Zugl.: Greifswald, Univ., Diss., 2007

None Provided.

Konsumtion av sport är mer än bara laget/idrottaren i sig. Supporterengagemang är en del i sportkonsumtionen, bland annat genom människor som deltar i tävlingar och matcher för att stötta sitt lag/idrottare. Engagemanget kan vara gynnsamt för både sportorganisationen och den individuella supportern och kan bidra med både positiva och negativa effekter. Studiens syfte var att undersöka motivationsfaktorer hos supportrarna, för att se vad som ger upphovtill deras engagemang. Efter analys av tidigare studier inom området, skapade vi en egenmodell med ett antal utvalda motivationsfaktorer. För att mäta faktorerna användes en webbenkät som instrument. Enkätundersökningen skickades ut via ett snöbollsurval tillsupportrar för diverse sportorganisationer i Sverige. Resultatet blev en respons på 287enkätsvar, och för att analysera detta tillämpades en regressionsanalys. Resultatet visade att Självidentitet var den största motivationsfaktorn till att supportrar väljer att engagera sig i ett lag/idrottare. Även skillnader mellan fysiskt engagemang och engagemang på sociala medier mättes, där Social gemenskap var en större motivationsfaktor på sociala medier än för det fysiska engagemanget. Vidare mätte vi eventuella skillnader i engagemanget mellan kvinnor och män, då man i tidigare forskning sett brist på data inom området. Resultatet för studien visade att engagemanget inte skiljer sig något nämnvärt åt mellan kvinnor och män, och att samma motivationsfaktorer är underliggande för båda parters engagemang. Den enda möjliga slutsats för könsskillnader som kunde mätas, var att mängenerellt anser sig vara mer engagerade än vad kvinnor anser sig vara. / Sport consumption is more than just the team/athlete itself. Fan engagement is a part of the consumption, for example through people that are attending competitions and games to support their team/athlete. Fan engagement comes with both positive and negative effects, as well as bringing different kinds of profits to both the sport organisation and the individual fan. The aim of the study was to examine motivational factors for sport fans to see which factors contribute most to their engagement. After analysing previous studies on the subject, we created our own model using a few selected motivational factors. To measure the motivators, we created an online self-questionnaire survey. Through a snowballing sample we collected answers from fans of multiple sport organisations in Sweden. As a result we received 287responses that later was analysed through a regression analysis. The results showed that Self identity was the key motivator to why sport fans decides to engage with a team/athlete. The differences between physical engagement and social media engagement was measured as well. The results showed that Social community was proven to be a higher motivator on social media engagement rather than in physical engagement. Furthermore, the differences in engagement between men and women were measured, since studies on this subject was lacking in previous research. The results showed little difference between the two and that they are driven by the same motivators. The only possible conclusion regarding differences between the genders was that men, in general, consider themself more engaged in sports than women do.

Title: Management comparison of sports organization SK Praga Vysočany with the Norwegian sports organization LYN Fotball Goals: This thesis deals with comparison of Czech and Norwegian non-profit organizations in football area. The aim is to give suggestions for management improvement which will be based on an analysis of managerial functions (planning, organizing, selection and deploying staff, leadership, control) and on subsequent comparison of both clubs. Methods: Semi-structured interview, SWOT analysis, descriptive analysis, comparison Results: The results of this thesis are proposals for improvement in problematic areas of each club which do not work for 100 %. Suggestions for improvement involve managerial functions of planning, organizing and staffing in clubs. Suggestions are focused on sponsorship and promotion as well. Keywords: Non-profit organization, Sports organization, Managerial functions, Management, Comparison, Sponsorship

Bakgrund: Forskning visar att svenska idrottsföreningar besitter grundläggande värden som är att betrakta som samhällsnyttiga. Svenska idrottsföreningar erhåller likaså ett ekonomiskt stöd från den offentliga sektorn som ett erkännande av dess samhällsnytta. Likväl har svenska idrottsföreningar börjat arbeta med CSR likt företag för att bidra till samhället. En av dessa svenska idrottsföreningar är Brynäs IF som arbetar med ett omfattade CSR-arbete trots att deras kärnverksamhet, dvs. idrotten i sig, redan bidrar med samhällsnytta. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att bidra med en ökad förståelse varför Brynäs IF arbetar med CSR trots att deras kärnverksamhet redan bidrar med samhällsnytta och om CSR-arbetet har betydelse för huvudsponsorerna. Metod: Forskningsdesignen som tillämpades var en fallstudie för att beskriva det enskilda fallet Brynäs IF. En kvalitativ metod med intervjuer användes som angreppssätt för att bidra med en ökad förståelse. Slutsats: Anledningen till att Brynäs IF arbetar med CSR beror på olika saker. Dels tillmötesgår de kraven från huvudsponsorerna. Dels erhåller de även ökade sponsorintäkter i och med CSR-arbetet. Studien visar även att CSR-arbetet är en väsentlig anledning till varför huvudsponsorerna sponsrar Brynäs IF. / Background: Research shows that Swedish sport organisations possesses socially useful values. Swedish sport organisations obtain as well economic support from the government as a recognition of their socially beneficial basis. However, Swedish sport organisations have begun working with CSR like companies in order to contribute to the society. One of these sport organisations is Brynäs IF, who is working with a comprehensive CSR despite their socially beneficial basis. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to increase the knowledge why Brynäs IF working with CSR despite their socially beneficial basis and if CSR is essential for the main sponsors. Method: The research strategy adopted was a case study in order to describe the case of Brynäs IF. A qualitative method with interviews was used in order to increase the knowledge. Findings: The reason why Brynäs IF working with CSR depends on different motives. First of all, they meet the requirement from their main sponsors. Secondly, they obtain a higher amount of sponsorship revenue. This study also shows that CSR is an essential reason why the main sponsors is associated with Brynäs IF.

Den forskning som finns om hållbarhet är utförlig och det finns skillnader mellan perspektiven och betydelserna. Människor är nuförtiden mycket medvetna om hållbarhet och det ger organisationer en möjlighet att inkludera det i sitt arbete. Därför gjordes denna studie; för att utforska hur IF Elfsborg och Göteborg HC, som sportorganisationer, arbetar med denna aspekt och hur de kommunicerar det till samhället och sina medlemmar. Den här studien syftade till att utforska koncepten social hållbarhet och socialt ansvar genom att studera två idrottsorganisationer. För att hitta kunskapen om hur idrottsorganisationerna kommunicerar dessa koncept har studien följt en komparativ design med en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi. En modell skapades sedan för att vidare stötta förståelsen för kommunikationsstrategier och social hållbarhet och socialt ansvar och vad de ger och bidrar med till samhället. Detta ledde till en analys genom modellen. Den empiriska datan har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med de berörda parterna. Genom att intervjua IF Elfsborg och Göteborg HC har information samlats in gällande deras arbete och strategierna de använder för att arbeta med hållbarhet. Det finns flera olika kommunikationsstrategier såsom Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Cause Related Marketing (CRM) och Corporate Sustainability Strategy (CSS) men båda idrottsorganisationerna använder enbart CSR som ett verktyg i sitt arbete mot hållbarhet. Det är viktigt att organisationer har kunskap om hållbarhet och aspekterna det inkluderar för att kunna implementera kommunikationsstrategier. / The research on sustainability is immense and there are often differences between the perspectives and the meanings. People nowadays are very aware of sustainability and this gives organizations a bigger opportunity to include this in their work. That’s why this study is written; to explore how IF Elfsborg and Göteborg HC, as sport organizations, are working with this aspect and how they are communicating it to the society and their members. This study aimed to explore the concept of social sustainability by studying two sports organizations. To obtain the knowledge of how the sport organizations communicate these concepts the study followed a comparative design with a qualitative research strategy. A model was then created to further support the understanding of communication strategy and social sustainability and what it brings out and contribute to society with. This lead to an analysis through the model. The empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with the concerned parties. By interviewing IF Elfsborg and Göteborg HC, information about their work and strategy of working with sustainability and communication was collected. There are multiple communication strategies such as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Cause Related Marketing (CRM) och Corporate Sustainability Strategy (CSS) but both organizations only uses CSR as a tool in their work towards sustainability. It is important that organizations have knowledge about sustainability and the aspects it includes to be able to implement communication strategies.

La raison d'être de l'étude est d'élargir les connaissances sur les relations du spectateur sportif contemporain avec les équipes sportives et les instances dirigeantes du sport. En incluant le spectateur, l'équipe et l'organe directeur dans un modèle holistique de gestion des relations avec les supporters, cette étude donne un aperçu de la formation de la fidélité au sein de la triade spectateur-équipe-organisation sportive. Une approche de modélisation par équation structurelle est utilisée pour tester, affiner et valider le modèle parmi des échantillons de quatre cent cinquante-cinq et cinq cent cinq spectateurs de football en France et en Allemagne. De plus, une analyse du profil latent est mise en œuvre pour découvrir des profils de spectateurs basés sur une conceptualisation bidimensionnelle de la fidélité. Des analyses de profils latents supplémentaires avec des covariables du modèle permettent d'identifier les variables qui définissent l'appartenance au profil. Le modèle final a révélé d'importantes différences propres à chaque pays dans les relations au sein de la triade spectateur- équipe-organisation sportive. Dans les deux échantillons, nous avons trouvé des spectateurs non fidèles, fidèles à l’état latent et fidèles. Pour la France, cependant, la satisfaction et la confiance ne contribuent pas à la fidélité, ce qui est une contradiction notable avec la littérature marketing. Cette étude est utile pour apprécier le rôle d'une instance dirigeante sportive dans la relation spectateur-équipe. De plus, il offre de nouvelles perspectives sur le profil des spectateurs et encourage la mise en place d'une variable de crédibilité dans l'étude de la gestion des relations dans le sport. Dans l'ensemble, l'approche holistique de l'étude dans l'analyse des relations et de la fidélité est unique dans la littérature scientifique sur le marketing sportif / The rationale of the study is to broaden the knowledge on the contemporary sport spectator’s relationships with sports teams and sport governing bodies. By including the spectator, the team, and the governing body in a holistic Fan-Relationship- Management-Model, this study gives insights in the formation of loyalty within the spectator-team-governing body-triad. A structural equation modelling approach is used to test, refine and validate the model among samples of four hundred fifty-five and five hundred five football spectators from France and Germany. Further, a latent profile analysis is implemented to uncover spectator profiles based on a two- dimensional loyalty conceptualisation. Additional latent profile analyses with covariates from the model, allow identifying variables that facilitate profile belongingness. The final model revealed major country-specific differences in the relationships within the spectator-team-governing body-triad. In both samples we found non-loyal, latent loyal, and loyal spectators. For France, however, satisfaction and trust do not contribute to loyalty; a notable contradiction to the established marketing literature. This study is useful to appreciate a sport governing body’s role in the spectator-team relationship. Also, it offers new perspectives on spectator profiles and encourages the implementation of a credibility variable when investigating relationship management in sports. Overall, the study’s holistic approach in analysing relationships and loyalty is unique in the sport marketing literature

This thesis aimed to extend knowledge of athletes’ career transitions through examining athletes’ retirement decision-making process and influence of cultural diversity and organisational culture on the process of career transition. The purpose of Study 1 was to identify the current status of knowledge in the study area through providing a systematic review of the athlete career transition studies. The findings provided up to date knowledge in the study area and suggested potential future research directions. Study 2 aimed to understand Korean tennis players’ career transition out of sport experiences via longitudinal qualitative research. The results indicated that athletes perceived making the retirement decision was difficult process for them and revealed that participants’ experiences were influenced by cultural aspects and sport contexts of Korea. Study 3 focused on exploring the athletes’ retirement decision-making process among Korean tennis players. Results showed that athletes’ leaving from sport decision-making is a complex and multidimensional process, and the transtheoretical model was helpful in explaining athletes’ retirement from sport decision-making. The objective of Study 4 was to explore the processes involved in the development of an athletes’ career transition programme. Results revealed that the organisation might have influence on athletes’ retirement decision and the quality of career transition. Overall, the findings from the current thesis provide advanced useful knowledge on the athlete career transition process, and such knowledge may assist attempts to enhance athletes’ well-being and welfare for during and post-sport life.