But: L’objectif premier de cette étude est d’examiner la relation entre le type de passion que les athlètes entretiennent envers leur sport et les différentes stratégies de coping que ceux-ci utilisent. Cette étude a aussi comme objectif de vérifier si les stratégies de coping ont un effet médiateur dans la relation entre la passion et le burnout. Finalement, elle permettra d'approfondir les connaissances sur l'interaction entre le type de passion et le burnout. Les questions posées sont (1) Est-ce que les athlètes utilisent différentes stratégies de coping selon qu'ils soient passionnés harmonieux ou obsessifs? (2) Existe-t-il une différence entre les athlètes passionnés obsessifs et les athlètes passionnés harmonieux quant aux symptômes du burnout? (3) Existe-t-il une différence entre les athlètes utilisant des stratégies de coping orientées vers l'évitement et ceux utilisant des stratégies orientées vers la tâche quant aux symptômes du burnout? et (4) Est-ce que les athlètes qui sont passionnés obsessifs et qui utilisent des stratégies de coping orientés vers l'évitement sont ceux qui présentent le plus de symptômes du burnout? Méthodologie: L'échantillon est composé de 74 étudiants-athlètes de niveau universitaire. Résultats: (1) Les athlètes harmonieux utilisent plus de stratégies de coping orientées vers le déploiement des efforts et le contrôle des pensées que les athlètes obsessifs. (2) Les athlètes obsessifs utilisent le désengagement plus souvent que les athlètes harmonieux. (4) Les athlètes obsessifs présentent plus de symptômes d'épuisement que les athlètes harmonieux. (5) Les questions de recherche 3 et 4 se sont avérées non-significatives. / Objective: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the type of passion athletes have towards their sport and the coping strategies they use. Another objective is to study if coping strategies have a mediating role in the relationship between passion and burnout. Finally, this study will investigate the interaction between passion and burnout in sport. The specific objectives will be studied by four research questions. (1) Do harmoniously passionate and obsessively passionate athletes use different coping strategies? (2) Is there a difference between harmonious and obsessive athletes in the burnout symptoms they express? (3) Are there any differences between athletes using avoidance coping strategies and athletes using task-focused coping in the burnout symptoms they express? (4) Do obsessively passionate athletes using avoidance focused coping strategies will express more burnout symptoms than any other group? Method: The sample of this study is composed of 74 students-athletes competing on the university level. Results: (1) Harmoniously passionate athletes use more effort expenditure and thought control than obsessively passionate athletes (2) Obsessively passionate athletes use more disengagement than harmoniously passionate athletes. (4) Obsessively passionate athletes express more burnout symptom of exhaustion than harmonious athletes. (5) The results failed to support the hypothesis 3 and 4.

L’utilisation de la musique comme outil de préparation mentale est très répandue chez les athlètes olympiques. Cependant, cette pratique a reçu peu d’attention parmi les chercheurs. Ainsi, la présente étude a deux objectifs, soit (a) de recenser les fonctions de la musique dans le contexte sportif et (b) d’explorer les messages véhiculés par les paroles de chansons. Pour ce faire, des entrevues semi-structurées ont été menées auprès de dix athlètes olympiques québécois pratiquant des sports technico-artistiques. De plus, les athlètes ont pris part à une tâche musicale qui consistait à écouter la chanson qui avait le plus fortement marqué leur carrière athlétique et noter tous les souvenirs évoqués par cette chanson. L’analyse des données par théorisation ancrée démontre que les athlètes utilisent la musique comme outil de préparation mentale pour deux raisons principales : (1) pour déclencher ou (2) pour réguler des processus psychologiques tels que la concentration, la visualisation et les émotions, ce qui est bénéfique à la performance sportive. Cependant, si elle n’est pas utilisée de la bonne manière, la musique peut altérer les processus psychologiques et donc nuire à la performance. De plus, l’analyse des paroles des chansons qui avaient le plus fortement marqué la carrière sportive des athlètes indique que le message véhiculé par ces chansons est très similaire d’une chanson à l’autre. Les implications pratiques de l’utilisation de la musique dans les situations sportives et les perspectives pour la recherche future sont discutées. / The use of music as a mental preparation tool is very common amongst Olympic athletes. However, this practice has received little research attention. Thus, the present study has two objectives: (a) to identify the functions of music in a sporting context and (b) to explore the messages conveyed by the lyrics. To this end, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten Quebec Olympians practicing technico-artistic sports. In addition, athletes took part in a music task where they listened to the song that most influenced their athletic career and write all the memories evoked by the song. Data analysis by grounded theory demonstrates that athletes use music as a mental preparation tool for two main reasons: (1) to trigger or (2) to regulate psychological processes such as focus, visualization and emotions, which are beneficial to their athletic performances. However, if not used properly music can have a negative effect on these psychological processes and thus impair performance. Furthermore, analysis of the lyrics that most influenced the sport careers of the athletes reveals that the message conveyed by these songs is very similar from one song to another. Practical implications for using music in sport settings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Applied sport psychology consultation is a relatively new phenomenon with limited empirical underpinnings. The purpose of the study was to evaluate three applied sport psychology consultant personal and professional characteristics within Strong's social influence model that have been suggested to impact consultants' effectiveness in working directly with athletes and their performance problems. The three consultant characteristics were academic training, past athletic experience, and interpersonal skill. Division I female athletes (N = 187) read written preconsultation information and watched a 10- minute vignette between a consultant and an athlete. Participants completed the Counselor Rating Form-Short (CRFS), the Sport Psychology Consultant Evaluation Form (CEF), and questions concerning willingness to work with the consultant. The data from the dependent measures were analyzed by a 2 (level of consultant academic training) X 2 (level of consultant past athletic experience) X 2 (level of consultant interpersonal skill) MANOVA. Results indicated that applied sport psychology consultants' academic training and past athletic experience had only limited influence on the participants' perceptions about the consultants. The Division I female athletes unambiguously rated consultants with positive interpersonal skills more favorably on all dependent measures regardless of the consultants' level of academic training or past athletic experience. Directions for future research and implication of the findings on training and certification in applied sport psychology are discussed.

Grit and achievement motivation have been predictors of behavior in academia and military settings (Duckworth, Matthews, Peterson, & Kelly, 2007), but to date, research on their effects on sport performance has been limited. Given grit's predictive role in other performance domains, grit may be influential in athletes' long-term goal attainment, interacting with their achievement motives and leading to better performances. Athletes' trait levels of grit may influence how they understand and respond to messages received within motivational climates from key personnel such as from coaches and teammates. We examined potential moderating effects of grit on the relationship between motivational feedback and high school soccer players (N = 71, Mage = 15.81) performance on a soccer task, their desire to persist in the task, and their choices of task difficulty. We used hierarchical multiple regression to test the main effects of feedback and grit and to determine if grit moderated the effects of feedback on performance. Grit was a significant moderator of the feedback-shooting performance relationship, accounting for 3.9% of variance. Simple slopes analysis revealed a significant effect for low (B = 13.32, SEb = 4.44, p = .004, t = 2.99), but not high, (B = 2.11, SEb = 4.31, p = .63, t = .49), grit on task success. Grit was not a significant moderator of task difficulty selection or task persistence. These results suggest that for those high in grit, feedback about natural ability or hard work is not particularly influential on performance. However, for low grit athletes, type of feedback matters.

This study explored student-athletes’ attitudes, stigmas, and preferences toward mental health and sport psychology services. Previous research has identified that student-athletes report similar rates of distress compared to the general student population (Davoren & Hwang, 2014; Frank, Hautzinger & Beckmann, 2013). While student-athletes are in need of mental health services, previous research has also found that student-athletes can benefit from the use of sport psychology services. Previous research has demonstrated the need to support student-athletes as people, students, and athletes (Andersen, Miles, Robinson, & Mahoney, 2004; Bond, 2002; Friesen & Orlick, 2010; Miller & Kerr, 2002). However, not all athletic departments offer mental health and sport psychology services for their student-athletes. Additionally, student-athletes, coaches, and athletic departments, often stigmatize mental health and sport psychology services which results in underutilization. In order to better understand the need and preferences of using these services from a student-athlete’s perspective, this study surveyed 174 iv NCAA Division 1 athletes. The findings of this study revealed that student-athletes were more likely to seek mental health and sport psychology services if they had a) positive attitudes toward seeking help, b) low levels of self-stigma and c) services accessible within their athletic department.

[Truncated abstract] At the commencement of this research project in February 2005, there was a paucity of empirical investigations that focused on understanding the psychological construct of mental toughness in sport (Bull, Shambrook, James, & Brooks, 2005; Fourie & Potgieter, 2001; Jones, Hanton, & Connaughton, 2002). Although impressive, the available literature did little in offering consensus in terms of a definition and operationalising the construct in a consistent manner as well as understanding those factors contributing to its measurement and development. The absence of theoretically guided research, in particular, was noted as a major limitation of this research. The potential significance of mental toughness for performance excellence combined with the conceptual confusion and lack of rigorous empirical research highlighted the need for further research on mental toughness in sport. Accordingly, the purpose of this thesis was to examine issues pertaining to the understanding, measurement, and development of mental toughness in sport, using personal construct psychology (Kelly, 1955/1991) as the guiding theoretical framework. Australian football was chosen as the context to explore these issues. In the opening empirical chapter, two qualitative manuscripts in which Australian football coaches’ perspectives on mental toughness and those factors contributing to its development are reported. Three central themes for understanding mental toughness in Australian football were generated: characteristics (self-belief, motivation, tough attitude, concentration and focus, resilience, handling pressure, personal values, emotional intelligence, sport intelligence, and physical toughness); situations (e.g., injuries, success); and behaviours (e.g., superior decision-makers, consistent performance). '...' In the final empirical chapter, two manuscripts in which the effectiveness of two different psychological skills training programs in enhancing mental toughness among youth-aged (15's) Australian footballers are reported. The first presents a quantitative analysis while the second presents a qualitative analysis. Multisource ratings (self, parent, and coach) of the AfMTI and self-reported resilience and flow indicated more positive changes in mental toughness, resilience, and flow than the control group. Similar patterns in the findings were evident across rating sources. Interviews with several players and one of their parents as well as the coaches generated their perceptions on the benefits of participating in the program (e.g., increased work ethic, tougher attitudes) and the processes by which the program had an effect (e.g., self-awareness; self-monitoring; self-regulation; and multi-perspective discussions) as well as suggestions for program improvement (e.g., parent and coach education programs). In summary, the results of the five studies presented in this thesis provide a comprehensive account of issues pertaining to the understanding, measurement, and development of mental toughness in Australian football. The findings are supportive of several aspects of previous research but also extend this line of inquiry in a number of ways. It is my hope that other researchers will be stimulated to engage in further research extending what is presented here and that practitioners will use this information to inform their professional endeavours.

This thesis addresses how sports can encourage social cohesion amongst youth in Dili, Timor Leste. It is a case study, conducted in Timor Leste and is based on interviews with staff working at organizations that offer sport for peace programs as well as with other interested parties. The sport for peace programs involves youth in and around Dili and were initiated as a peace-building method. The communication aspect is analyzed through a participatory communication approach. The thesis investigates sports effect on social behavior from a sport pshycology perspective. It brings up both challenges and improvements for the sport for peace programs. The thesis also show the positive aspects of using sports as a tool for social cohesion.

Aktualumas. Paauglių agresyvaus elgesio tyrinėjimo aktualumą lemia dabartinė Lietuvos situacija. Socialiniai gyvenimo pokyčiai paskatino paauglių agresijos protrūkį, mokyklose padaugėjo paauglių agresyvaus elgesio atvejų. Laikui bėgant šis agresyvus elgesys gali peraugti į nusikalstamą veiklą. Darbo tikslas: ištirti sportuojančių paauglių agresijos ypatumus. Darbo uždaviniai: ? Įvertinti sportuojančių paauglių agresijos lygį lyties ir amžiaus aspektu. ? Nustatyti sportuojančių paauglių požiūrį į agresiją lyties ir amžiaus aspektu. Darbo objektas: sportuojančių paauglių agresijos ypatumai ir agresyvaus elgesio priežastys. Tyrimo problema: ar sportuojantys paaugliai agresyvūs? Hipotezė: Sportuojantys berniukai agresyvesni nei sportuojančios mergaitės. Svarbiausi rezultatai ir pagrindinės išvados: Buvo naudojamos tokios metodikos: A. Asingerio klausimynas, nustatyti sportuojančių paauglių požiūriui. Taip pat B. Braklino ir E. Vagnerio asmens tyrinėjimų projekcinė metodika „Rankos“ testas. 1 Atlikus B. Braklino, Piodrovskio ir E. Vagnerio 1961m. „Rankos“ testą, remiantis asmens tyrinėjimų projekcine metodika, nustatėme, kad agresyvumo lygis turi tendenciją didėti kečiantis amžiui. Sportuojantys berniukai yra agresyvesni, nei mergaitės (p<0,05). 2 Atlikus A. Asingerio anketinę apklausą ir apdorojus gautus rezultatus, nustatėme, kad tarp sportuojančių berniukų yra daugiau agresyviai nusiteikusių, negu tarp mergaičių (p<0,05). Tarp 13 -14m. ir 15 – 17m. sportuojančių paauglių pagal... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Topicality. Teenagers‘ aggressive behavior is connected with the present situation in Lithuania. Social problems play a very important role in the growth of teenagers‘ aggression, more and more cases of aggressive behavior appear at schools. In the time run such aggressive behavior may turn into criminal actions. Purpose of the work: to make research on features of aggression of teenagers‘ in sports The tasks of the work: • To evaluate the level of aggression among teenagers in sports taking into consideration their sex and age. • To determine teenagers‘ in sports view on aggression taking into consideration their sex and age. The object of the work: features of aggression of teenagers‘ in sports and reasons of their aggressive behavior. The problem of the research: are teenagers in sports aggressive? Hypothesis: boys sportsmen are more aggressive than girls. The main results and outcomes: Methods used: A. Asinger‘s questionnaire to determine teenagers’ in sport view on aggression. Also B. Braclin‘s and E. Wagner‘s projection methods on personality research named „Hand“ test. 1. Having made „Hand“ test by B. Braclin and E. Wagner it turned out that the level of aggression has tendency to grow with the growing age. Boys sportsmen are more aggressive than girls (p<0,05). 2. Having made A. Asinger’s questionnaire and having analyzed the results of it, it turned out that there are more boys tending to aggression in sports than girls (p<0,05). The reliable differences of view... [to full text]

No description available.

Valores e atitudes de jovens praticantes de esportes em projetos sociais é o tema do presente estudo. Para tanto, foram traçados três objetivos, que culminaram em três estudos. Estudo 1: Traduzir, testar os princípios métricos de validade de conteúdo e de consistência interna do Youth Sport Value Questionnaire 2 (YSVQ-2). Estudo 2: Explorar as associações (relações) entre importantes variáveis dos valores do esporte (Status, Competência e Moral), clima motivacional (ao Ego e à Tarefa) e atitudes (Pró e Antissociais), a fim de avaliar a validade do Modelo Explicativo de Valores e Atitudes no Esporte (MEVAE) de Lee et al. (2008) em jovens de 12 a 19 anos que praticam esportes em projetos sociais no sul do Brasil. Estudo 3: Testar a inclusão da variável de Coping no MEVAE, a fim de contribuir para explicar melhor os valores e atitudes em jovens de 12 a 19 anos que praticam esportes em projetos sociais no sul do Brasil. O Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul analisou e aprovou o presente estudo sob o número de protocolo 18.193. Resultados do Estudo 1: A fim de atender o primeiro objetivo da tese, inicialmente, procedeu-se uma tradução “duplo cego”. Posteriormente a este procedimento, três juízes avaliadores, examinaram o Inventário através de uma escala de clareza e pertinência. Os resultados (CVCt) foram satisfatórios e indicam que o IVEJ-2 é válido sob o ponto de vista da Validade de Conteúdo (CVCt > 0,80). Após a validação do conteúdo, um estudo piloto foi realizado e constatado os índices de fidedignidade do Inventário ( Status = 0,711;  Competência = 0,785;  Morais = 0,738). A partir destas constatações foi possível realizar o segundo estudo da tese. Resultados do Estudo 2: A amostra foi composta por 1.125 jovens gaúchos (nm = 687; nf = 438) com idades entre 12 e 19 anos ( X = 13,80; dp = 0,40), que praticam esportes em projetos sociais. Cinco instrumentos foram utilizados (QICV; IVEJ- 2; PMCSQ-2; QAE-16; ‘desejabilidade social’). Constatou-se, a partir dos resultados, que os valores são preditoras do clima motivacional. A associação dos valores com a ‘Orientação à Tarefa’ (OT) representa 19,2% da variância, ao passo que com a ‘Orientação ao Ego’ (OE) foi de 9,8%. Os ‘Valores de Status’ (VS) foi preditor positivo da OE e negativo da OT, e os ‘Valores de Competência’ (VC) e ‘Morais’ (VM) foram preditoras positivos da OT e negativos da OE. A OT foi preditora positiva das ‘Atitudes Pró-Sociais’ (23,8% da variância). A OE (positivamente) e a OT (negativamente) são preditoras das ‘Atitudes Antissociais’ (15,8% da variância). As correlações parciais revelaram que a influência dos VC e VM sobre as ‘Atitudes Pró-Sociais’ é mediada pela OT (p < 0,05) e, da VS sobre as ‘Atitudes Antissociais’ positivamente pela OE e negativamente pela OT (p > 0,05). Resultado do Estudo 3: O presente estudo utilizou a mesma amostra do estudo 2. Foi avaliada, além das mesmas variáveis do estudo anterior, a variável ‘Coping’. A partir da inclusão das variáveis de Coping no MEVAE, constatou-se que os valores (VS negativamente), as ‘Ações Agressivas’ (β negativo), ‘Negação’, ‘Ações Diretas’ e ‘Autocontrole’ (β positivos) são preditoras do clima OT (23,7% da variância; p < 0,05), ao passo que os valores (VS positivamente), ‘Ações Agressivas’ e ‘Reavaliação Positiva’ (β positivos) do clima OE (11,8% da variância; p < 0,05). A OT foi preditora positiva das ‘Atitudes Pró-Sociais’ (23,8% da variância; p < 0,05). A OE (positivamente) e a OT (negativamente) são preditoras das ‘Atitudes Antissociais’ (15,8% da variância). As correlações parciais revelaram que a influência dos VC, VM e ‘Ações Diretas’ sobre as ‘Atitudes Pró-Sociais’ é mediada pela OT (p < 0,05) e, da VS e ‘Ações Agressivas’ sobre as ‘Atitudes Antissociais’ positivamente pela OE e negativamente pela OT (p > 0,05). Considera-se, a partir dos resultados obtidos no presente estudo que o Coping é um elemento fundamental a ser considerado no MEVAE no contexto do esporte social. Os resultados dos três estudos (artigos) indicam importantes contribuições para elucidar, a partir do modelo explicativo MEVAE, a relação dos Valores, Coping, Clima Motivacional e Atitudes de jovens que praticam esportes em projetos sociais. / Values and attitudes of young people playing sport in programs for socially disadvantaged children is the subject of this study. So, were outlined three goals for the thesis that culminated in three studies. Study 1: Translate, test the principles of metric content validity and internal consistency of the Youth Sport Value Questionnaire 2 (YSVQ-2). Study 2: To explore the associations (relationships) between important variables the values of sport (Status, Skill and Morale), motivational climate (the Ego and Task) and attitudes (Pro and antisocial), to assess the validity of the Explanatory Model Attitudes and Values in Sport (MEVAE) of Lee et al. (2008) for youth ages 12 to 19 who play sports in programs for socially disadvantaged children in southern Brazil. Study 3: Testing the inclusion of variable MEVAE Coping in order to contribute to better explain the values and attitudes in youth ages 12 to 19 who play sports in programs for socially disadvantaged children in southern Brazil. The Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul has reviewed and approved this study under the protocol number 18.193. Results of Study 1: To meet the first objective of the thesis, we initially conducted a translation "double blind". Subsequent to this procedure, three judges evaluators examined the inventory across a range of clarity and relevance. The results (CVCt) were satisfactory, and indicate that IVEJ-2 is valid from the point of view of content validity (CVCt> 0,80). After content validation, a pilot study was conducted and verified the reliability indices Inventory ( Status = 0,711;  Competence = 0,785;  Moral = 0,738). From these findings it was possible to perform the second study of the thesis. Results of Study 2: The sample comprised 1125 young gauchos (nm = 687; nf = 438) aged between 12 and 19 years ( X = 13,80, SD = 0,40), who play sports in programs for socially disadvantaged children. Five instruments were used (QICV; IVEJ-2; PMCSQ-2, QAE-16; 'social desirability'). It was found, from the results, the values are predictors of motivational climate. The association of values with the 'Task Orientation' (OT) represents 19,2% of the variance, whereas with 'Ego Orientation' (OE) was 9,8%. The 'Status Values' (VS) was a predictor of positive and negative OE OT, and the 'Values of Competence' (VC) and 'Moral' (VM) were predictive of positive and negative OE OT. The OT was a positive predictor of 'Pro-Social Attitudes' (23,8% of variance). The OE (positively) and OT (negatively) predict the 'antisocial attitudes' (15,8% of variance). The partial correlations revealed that the influence of VC and VM on 'Pro-Social Attitudes' is mediated by OT (p <0,05) and, on the VS 'antisocial attitudes' by OE positively and negatively by OT (p> 0,05). Results of Study 3: This study used the same sample of study 2. We evaluated in addition to the same variables in the previous study, the variable "Coping". From the inclusion of variables in Coping MEVAE, it was found that the values (VS negatively), the 'Aggressive Actions' (negative β), 'Denial', 'Direct Action' and 'Composure' (positive β) predict Climate OT (23,7% of the variance, p <0,05), whereas the values (VS positive), "aggressive action" and "Reassessment Positive '(positive β) climate OE (11,8% of variance, p <0.05). The OT was a positive predictor of 'Pro-Social Attitudes' (23,8% of the variance, p <0.05). The OE (positively) and OT (negatively) predict the 'antisocial attitudes' (15,8% of variance). The partial correlations revealed that the influence of VC, VM and 'Direct Action' on 'Pro-Social Attitudes' is mediated by OT (p <0,05), and the VS and 'Aggressive Actions' on 'antisocial attitudes' positively and negatively by the OE OT (p> 0,05). It is, from the results obtained in this study that the Coping is a key element to be considered in the context of MEVAE social sport. The results of the three studies (articles) indicate important contributions to elucidate, from MEVAE explanatory model, the relationship of Values, Coping, Motivational Climate and Attitudes of young people who play sports in programs for socially disadvantaged children.