of the clade
85

An?lise clad?stica e revis?o taxon?mica de Eustala Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Araneidae) / A phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic review of the orb-weaver genus Eustala (Araneae: Araneidae)

Poeta, Maria Rita Muniz 22 September 2017 (has links)
Submitted by PPG Zoologia (zoologia-pg@pucrs.br) on 2017-12-14T11:13:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese - Poeta, Maria Rita.pdf: 18758850 bytes, checksum: c323e258454977575e4347398ddfdc62 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-12-19T18:01:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tese - Poeta, Maria Rita.pdf: 18758850 bytes, checksum: c323e258454977575e4347398ddfdc62 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-19T18:23:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese - Poeta, Maria Rita.pdf: 18758850 bytes, checksum: c323e258454977575e4347398ddfdc62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / O g?nero de aranhas Eustala Simon, 1895, ? composto por 86 esp?cies, com distribui??o nas Regi?es Ne?rtica e Neotropical. Membros deste g?nero s?o frequentemente coletados e reconhecidos pelas f?meas com escapo dirigido anteriormente e machos pela ap?fise m?dia branca vontada para o centro do bulbo. Al?m disso, esp?cies do g?nero usualmente apresentam um padr?o de colorido do abd?me, chamado f?lio, o qual se assemelha aos l?quens e musgos presentes no substrato aonde elas ocorrem (e.g. arbustos, troncos). Este ? o ?nico g?nero Neotropical de Araneidae sem revis?o taxon?mica e as rela??es filogen?ticas entre as esp?cies de Eustala ? desconhecida. Dessa forma, o trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as rela??es filogen?ticas entre as esp?cies de Eustala e revisar sua taxonomia. A hip?tese filogen?tica foi obtida atrav?s da an?lise de evid?ncias morfol?gicas, atrav?s da parcim?nia, e os caracteres tratados com pesagem igual e impl?cita. Como resultado, a an?lise filogen?tica, baseada em uma matriz de dados com 179 caracteres discretos e 12 cont?nuos, codificados para 108 terminais, resgatou Eustala como grupo monofil?tico, tendo Metazygia F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 como grupo-irm?o. Com base na observa??o de mais de 2500 exemplares e bibliografia, sete esp?ciesforam declaradas como nomina dubia: E. tridentata (C. L. Koch, 1838), E. tristis (Blackwall, 1862), E. essequibensis (Hingston, 1932), E. uncicurva Franganillo, 1936, E. nigerrima Mello-Leit?o, 1940, E. albicans Caporiacco, 1954 e E. andina Chamberlin, 1916. Al?m disso, as seguintes sinon?mias s?o propostas: Eustala conchlea (McCook, 1888) foi considerada sin?nimo s?nior de E. emertoni (Banks, 1904); E. guianensis (Taczanowski, 1873) sin?nimo s?nior de E. monticola Chamberlin, 1916 e E. bacelarae Caporiacco, 1955; E. bifida F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 sin?nimo s?nior de E. wiedenmeyeri Schenkel, 1953 e E. maxima Chickering, 1955; E. unimaculata Franganillo, 1930 sin?nimo s?nior de E. bisetosa Bryant, 1945; Metazygia isabelae Levi, 1995 sin?nimo s?nior de M. chenevo Levi, 1995. Ainda, Eustala E. venusta Chickering, 1955 foi revalidada. Adicionalmente, 54 esp?cies foram redescritas e ilustradas: E. fuscovittata (Keyserling, 1864), E.oblonga Chickering, 1955, E. saga (Keyserling, 1893), E. sagana (Keyserling, 1893), E. latebricola (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889), E. unimaculata, E. cazieri Levi, 1977 E. innoxia Chickering, 1955, E. tantula Chickering, 1955, E. exigua Chickering, 1955, E. devia (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936), E. perdita Bryant, 1945, E. fragilis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889), E. rubroguttulata (Keyserling, 1879), E. californiensis (Keyserling, 1885), E. minuscula (Keyserling, 1892), E. guianensis, E. guttata F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904, E. ingenua Chickering, 1955, E. redundans Chickering, 1955, E. rustica Chickering, 1955, E. brevispina Gertsch & Davis, 1936, E. scitula Chickering, 1955, E. bifida, E. lata Chickering, 1955, E. conformans Chamberlin, 1925, E. cepina (Walckenaer, 1841), E. conchlea, E. anastera (Walckenaer, 1841), E. rosae Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935, E. delecta Chickering, 1955, E. banksi Chickering, 1955, E. mimica Chickering, 1955, E. trinitatis (Hogg, 1918), E. bucolica Chickering, 1955, E. montivaga Chamberlin, 1916, E. cameronensis Gertsch & Davis, 1936, E. scutigera (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898), E. eleuthera Levi, 1977, E. venusta Chickering, 1955, E. histrio Mello-Leit?o, 1948, E. gonygaster (C.L. Koch, 1838), E. lunulifera Mello-Leit?o, 1939, E. pallida Mello-Leit?o, 1940, E. smaragdinea Mello-Leit?o, 1939, E. clavispina (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889), E. viridipedata (Roewer, 1942), E. vegeta (Keyserling, 1865), E. tribrachiata Badcock, 1932, E. novemmamillata Mello-Leit?o, 1941, E. nasuta Mello-Leit?o, 1939, E. sedula Chickering, 1955, E. semifoliata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899), e E. inconstans Chickering, 1955. Os registros de distribui??o foram ampliados para 12 esp?cies: E. nasuta para a Costa Rica, E. guttata para a Guiana, E. lata para a Jamaica, E. montivaga para a Guatemala e Rep?blica Dominicana, E. mimica para a Venezuela, E. rustica para o M?xico, E. scutigera, E. conformans, E. tribrachiata e E. lunulifera para o Brasil, E. minuscula para a Argentina, e E. smaragdinea para o Paraguai. / A phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic review of the orb-weaver genus Eustala (Araneae: Araneidae) The spider genus Eustala Simon, 1895 is composed of 86 species with Nearctic and Neotropical distribution. Members of this genus are frequently collected and are recognized by the females with scapus directed anteriorly and males with a white median apophysis hanging down laterally in the bulb. Additionally, species of the genus usually show a color-pattern on the abdomen dorsum, called folium, which seems to match with the lichens and mosses of the substrate that they occur (e.g. shrub, trunks). This is the only Neotropical araneid genus lacking a taxonomic review and, also, the phylogenetic relationships among its species is unknow. Thus, this work aimed to study the phylogenetic relations among Eustala species, and provide a taxonomic review of the genus. The morphological data was analysed using parcimony, and the characters were treat with equal and implied weight. As a result, the phylogenetic analysis, based on a dataset of 179 discrete and 12 continuous characters scored for 108 terminals revealed Eustala as monophyletic genus having Metazygia F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 as sister-group. Based on observation of more than 2500 specimens and bibliography, seven species were declared nomina dubia: E. tridentata (C. L. Koch, 1838), E. tristis (Blackwall, 1862), E. essequibensis (Hingston, 1932), E. uncicurva Franganillo, 1936, E. nigerrima Mello-Leit?o, 1940, E. albicans Caporiacco, 1954 and E. andina Chamberlin, 1916. Also, the following synonimies are proposed: Eustala conchlea (McCook, 1888) is considered senior synonym of E. emertoni (Banks, 1904); E. guianensis (Taczanowski, 1873) as senior synonym of E. monticola Chamberlin, 1916 and E. bacelarae Caporiacco, 1955; E. bifida F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 as senior synonym of E. wiedenmeyeri Schenkel, 1953 and E. maxima Chickering, 1955; E. unimaculata Franganillo, 1930 as senior synonym of E. bisetosa Bryant, 1945;and Metazygia isabelae Levi, 1995 as senior synonym of M. chenevo Levi, 1995. Yet, E. venusta Chickering, 1955 was revalided. Additionally, 54 species are redescribed: E. fuscovittata (Keyserling, 1864), E. oblonga Chickering, 1955, E. saga (Keyserling, 1893), E. sagana (Keyserling, 1893), E. latebricola (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889), E. unimaculata, E. cazieri Levi, 1977, E. innoxia Chickering, 1955, E. tantula Chickering, 1955, E. exigua Chickering, 1955, E. devia (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936), E. perdita Bryant, 1945, E. fragilis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889), E. rubroguttulata (Keyserling, 1879), E. californiensis (Keyserling, 1885), E. minuscula (Keyserling, 1892), E. guianensis, E. guttata F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904, E. ingenua Chickering, 1955, E. redundans Chickering, 1955, E. rustica Chickering, 1955, E. brevispina Gertsch & Davis, 1936, E. scitula Chickering, 1955, E. bifida, E. lata Chickering, 1955, E. conformans Chamberlin, 1925, E. cepina (Walckenaer, 1841), E. conchlea, E. anastera (Walckenaer, 1841), E. rosae Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935, E. delecta Chickering, 1955, E. banksi Chickering, 1955, E. mimica Chickering, 1955, E. trinitatis (Hogg, 1918), E. bucolica Chickering, 1955, E. montivaga Chamberlin, 1916, E. cameronensis Gertsch & Davis, 1936, E. scutigera (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898), E. eleuthera Levi, 1977, E. venusta Chickering, 1955, E. histrio Mello-Leit?o, 1948, E. gonygaster (C.L. Koch, 1838), E. lunulifera Mello-Leit?o, 1939, E. pallida Mello-Leit?o, 1940, E. smaragdinea Mello-Leit?o, 1939, E. clavispina (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889), E. viridipedata (Roewer, 1942), E. vegeta (Keyserling, 1865), E. tribrachiata Badcock, 1932, E. novemmamillata Mello-Leit?o, 1941, E. nasuta Mello-Leit?o, 1939, E. sedula Chickering, 1955, E. semifoliata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899), and E. inconstans Chickering, 1955. New records expanded the distribution of 12 species: E. nasuta from Costa Rica, E. guttata from Guyana, E. lata from Jamaica, E. montivaga from Guatemala and Dominican Republic, E. mimica from Venezuela, E. rustica from Mexico, E. scutigera, E. conformans, E. tribrachiata and E lunulifera from Brazil, E. minuscula from Argentina, and E. smaragdinea from Paraguay.
86

Revisão e análise cladí­stica das espécies do gênero Sphecozone O. P.-Cambridge, 1870 (Araneae, Linyphiidae, Erigoninae) / Revision and cladistic analysis of species from genus Sphecozone, O. P.Cambridge, 1870 (Araneae, Linyphiidae, Erigoninae).

Lemos, Rafael Yuji 04 May 2018 (has links)
O gênero Sphecozone O.P.-Cambridge, 1870 inclui 34 espécies e tem S. rubescens como espécie-tipo. Com exceção do norte-americano S. magnipalpis Millidge 1993, todas as espécies do gênero ocorrem apenas nos Neotrópicos. Miller e Hormiga (2004) propuseram o monofiletismo de Sphecozone, suportado pela perda de paracímbio e crista do radix, e a origem de um átrio, e estabeleceram Tutaibo Chamberlin, 1916 como seu grupo irmão, relacionando-o a Ceratinopsis Emerton, 1882, Dolabritor Millidge, 1991 Intecymbium Miller, 2007 Gonatoraphis Millidge, 1991 e Psilocymbium Millidge, 1991 com base na ausência ou redução de paracímbio, estrutura presente nos palpos dos machos da superfamília Araneoidea. Apesar deste resultado, Miller e Hormiga (2004) e Miller (2007) sugerem que a relação interna e monofilia de Sphecozone é duvidosa, e hipóteses sobre a revalidação de um dos gêneros que foi sinonimizado, como Hypselistoides, Tullgren, 1901 Brattia Simon, 1894, Clitolyna Simon, 1894 e Gymnocymbium Millidge 1991 também são discutidos. Neste contexto, este projeto tem como objetivo testar essas hipóteses. A partir de uma matriz de dados contendo um total de 77 caracteres e 41 táxons terminais (8 do grupo externo, 28 do grupo interno e 5 espécies novas) uma análise através de uma busca heurísticas tradicional resultou em apenas duas árvores mais parcimoniosas com 294 passos (IC=0,30; IR=0,57). As topologias obtidas corroboram as hipóteses de Miller e Hormiga (2004) e Miller (2007), ou seja, Sphecozone, não forma mais um grupo monofilético e possui, agora, apenas duas espécies, S. rubescens, O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 e S. nitens Millidge, 1991, suportado pela presença de apófise ventral do címbio, perda do paracímbio e papilas no tégulo, cauda do radix reta, perda do tricobótrio prolateral da tíbia do palpo do macho, forma do epígino fortemente ovalado, e presença do tricobótrio no metatarso IV, tendo como grupo irmão o gênero Tutaibo Chamberlin, 1916. As demais espécies estão distribuídas em outros dois gêneros revalidados: um deles Hypselistoidyes, contendo H. altehabitans (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov., H. capitatus (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., H. corniculans (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., H. cornutus (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., H. crinitus (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., H. diversicolor (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov., H. ignigenus (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov., H. labiatus (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov., H. lobatos (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov, H. modestus (Nicolet, 1849) comb. nov., H. modicus (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., H. nigripes (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., H. niwinus (Chamberlin, 1916) comb. nov., H. rubicundus (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov. e uma espécie nova, e outro Clytolina, contendo Clytolina fastibilis (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov., as espécies C. castânea, (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., C. novaeteutoniae, (Baert, 1987) comb. nov. e C. spadicaria (Simon, 1894) comb. nov., C. crassa (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., C. gravis (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov. e C. formosa (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., C. prativaga (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov., C. personata (Simon, 1894) comb. nov., C. alticeps (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., C. rostrata (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., C. tumidosa (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov., C. venialis (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov., C. varia (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., e duas espécies novas, Clitolyna sp.nov.01 e Clitolyna sp.nov.02. Um gênero novo também será proposto para acomodar as espécies Gen.nov. magnipalpis (Millidge, 1993), Gen.nov. sp.nov.01 e Gen.nov. sp.nov.02 / The genus Sphecozone O. P.-Cambridge, 1870 includes 34 species and has S. rubescens as its type-species. Except for the North American S. magnipalpis Millidge 1993, all species of the genus occur only in the Neotropics. Miller and Hormiga (2004) proposed the monophyly of Sphecozone, supported by the loss of paracymbium and radical ridge, and the origin of an atrium, and established Tutaibo Chamberlin, 1916 as its sister group, relating it to Ceratinopsis Emerton, 1882 Dolabritor Millidge, 1991 Intecymbium Miller, 2007 Gonatoraphis Millidge, 1991 and Psilocymbium Millidge, 1991 based on the absence or reduction of paracymbium, structure present in the palps of males of the superfamily Araneoidea. Despite this result, Miller and Hormiga (2004) and Miller (2007) suggest that the internal relationship and monophyly of Sphecozone is doubtful, and hypotheses about revalidation of one of the genus which was synonymized, as Hypselistoides Tullgren, 1901 Brattia Simon, 1894 , Clitolyna Simon, 1894, Gymnocymbium Millidge 1991 are also discussed. In this context, this project aims to test these hypotesys. From a data matrix containing a total of 77 characters and 41 terminal taxa (8 outgroup, 28 ingroup and 5 new species) an analysis through a traditional heuristic search resulted in only two most parsimonious trees with 294 steps (CI = 0.30, IR = 0.57). The topologies obtained corroborate the hypotheses of Miller and Hormiga (2004) and Miller (2007), that is, Sphecozone no longer forms a monophyletic group and has only two species, S. rubescens O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871 and S. nitens Millidge, 1991, supported by the presence of ventral cymbal apophysis, loss of paracymbium and papillae in the tegulum, straight tailpeace of the radix, loss of the prolateral trichobotrium of tibia from males palpus, strongly oblong epiginum, and the presence of a metatarsus IV trichobotrium. The other species are distributed in two other revalidated genera: Hypselistoidyes, with H. altehabitans (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov., H. capitatus (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., H. corniculans (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., H. cornutus (Millidge, 1991) comb. Nov., H. crinitus (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., H. diversicolor (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov., H. ignigenus (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov., H. labiatus (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov., H. lobatus (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov, H. modestus (Nicolet, 1849) comb. nov., H. modicus (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., H. nigripes (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., H. niwinus (Chamberlin, 1916) comb. nov., H. rubicundus (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov. and one new species, and Clitolyna, with C. fastibilis (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov., C. castanea (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., C. novaeteutoniae (Baert, 1987) comb. nov. and C. spadicaria (Simon, 1894) comb. Nov., C. crassa (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., C. gravis (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov. and C. formosa (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., C. prativaga (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov., C. personata (Simon, 1894) comb. nov., C. alticeps (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., C. rostrata (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., C. tumidosa (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov., C. venialis (Keyserling, 1886) comb. nov., C. varia (Millidge, 1991) comb. nov., and two new species. A new genus will also be proposed to accommodate Gen.nov magnipalpis (Millidge, 1993), Gen. nov. sp.nov.01 and Gen.nov. sp.nov.02
87

Biodiversity of spiders (Araneae) in a savanna ecosystem and the processes that influence their distribution.

Whitmore, Cheryl. January 2000 (has links)
I describe the spider biodiversity for a savanna ecosystem, assess sampling techniques, investigate surrogate measures of species richness and measure the biotic and abiotic processes affecting spider diversity. Spiders were sampled at Makalali Game Reserve, Northern Province, South Africa from February to December 1999 using pitfall traps, sweep netting, beating and active searching. A total of 4832 individuals from 268 species (14 potentially new), 147 genera (8 endemic and 2 new records for South Africa) and 37 families (1 new record for South Africa) were recorded. There was no overall significant difference in spider diversity among different physiognomic habitat types. However, analysing the results at a functional group level revealed that the web builders were significantly affected by the habitat type. Mopane woodland habitat type had the greatest number of web builders and general bushveld the least. Sweeping and active searching sampled the greatest number of individuals and species respectively. I recommend a combination of at least beating and active searching, which together sampled the highest number of unique species, for efficient and cost effective surveys. There was a significant relationship between the spider species richness and other invertebrate richness. However, the relationship is not significant when functional groups are considered separately. There was also a significant relationship between the number of species and families and species and genera. However, species level identifications remain ideal for conservation purposes. Inexperienced participants significantly overestimate the number of species. The use of surrogates is not supported by the work conducted in this study. It is still unclear what biotic and abiotic processes or combination of processes influence spider diversity patterns at the local scale. Different spider functional groups are significantly influenced by different factors. However, habitat diversity (branches and vegetation density) was the most common factor influencing spider diversity . Predicted diversity (modelled using GIS and beta-coefficients from multiple regression analyses) was higher than measured diversity values. While further research into the role of other environmental variables is clearly required, current reserve management should aim to maximise microhabitat structural diversity. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000.
88

PRE-COPULATORY SEXUAL CANNIBALISM IN FISHING SPIDERS: THE ECOLOGY OF AN EXTREME SEXUAL CONFLICT

Johnson, J. Chadwick 01 January 2003 (has links)
Pre-copulatory sexual cannibalism (pre-SC), or predation of a potential mate before sperm transfer, provides an ideal model system for behavioral ecology's current focus on inter-sexual conflict. Studying the North American fishing spider (Dolomedes triton), I tested three female-benefit hypotheses for pre-SC: indirect benefits, direct benefits, and aggressive spillover. First, pre-SC may reflect a mating bias providing females with 'good-genes' benefits. By manipulating each female's options with regard to the most cited phenotypic advantage in male spiders, body size, I show that while females exhibit no bias in their attack tendency on males of different body sizes, large males mate significantly more often than small males. Second, pre-SC may be explained by direct benefits if females use it as an adaptive foraging/mating trade-off. My work provides mixed support for this idea: (i) females vary attacks according to the availability of mates, (ii) females do not vary attacks according to the availability of food, and (iii) females derive discrete fecundity benefits from consuming a male. Finally, I tested the aggressive-spillover hypothesis, which posits that pre-SC is a by-product of selection for high levels of aggression towards prey in traditional foraging contexts. Path analysis indicated intra-individual, positive correlations between aggression in foraging contexts and the mating context, thus supporting the hypothesis. I conclude by stressing that pre-SC in a given species may rarely be explained by one hypothesis, and that studies accounting for multiple benefits that fluctuate as behavioral-ecological contexts shift should give a more realistic glimpse of behavioral ecology and evolution.
89

Extraction of potential chemical attractants from Rudbeckia hirta inflorescences

Judkins, Rojenia N. January 2009 (has links)
We aimed to identify the volatile compounds in inflorescences of Rudbeckia hirta that may be responsible for the olfactory attraction of the crab spider Misumenoides formosipes to this plant. Our approach was to use ultrasonic extraction, separate the extract into fractions using flash chromatography with different solvent systems, and test the attraction of the male spiders to the pooled fractions using a y-tube olfactometer. Ultrasonic extraction is carried out using a mixture of 1:2 hexane/diethyl ether with 10 g of inflorescences for 30 minutes. Bioassay results indicated that male spiders chose the inflorescences, bulk ultrasonic extract, and the pooled 100% dichloromethane fractions over controls. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments and infrared spectroscopy experiments were carried out on the 100% dichloromethane fractions and these experiments indicated that a long chain hydrocarbon is the main component in the 100% dichloromethane fractions / Chromatographic method and bioassay development method -- M. formosipes olfactory response to R. hirta -- Separation and identification of the possible attractants in the 100% dichloromethane fractions. / Department of Chemistry
90

Thread of truth

Hughes, Judith January 2005 (has links)
"It is thought that phobias are caused by a fear of the unknown and can be overcome by self-help learning resulting in better understanding. Observation and scientific investigation have been used to create a body of artwork for the purpose of helping to desensitize people who suffer from arachnophobia. Field trip collections, photography, printmaking and installations have been used to capture, explore and create visual artworks that have been designed to highlight fact-based features of spiders and their webs." / Master of Arts (Visual Arts)

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