The aim of this study is to compare the French concessive connectors "pourtant", "cependant", "quand même", "tout de même", "néanmoins" and "toutefois" with a group of Swedish concessive counterparts, namely "ändå", "i alla fall", "dock" and "emellertid". The analysis is based on a translation corpus comprising nine French novels and nine Swedish novels and their translations into Swedish and French, respectively. All the novels were published between 1992 and 2000. It is argued that by contrasting the French concessive connectors with a corresponding set of Swedish connectors, new insights can be gained which are difficult to obtain by a monolingual approach. Although the main focus of the study is on the French connectors, the study is also meant to improve our understanding of the Swedish concessive connectors. Part 1 of the study presents an outline of the theoretical framework. First of all, a tertium comparationis or common denominator is defined for all the connectors. The tertium comparationis is then used as a basic function in the descriptive model applied in the analysis of the connectors. The descriptive model is divided into three levels of discourse: the propositional, the textual and the interpersonal level. The basic function belongs to the propositional level and can be described as a concessive relation between propositional contents (e.g. "Il pleut". "Pourtant il sort"). At the textual level, the connectors establish a relation between adjacent speech acts (e.g. "Je sais bien qu’il pleut, mais sortez quand même") or between thematic segments. Finally, the relations on the interpersonal level concern the communicative situation and the attitudes of the interlocutors (e.g. "C’est quand même bizarre"). Part 2 of the study is concerned with the description of the functions and individual features of the French connectors, while part 3 deals with the Swedish counterparts. All the analyses are organised in the same way, beginning with a presentation of prior work followed by a contrastive analysis of the examples drawn from the French-Swedish corpus, going from source text to translation. The final part of the study (part 4) comprises bidirectional analyses of the French and Swedish connectors. This means that the connectors are analysed in both directions simultaneously, from original text to translation and from translation to original text.

Background: During our VFU (Workplace-based Education), we met a teacher, who worked with metacognitive strategies, and used a holistic, top-down approach with her pupils. The teacher had been working with them in this way for three years. We wanted to know how the pupils used lexical inferencing strategies they had learned about in school, in their spare time outside school. Purpose and aim: The purpose of the study was to examine the use of lexical inferencing strategies and the aim was to find out whether pupils who had been encouraged to use lexical inferencing strategies in classroom teaching actually used these strategies when encountering unknown English words in their spare time. Method: We used a qualitative, semi-structured group interview, with an interview guide approach as method to achieve descriptions of the lived world of our interviewees. Eighteen out of 24 pupils in a 9th grade class were interviewed. We conducted six interviews, since the pupils were interviewed in groups of three. During the process of data analysis four different categories of strategy use emerged. Results: The results of our study showed that the pupils used the following strategies when encountering an English word outside school: avoidance, referring to another resource, inferencing from context and metalinguistic knowledge. The results also showed that even though the pupils are trained to use these strategies in school, they did not use them consistently in free time encounters with English language texts

Nationella och internationella studier som fått stort genomslag i media och i skoldebatten, visar att svenska elevers läsförståelse har sjunkit under de senaste åren. Detta gäller såväl yngre som äldre elever. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur fyra svensklärare på gymnasiet uppfattar saken. Vidare har jag velat se hur dessa lärare arbetar med läsförståelseträning i sin undervisning, samt vilken insyn de har i aktuell forskning kring läsförståelse och läsförståelseundervisning. Resultatet visar att hälften av lärarna ser en klar försämring av gymnasieelevers läsförståelse de senaste 10-20 åren. Eleverna prioriterar bort läsning, vilket medför minskat ordförråd, bristande språklig medvetenhet och därmed försämrad läsförståelse. Två av lärarna menar att de inte kan se någon märkbar försämring av elevernas läsförståelse. Samtliga lärare arbetar medvetet med läsning i sina klasser, och använder sig av olika metoder för att öka elevernas läsförståelse. Ordkunskap, högläsning, boksamtal och kompensatoriska hjälpmedel är några exempel, anpassning av innehåll och tidsåtgång en annan. Framförallt tycks man vilja väcka elevernas lust att läsa, och använder sig av olika metoder för att uppnå detta mål. Samtliga lärare i studien uppger att deras undervisning främst formats av egna erfarenheter och samarbete med elever och kollegor. Arbetsmetoderna de presenterar stämmer till stor del överens med aktuell forskning kring läsförståelseundervisning, ändå upplever respondenterna att de saknar kunskap om metoder för läsinlärning och läsförståelsestrategier, och önskar att fler forskningsrön skulle nå även lärare som undervisar på gymnasiet. 2

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<p>This essay researches how the literary personae H. D. Thoreau and Robinson Crusoe develop during and by their respective sojourns in nature as evinced in Walden and Robinson Crusoe. Thoreau and Crusoe come to spend time in nature for different reasons but since they both face similar challenges the two narratives are comparable.</p><p>The objective is to analyse how the protagonists view nature and what impact their closeness to nature has in terms of their expressed thoughts, actions and emotional life. The approach consists of a comparative and contrastive close reading of the narratives so as to disclose the most important moments, events and thoughts forwarded in the respective texts for later analysis. What is stated or implied in the narratives are thus interpreted as the genuine views and reactions of the protagonists and hence analysed as such. Moreover the close reading is informed by both psychoanalytical literary theory and ecocritical theory.</p><p>The approach is thematic and concentrates on several themes or challenges both Thoreau and Crusoe encounter during their habitation in nature. This division of the narratives makes it easier to isolate the moments and events that are the most relevant to the protagonists as regards their views of nature and their development while living in it.</p><p>During his stay at Walden Pond Thoreau does not just preoccupy himself with the practical challenges a life in nature poses but also to a large degree the philosophical questions those challenges raise in him. Thoreau comes to discover an interconnectedness between man and nature which depends on the willingness to simplify life, rid oneself of the act of consumerism and really devote oneself to attending to one’s surroundings. Crusoe, for his part, is terrified by the unknown environment and possible threats it poses to him but decides to survive and does so by making sure his basic needs of shelter and food as well as his dream of becoming a wealthy colonial master are met.</p><p>The aims of this study are to examine how the two protagonists view nature and how and in what ways their respective stays in nature change them. They both clearly develop throughout the narratives and return to civilization with greater inner abilities and strengths than before. Thoreau, for instance, keeps and deepens his feeling of interconnectedness with nature during his stay at Walden Pond while Crusoe’s perceived dislike of nature is mitigated when he understands how to make it useful to his cause. The time they spend in nature allows the protagonists to think about, and perhaps revise their attitudes towards it and find ways to incorporate nature, and what they have learned while living in it in their lives and mindsets.</p>

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<p>Sumario</p><p>En este estudio se usa el corpus Mujeres de ojos grandes de Ángeles Mastretta. Es una escritura femenina que contiene cuentos sobre unas ‘tías’ y sus vidas. En la parte teórica-metodológica se explica que las mujeres y los hombres tienen diferentes roles en la vida. Sus roles son dependientes de los pensamientos corrientes sobre lo femenino y lo masculino que existen en la sociedad. Entre las mujeres y los hombres existe una desigualdad en cuanto a las actividades cotidianas. Se ve que las mujeres se mueven en el mundo privado donde se dedican a lo doméstico y los hombres se mueven en el mundo público trabajando afuera de la casa.</p><p>Se explica que los seres humanos hemos creado normas que nos dicen cómo deben comportarse los dos diferentes sexos, es decir, normas de género. Las normas han contribuído a los estereotipos masculinos y femeninos. Es decir, tipos con ciertas características que serían típicas para mujeres y hombres.</p><p>En esta monografía se explica que las protagonistas femeninas en el corpus muchas veces viven según las normas sobre lo femenino y por eso forman parte del modelo del esterotipo de la mujer occidental. Estudiando las mujeres y sus maridos se muestra que tienen diferentes características debido a su sexo. Finalmente se concluye que las protagonistas transgreden las normas. Se liberan de sus vidas cotidianas y de sus matrimonios. Por consiguiente, llegan a una liberación. Evolucionan a mujeres libres e independientes de sus maridos. Se concluye que las protagonistas representan una liberación de las normas de género de la época en que se sitúa la obra.</p><p>Palabras clave: Mujeres de ojos grandes, Ángeles Mastretta, la escritura femenina, la construcción de género, los roles sociales, la transgresión y la liberación femenina.</p>

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<p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att genom intervjuer med tvåspråkiga gymnasieelever undersöka hur de ser på sin egen tvåspråkighet, när de växlar språk och vilka fördelar de ser med att vara tvåspråkiga. Grosjean (1982:268) hävdar att en majoritet av hans tvåspråkiga informanter uppger att de inte har några problem med att vara tvåspråkiga, en hypotes jag testar i uppsatsen.</p><p>Resultatet visar att mina informanter, liksom Grosjeans, ser många fördelar med att vara tvåspråkiga och att modersmålet är starkast kopplat till hemmiljön och då framförallt föräldrarna, ett resultat som överensstämmer med tidigare svenska studier.</p>