Larval recruitment is influenced by intrinsic biological traits (e.g. swimming behavior) and environmental factors. In this study, I examined the effects of environmental factors (e.g. light, temperature, salinity and pH) on the development of an intertidal keratose sponge from Peng-hu. The experiments included species identification, the observation of larval development, effects of environmental factors on larval choice and development. Based on morphological characters and the mitochondrial COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) gene, the sponge is identified as Spongia ceylonensis which is viviparous. Sponge larva is a typical lecithotrophic, tufted parenchymella, about 500 £gm long and ovoid in shape. The mean swimming speed was 3.9 ¡Ó 0.6 sec/cm. Under natural light condition (3500 ¡V 6500 lux), planktonic stage was 5-6 hours. In the vertical dark/light choice experiments, larvae exhibited a negative phototaxis with larvae distributed in dark areas in all treatments except the light-treated group. A significant shorter time period for metamorphosis in the light-treated group than all other groups (all dark, upper-half dark and lower-half dark) (p < 0.0001) had been observed. Under various light gradients of single light source, i.e. fluorescent, non-UV, UVA, UVB or UVC light, larvae preferred in the darkest area. Under various light sources (fluorescent, non-UV, UVA, UVB and UVC lights) with the same intensity (220 ¡Ó 10 lux), there was no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the distribution of larvae. In all, larvae had strong dark preference and no preference on different light sources. Under various environmental gradients of each experimental factor (i.e. pH 6.5 ¡V 9.0; temperature: 20 ¡V 40¢J; silica: 0.5 ¡V 20.5 mg/L) in all light or all dark conditions, larvae showed no significant preference (p > 0.05). In salinities of 5, 15, 25 and 45 psu, some larvae had abnormal development as ball formation or dead. At pH 8.0 and 8.2, sponge juveniles developed better than the groups of pH 7.0¡B7.5¡B8.5 and 9.0. In addition, there was no significant difference in larval development (p > 0.05) under various silica concentrations (i.e. SiO2 0¡B2.5¡B5.0¡B7.5¡B10.0 mg/L).

Abstract As the environmental consequences of urbanization and climate change become apparent in coastal communities, it has become important to understand how residents of these communities experience and approach their changing environments. This becomes especially significant in places where nature-based livelihoods constitute a major part of the economy. This thesis focuses on the city of Tarpon Springs, located along the Gulf of Mexico in Florida, where sea sponge fishing is an important contributor to the local economy while also being central to place-based tourist and ethnic identities. It seeks to understand how environmental changes in the sea sponge economy will affect the coastal economy of Tarpon Springs. Based on interviews conducted with people closely connected with the sponge fishing economy, including sponge fishers and shops selling sponges, the thesis delves into (i) local perspectives on changing environmental conditions, (ii) how such changes will impact the future of sponge fishing and (iii) the extent to which local governmental support has been sought by sponge fishers and shops. Sponge fishing in Tarpon Springs is connected to its Greek identity so changes in the sponge economy could potentially affect whether tourist experiences which highlight Greek identity linked to sponge fishing continue to be connected to an actual Greek economic presence or reflect nostalgia for a Greek past. The interview responses showed concerns about declining sponge hauls which were connected to more immediate experiences of environmental change and pollution, including red tide events and phosphate runoff. Respondents also reflected on how climate change will exacerbate such environmental issues through rising water temperatures. Respondents viewed Tarpon Springs as a community with a strong Greek identity and sponge shop owners especially seemed to be dependent on links with an active sponge fishing economy to enhance the value of their sponges for tourists. In terms of government support, those involved in the sponge economy had very little interaction with city officials and did not seem keen to enhance such interactions. This thesis thus reveals that the economy of Tarpon Springs continues to be shaped by sponge fishing livelihoods that are directly dependent on nature. However, it seems that concerns related to environmental change remain within the local community and are not being voiced through more public forums, such as through active engagement with local government. The future of Tarpon Springs and its sponge fishing economy therefore remains uncertain, even as local participants in the sponge economy continue to work towards maintaining their unique identity.

Šio darbo uždavinys – sukurti internetinę programą, vaizduojančią trimatį fraktalą. Tam tikslui buvo išnagrinėti esami metodai ir technologijos trimatei grafikai internete vizualizuoti. Palyginus išnagrinėtus metodus ir technologijos,buvo parinktas tinkamas užduočiai realizuoti metodas, pateiktos išvados. Padaryta programavimo kalbų skirtu programavimui internete apžvalga, aprašytos jų savybės, principai ir palygintos jų teikiamos galimybės ir tinkamumas šiam darbui. Sukurtoje programoje vaizduojamas fraktalas-Mengerio kempinė. Pateiktas fraktalo konstravimo rekursinis algoritmas. Pateiktose programose realizuoti aprašytas rekursinis algoritmas ir algoritmas, kuriame naudojama Kronekerio daugyba ir šablonas matricos pavidalu konstruojant fraktalą. Bandant pagerinti programą, sukurta ir pateikta antrojo algoritmo modifikacija, kurioje bandoma saugoti tik matricos dalį. / The main purpose of this work is to create an internet program, which depicts the three-dimensional fractal. Striving to meet the main objective of this work the existing methods and technologies for the three-dimensional graphics were explored and visualized in the internet. After comparing analyzed methods and technologies, the appropriate method for realizing the task was selected and findings were proposed. Moreover for choosing the programming language: the review of programming languages was made, their characteristics and principles were described, and their provided opportunities were compared. The fractal – Menger Sponge is depicted in the created program, and the recursive algorithm of the fractal construction is proposed and described in the given programs. The Kronecker Multiplication and the pattern in the matrix form are used for constructing the fractal. For trying to improve the program the second algorithm modification was created and introduced, in which was making attempt to protect just the part of matrix.

No description available.

No description available.

MARTINS, Maria Gleiciane De Queiroz. Bioprospecção de proteínas da esponja marinha Aaptos sp. por análise proteômica. 2015. 67 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2015 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-27T14:14:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_mgqmartins.pdf: 1676608 bytes, checksum: 5949b16ede3a943dff4e0208ea167426 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-27T14:15:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_mgqmartins.pdf: 1676608 bytes, checksum: 5949b16ede3a943dff4e0208ea167426 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:15:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_mgqmartins.pdf: 1676608 bytes, checksum: 5949b16ede3a943dff4e0208ea167426 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Marine sponges are a rich reserve of natural substances, many of them of immense biotechnological interest. They comprise a promising group in providing bioactive compounds for humanity. Thus, research on new drugs from natural sources suggest that marine sponges have important bioactive compounds ponteciais: pharmacological, antimicrobial; antitumor; antiviral; anti-inflammatory; immunosuppressive; cardiovascular; neurosupressor; muscle relaxant and pollution biomarker. Analysis of expressed proteins is an important approach to determine the function of these molecules in a given organism. This study aimed to bioprospect proteins expressed by the marine sponge Aaptos sp. collected in Icarai de Amontada, Ceará, who may have biotechnological potential. For the realization of this approach were used as strategies the two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and bioinformatics. The 2-DE is a tool used to separate proteins from different organisms. Knowing the proteins expressed in the study sponge can be established Protein patterns characteristic of the species under study. Based on the above, this study used 2DE to investigate the expressed protein Aaptos sp. In order to make the extraction of total proteins was performed using 400 mg of the marine sponge Aaptos sp. For qualitative and quantitative analysis of proteins was used the method of Bradford and SDS-PAGE, respectively. From the total protein extract was determined the two-dimensional reference map for marine sponge in the study. The adjustment of images of two-dimensional gels, the protein spot detection and evaluation of data to determine apparent molecular weight (MW) and isoelectric point (pI) of the spots was made by the ImageMaster software 7. Expressed proteins were identified using the values of pI and MM spot against a UniProt protein database available on the ExPASy server. The average number of protein spots of replicas of the gels 2DE was 124. The highest abundance proteins was observed in 2DE gels in the pH range of 4 to 6.7 and with MM between 13 to 119.67 kilodalton (kDa). From the 2DE reference gel was identified 122 proteins of which 61, 46 and 15 belong to the Cnidaria taxon deuterostomia and Porifera, respectively. The proteins identified Porifera belong to functional category: ATP binding, structural component of the ribosome, catalytic activity, GTP binding, calcium ion binding and disulfide oxidoreductase activity. The functional category binding of ATP and GTP with more spots. Adicionadamente, was expressed proteins with important molecular functions already hued in the literature but not in Aaptos sp., thus indicating the importance of these marine sponges as a source of protein information that may be studied in the future for their potential use as biotechnological tools in several areas and can be used in studies to elucidate the metabolic pathways and the development of drugs against possible pathologies. / As esponjas marinhas constituem uma rica reserva de substâncias naturais, muitas delas de imenso interesse biotecnológico. Elas compreendem um grupo promissor no fornecimento de compostos bioativos para a humanidade. Desta forma, pesquisas de novas drogas de fontes naturais sugerem que as esponjas marinhas possuem importantes compostos bioativos com ponteciais: farmacológico, antimicrobiano; antitumoral; antiviral; antiinflamatório; imunossupresor; cardiovascular; neurosupressor; relaxante muscular bem como biomarcador de poluição. A análise de proteínas expressas é uma abordagem importante para determinar a função dessas moléculas em um determinado organismo. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo bioprospectar proteínas expressas pela esponja marinha Aaptos sp. coletada no Icaraí de Amontada, Ceará, que possam apresentar potencial biotecnológico. Para a realização dessa abordagem, foram utilizadas como estratégias a eletroforese bidimensional (2-DE) e a bioinformática. A 2-DE é uma ferramenta utilizada para separar proteínas de diversos organismos. Conhecendo-se as proteínas expressas na esponja estudada pode-se estabelecer padrões protéicos característicos da espécie em estudo. Com base no exposto, neste estudo foi utilizado 2DE para investigar as proteínas expressas de Aaptos sp. A fim de fazer a extração de proteínas totais foi realizada a partir de 400 mg da esponja marinha Aaptos sp. Para análise quantitativa e qualitativa das proteínas foi utilizado o método de Bradford e SDS-PAGE, respectivamente. A partir das proteínas totais extraídas foi determinado o mapa bidimensional de referência para a esponja marinha em estudo. O ajuste das imagens dos géis bidimensionais, a detecção de spots protéicos e a avaliação dos dados para determinação massa molecular aparente (MM) e ponto isoelétrico (pI) dos spots foi feito pelo programa ImageMaster 7. Proteínas expressas foram identificadas utilizando os valores de pI e MM do spot contra um banco de dados de proteínas UniProt disponível no servidor ExPASy. O número médio de spots protéicos das replicas dos géis 2DE foi de 124. A maior abundância de proteínas foi observada nos géis 2DE na faixa de pH de 4 a 6,7 e com MM entre 13 a 119,67 quilodalton (kDa). A partir do gel 2DE de referencia foi identificado 122 proteínas das quais 61, 46 e 15 pertencem aos táxon cnidária, deuterostomia e porífera, respectivamente. As proteínas identificadas de porífera pertencem a categoria funcional: ligante de ATP, componente estrutural do ribossomo, atividade catalítica, ligante de GTP, ligante de íon de cálcio e atividade dissulfeto oxidoredutase. Sendo a categoria funcional ligante de ATP e de GTP com maior número de spots. Adicionadamente, houve proteínas expressas com importantes funções moleculares já relada na literatura, porém não em Aaptos sp., assim indicando a importância destas esponjas marinhas como fonte de informação proteica que poderão ser estudadas no futuro quanto ao seu potencial uso como ferramentas biotecnológicas em diversas áreas, podendo ser empregadas em estudos que possam elucidar as vias metabólicas bem como o desenvolvimento de fármacos contra possíveis patologias.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:42:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 kuerten_s_dr_rcla.pdf: 2917154 bytes, checksum: 1fef4e00aa5e9313d624978f26a3f118 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O megaleque fluvial do Nabileque é um sistema deposicional que vem sendo construído pelo rio Paraguai na borda sudoeste do Pantanal Mato-Grossense desde tempos pleistocênicos. É um sistema aluvial peculiar, pois não está associado a rios oriundos de relevos altos situados nos planaltos adjacentes à planície. Trata-se de um megaleque fluvial construído pelo rio Paraguai, rio-tronco coletor das águas do todo sistema hidrográfico do Pantanal, na saída do rio para a planície do Chaco, onde coalesce com o megaleque do Pilcomayo. Com base em dados de sensores remotos e verificação de campo, foi realizada compartimentação e caracterização geomorfológica do megaleque, que ocupa área de aproximadamente 9100 km². Descrição e datação dos depósitos dos compartimentos identificados permitiram elaborar modelo evolutivo para a área, cuja maior parte é ocupada por vasta planície aluvial pleistocênica (idades LOE entre 57,8 e 12,8 Ka AP), marcada pela presença de intrincada rede de paleocanais distributários de baixa sinuosidade a meandrantes. Feições fluviais erosivas e redes de canais tributários superimpostos evidenciam que as áreas de ocorrência dos depósitos pleistocênicos se encontram em degradação, embora sujeitas a frequentes inundações, responsáveis pela deposição de delgadas e irregulares coberturas de sedimentos mais recentes. Um aspecto notável é a existência de dois cinturões de meandros formados no Holoceno, em vales incisos na planície de depósitos pleistocênicos. O rio Paraguai corre hoje em um destes vales, que corta longitudinalmente o megaleque, ajustado a padrões de fratura NE associados ao lineamento Transbrasiliano, com deflexão para SSE ao se encontrar com o rio Negro (Bolívia), com o qual compõe a drenagem periférica do leque. No cinturão de meandros abandonado... / The Nabileque fluvial megafan is depositional system that has been built by the Paraguay River at the southwestern border of the Pantanal wetland since Pleistocene times. With an area of approximately 9100 km², it is a peculiar fan system because it is not associated with rivers flowing from adjacent plateaus. The Nabileque megafan has been forming by Paraguay River at the exit of the Pantanal wetland, in lateral coalescence with the Pilcomayo megafan of the Chaco basin. It is important to emphasize that, although the name is also used to name a small river within the wetland, the name Nabileque was adopted to designate the megafan because the whole area is known as the Pantanal of Nabileque. The establishement of its geomorphologic evolution was based on remote sensing data interpretation with field ground truthing, sediment vibrocore-sampling and optical luminescence dating (OSL). Most of the area is covered by alluvial deposits, which dating has revealed ages spanning from 57.8 to 12.8 ka BP, but probably older deposits are present that were not reached by vibrocoring. Distributary, low-sinuosity to meandering paleochannels are visible as ancient depositional geoforms, but the Pleistocene alluvial surface is degradational and the alluvial deposits have being affected by pedogenesis and dissected by tributary small channels. Despite its degradational nature, the area is inundated during exceptional flooding events; this process is responsible for reworking and depositing of thin and irregular layer of Holocene sediments capping the oldest deposits. Two Holocene meander belts, confined in broad and shallow incised-valleys, are conspicuous features and record paleo-hydrologic changes. One of them is an abandoned N-S meander belt, in which runs the Nabileque River that has a channel much smaller... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Mario Luis Assine / Coorientador: Edna Maria Facincani / Banca: Sandra Baptista da Cunha / Banca: Mauro Parolin / Banca: Edvard Elias de Souza Filho / Banca: José Cândido Stevaux / Resumo: O megaleque fluvial do Nabileque é um sistema deposicional que vem sendo construído pelo rio Paraguai na borda sudoeste do Pantanal Mato-Grossense desde tempos pleistocênicos. É um sistema aluvial peculiar, pois não está associado a rios oriundos de relevos altos situados nos planaltos adjacentes à planície. Trata-se de um megaleque fluvial construído pelo rio Paraguai, rio-tronco coletor das águas do todo sistema hidrográfico do Pantanal, na saída do rio para a planície do Chaco, onde coalesce com o megaleque do Pilcomayo. Com base em dados de sensores remotos e verificação de campo, foi realizada compartimentação e caracterização geomorfológica do megaleque, que ocupa área de aproximadamente 9100 km². Descrição e datação dos depósitos dos compartimentos identificados permitiram elaborar modelo evolutivo para a área, cuja maior parte é ocupada por vasta planície aluvial pleistocênica (idades LOE entre 57,8 e 12,8 Ka AP), marcada pela presença de intrincada rede de paleocanais distributários de baixa sinuosidade a meandrantes. Feições fluviais erosivas e redes de canais tributários superimpostos evidenciam que as áreas de ocorrência dos depósitos pleistocênicos se encontram em degradação, embora sujeitas a frequentes inundações, responsáveis pela deposição de delgadas e irregulares coberturas de sedimentos mais recentes. Um aspecto notável é a existência de dois cinturões de meandros formados no Holoceno, em vales incisos na planície de depósitos pleistocênicos. O rio Paraguai corre hoje em um destes vales, que corta longitudinalmente o megaleque, ajustado a padrões de fratura NE associados ao lineamento Transbrasiliano, com deflexão para SSE ao se encontrar com o rio Negro (Bolívia), com o qual compõe a drenagem periférica do leque. No cinturão de meandros abandonado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Nabileque fluvial megafan is depositional system that has been built by the Paraguay River at the southwestern border of the Pantanal wetland since Pleistocene times. With an area of approximately 9100 km², it is a peculiar fan system because it is not associated with rivers flowing from adjacent plateaus. The Nabileque megafan has been forming by Paraguay River at the exit of the Pantanal wetland, in lateral coalescence with the Pilcomayo megafan of the Chaco basin. It is important to emphasize that, although the name is also used to name a small river within the wetland, the name Nabileque was adopted to designate the megafan because the whole area is known as the Pantanal of Nabileque. The establishement of its geomorphologic evolution was based on remote sensing data interpretation with field ground truthing, sediment vibrocore-sampling and optical luminescence dating (OSL). Most of the area is covered by alluvial deposits, which dating has revealed ages spanning from 57.8 to 12.8 ka BP, but probably older deposits are present that were not reached by vibrocoring. Distributary, low-sinuosity to meandering paleochannels are visible as ancient depositional geoforms, but the Pleistocene alluvial surface is degradational and the alluvial deposits have being affected by pedogenesis and dissected by tributary small channels. Despite its degradational nature, the area is inundated during exceptional flooding events; this process is responsible for reworking and depositing of thin and irregular layer of Holocene sediments capping the oldest deposits. Two Holocene meander belts, confined in broad and shallow incised-valleys, are conspicuous features and record paleo-hydrologic changes. One of them is an abandoned N-S meander belt, in which runs the Nabileque River that has a channel much smaller... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / As esponjas marinhas constituem uma rica reserva de substÃncias naturais, muitas delas de imenso interesse biotecnolÃgico. Elas compreendem um grupo promissor no fornecimento de compostos bioativos para a humanidade. Desta forma, pesquisas de novas drogas de fontes naturais sugerem que as esponjas marinhas possuem importantes compostos bioativos com ponteciais: farmacolÃgico, antimicrobiano; antitumoral; antiviral; antiinflamatÃrio; imunossupresor; cardiovascular; neurosupressor; relaxante muscular bem como biomarcador de poluiÃÃo. A anÃlise de proteÃnas expressas à uma abordagem importante para determinar a funÃÃo dessas molÃculas em um determinado organismo. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo bioprospectar proteÃnas expressas pela esponja marinha Aaptos sp. coletada no Icaraà de Amontada, CearÃ, que possam apresentar potencial biotecnolÃgico. Para a realizaÃÃo dessa abordagem, foram utilizadas como estratÃgias a eletroforese bidimensional (2-DE) e a bioinformÃtica. A 2-DE à uma ferramenta utilizada para separar proteÃnas de diversos organismos. Conhecendo-se as proteÃnas expressas na esponja estudada pode-se estabelecer padrÃes protÃicos caracterÃsticos da espÃcie em estudo. Com base no exposto, neste estudo foi utilizado 2DE para investigar as proteÃnas expressas de Aaptos sp. A fim de fazer a extraÃÃo de proteÃnas totais foi realizada a partir de 400 mg da esponja marinha Aaptos sp. Para anÃlise quantitativa e qualitativa das proteÃnas foi utilizado o mÃtodo de Bradford e SDS-PAGE, respectivamente. A partir das proteÃnas totais extraÃdas foi determinado o mapa bidimensional de referÃncia para a esponja marinha em estudo. O ajuste das imagens dos gÃis bidimensionais, a detecÃÃo de spots protÃicos e a avaliaÃÃo dos dados para determinaÃÃo massa molecular aparente (MM) e ponto isoelÃtrico (pI) dos spots foi feito pelo programa ImageMaster 7. ProteÃnas expressas foram identificadas utilizando os valores de pI e MM do spot contra um banco de dados de proteÃnas UniProt disponÃvel no servidor ExPASy. O nÃmero mÃdio de spots protÃicos das replicas dos gÃis 2DE foi de 124. A maior abundÃncia de proteÃnas foi observada nos gÃis 2DE na faixa de pH de 4 a 6,7 e com MM entre 13 a 119,67 quilodalton (kDa). A partir do gel 2DE de referencia foi identificado 122 proteÃnas das quais 61, 46 e 15 pertencem aos tÃxon cnidÃria, deuterostomia e porÃfera, respectivamente. As proteÃnas identificadas de porÃfera pertencem a categoria funcional: ligante de ATP, componente estrutural do ribossomo, atividade catalÃtica, ligante de GTP, ligante de Ãon de cÃlcio e atividade dissulfeto oxidoredutase. Sendo a categoria funcional ligante de ATP e de GTP com maior nÃmero de spots. Adicionadamente, houve proteÃnas expressas com importantes funÃÃes moleculares jà relada na literatura, porÃm nÃo em Aaptos sp., assim indicando a importÃncia destas esponjas marinhas como fonte de informaÃÃo proteica que poderÃo ser estudadas no futuro quanto ao seu potencial uso como ferramentas biotecnolÃgicas em diversas Ãreas, podendo ser empregadas em estudos que possam elucidar as vias metabÃlicas bem como o desenvolvimento de fÃrmacos contra possÃveis patologias. / Marine sponges are a rich reserve of natural substances, many of them of immense biotechnological interest. They comprise a promising group in providing bioactive compounds for humanity. Thus, research on new drugs from natural sources suggest that marine sponges have important bioactive compounds ponteciais: pharmacological, antimicrobial; antitumor; antiviral; anti-inflammatory; immunosuppressive; cardiovascular; neurosupressor; muscle relaxant and pollution biomarker. Analysis of expressed proteins is an important approach to determine the function of these molecules in a given organism. This study aimed to bioprospect proteins expressed by the marine sponge Aaptos sp. collected in Icarai de Amontada, CearÃ, who may have biotechnological potential. For the realization of this approach were used as strategies the two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and bioinformatics. The 2-DE is a tool used to separate proteins from different organisms. Knowing the proteins expressed in the study sponge can be established Protein patterns characteristic of the species under study. Based on the above, this study used 2DE to investigate the expressed protein Aaptos sp. In order to make the extraction of total proteins was performed using 400 mg of the marine sponge Aaptos sp. For qualitative and quantitative analysis of proteins was used the method of Bradford and SDS-PAGE, respectively. From the total protein extract was determined the two-dimensional reference map for marine sponge in the study. The adjustment of images of two-dimensional gels, the protein spot detection and evaluation of data to determine apparent molecular weight (MW) and isoelectric point (pI) of the spots was made by the ImageMaster software 7. Expressed proteins were identified using the values of pI and MM spot against a UniProt protein database available on the ExPASy server. The average number of protein spots of replicas of the gels 2DE was 124. The highest abundance proteins was observed in 2DE gels in the pH range of 4 to 6.7 and with MM between 13 to 119.67 kilodalton (kDa). From the 2DE reference gel was identified 122 proteins of which 61, 46 and 15 belong to the Cnidaria taxon deuterostomia and Porifera, respectively. The proteins identified Porifera belong to functional category: ATP binding, structural component of the ribosome, catalytic activity, GTP binding, calcium ion binding and disulfide oxidoreductase activity. The functional category binding of ATP and GTP with more spots. Adicionadamente, was expressed proteins with important molecular functions already hued in the literature but not in Aaptos sp., thus indicating the importance of these marine sponges as a source of protein information that may be studied in the future for their potential use as biotechnological tools in several areas and can be used in studies to elucidate the metabolic pathways and the development of drugs against possible pathologies.

While geographic distance is a variable often used to explain population genetic differentiation, dynamic processes leading to stochastic population structure are more likely driving factors. The following thesis presents the population structure of a common reef sponge, Stylissa carteri, and yields hypotheses on the influence of environmental heterogeneity as a predictor of the observed population structure. This project represents the largest population genetics study thus conducted in the Red Sea and also includes the first population genetics data gathered for sites off the coast of Sudan and Soccotra. The study herein presented includes both a large scale (36 reef sites covering over 1000km of coastline) and small-scale (16 transects of 50m each) analysis of gene flow in a benthic dwelling organism. The variable effect of geography and environmental conditions on S. carteri population structure is assessed using a seascape genetics approach. Environmental factors from a nine-year dataset accessed from the NASA Giovanni website including chlorophyll a, sea surface temperature, dissolved and particulate organic matter for both the annual and winter temporal scale were considered.