<p>This essay deals with the translation and analysis of a text on human rights. The analysis focuses on terminology, figures of speech, idiomatic expressions and oblique translation (modulation). The core of the essay concerns terminology and metaphors (or figures of speech), with the last two parts complementing the first two. For the terminology part Victor H Condé (1999) is the main source, when dealing with figures of speech both George Lakoff & Mark Johnson (1980) as well as Christine Alm-Arvius (2003) are the sources used. In the third part the theoretical source is Rune Ingo (1991), and in the last part Vinay & Darbelney’s (Munday 2003) ideas on modulation are discussed.</p><p>The source text was rich in metaphors. For this reason it proved very interesting and illuminating to discover how many metaphors that we (or at least the translator) may be unaware of that we use every day. In the text there were both easy-to-spot metaphors, for example half-digested medieval ideas, as well as the ones that are more hard to find, for example on what foundations do rights rest.</p><p>It was the terminology that posed the biggest challenge during the translation process. However, several of the terms are used in almost the same form and manner in the two languages, two examples are policy (policy) and regime (regim). The challenge here was if a term was used in the same manner in English as in Swedish and in such cases the Swedish Parliament’s website www.riksdagen.se was very useful. Another challenge has been idioms and expressions since it was sometimes hard to find good translations for them and many times the whole context was the key to finding out the author’s intent. An example of this is keep both feet firmly planted on the ground which was translated into som försöker vara så verklighetsknutet som möjligt.</p><p>Keywords: translation, human rights, figures of speech, terminology, modulation</p>

<p>This essay investigates how students become motivated and if there is any difference between a teacher’s and a student’s viewpoint concerning motivation.</p><p>In order to carry out this investigation a survey was carried out. To get even greater knowledge of this subject, four interviews with two teachers and two students were also carried out. A total of 60 individuals took part in the survey.</p><p>The result shows that motivation is an important factor in school. Many students thought of motivation as the feeling of doing something without being forced. The reasons for students being motivated were many, but they could all be traced back to the teacher. How the teacher acts in the classroom is the biggest motivational factor.</p><p> </p>

<p>Denna uppsats behandlar cybersvenskan och hur den kan påverka ungdomars texter i skolan. Begreppet cybersvenska innefattar det språk som används vid kommunikation i SMS-meddelande eller på chatten. Typiskt för denna skriftform är att det går snabbt, är reducerat, innehåller förkortningar och att stavning spelar mindre roll. Syftet med undersökningen var att ta reda om cybersvenskan syns i elevers skoltexter och hur lärarna bemöter detta. Respondenter i undersökningen är elever i år 8 och en liten grupp lärare som undervisar i svenska på högstadiet. Metoden för undersökningen var enkäter och redovisning av tio elevtexter. Resultatet visar att ungdomarna i denna undersökning är flitiga användare av både chatt och SMS. I textexemplen syns tydliga spår av cybersvenska. Lärarna i undersökningen ger både positiva och negativa kommentarer om sin syn på cybersvenska, liksom i bemötandet av denna i elevernas texter.</p>

<p>Läxor i förhållande till kunskap, individualisering och hemförhållande.</p><p>En jämförande studie mellan två skolor</p> / <p>Homework comparing to knowledge, individualize and home background.</p><p>A comparing study between two schools.</p>

Syftet med mitt arbete är att jag vill undersöka hur ett samspel kan se ut mellan svensklärare, matematiklärare och modersmålslärare för att främja och stötta elever i årskurs 3 till 6 i deras läs- och skrivinlärning. Vidare vill jag ta reda på vilken påverkan läs- och skrivinlärningen har på elevernas matematikkunskaper och om det är så att det är främst elever med svenska som andra språk som stöter på problem med matematiska begrepp som innehåller text eller om det är lika vanligt bland de elever som har svenska som sitt modersmål. Jag har genomfört en kvalitativ undersökning i form av intervjuer med svensklärare och matematiklärare på två olika skolor (Söderskolan och Västerskolan) båda belägna i två olika upptagningsområden i Malmö. Den ena skolan är en mångkulturell skola och den andra skolan är en skola med få elever som har ett annat modersmål än svenska. Lärarnas svar utifrån min intervju visar på att språket är en viktig del för elevens förståelse för matematiken och att läraren måste lägga ner ett arbete på det matematiska ordförrådet och vad orden betyder i förhållande till samma ords betydelse i vardagsspråket. Lärarna nämner vikten av ett nära samarbete mellan svensklärare och matematiklärare för att genom språket ge eleven bättre förutsättningar att utveckla sina resultat i matematiken. En av lärarna hade erfarenhet av ett närmre samarbete med modersmålläraren och såg det som något mycket positivt som stöd åt elever med annat modersmål än svenska.

Abstract Jansson, Kristina, 2006. Saisir l’insaisissable. Les formes et les traductions du discours indirect libre dans des romans suédois et français. Acta Wexionensia nr 86/2006. ISSN: XXXX-XXXX, ISBN: 91-7636-499-2. Written in French. The purpose of this study is to explore the possible forms and translations of free indirect discourse (discours indirect libre) in some French and Swedish novels written between 1880 and 1920. For the study, two corpora containing free indirect discourse (FID) were established: one with Swedish FID from some 40 novels written by August Strindberg, Selma Lagerlöf, Hjalmar Bergman and Hjalmar Söderberg and one with FID from one novel each by Émile Zola and Guy de Maupassant, and two by Anatole France. These two corpora were compared in order to examine the influence of grammar, translational norms and individual translators on the final result. Another purpose was to compare the forms of FID in French and Swedish since they differ somewhat. The biggest difference seems to be that Swedish has a greater aptitude for mixing elements from several levels of narration. The study itself is divided in two parts. The first one explores the individual characteristics that create FID, their forms and their translation. There seems to be no syntactical difference in the treatment of personal pronouns, the alterations seem to be the result of a change made by the translators. The treatment of verb tenses and adverbials differs somewhat. One of the characteristics of FID is that it combines deictic adverbials focalised through the characters with verb tenses focalised through the narrator. French adverbials, above all deictic time adverbials, are restricted in that they cannot occur juxtaposed to all verb tenses, whereas Swedish is free to do so to a higher extent, a difference that influences the translation. Verb tenses are also a problem in that the French language has two, passé simple and imparfait, the former rare in FID, where Swedish only has preteritum. Other characteristics of FID, such as repetitions, hesitations, the use of proper names etc. cause fewer problems in translation. The second part of the analysis handles the destiny of all of FID in translation. 91% of the French FID remain in the Swedish translations, whereas 82% remain in the French translations, numbers that show that there is a difference between the languages. This final part also analyses the reasons behind the transformation of FID into other forms of speech rendering in translation, including the translator’s influence over transformations that can be compared to that of the narrator over speech rendering.

For all the criticism that has been leveled against cultural representations of the American West, ideas of the westward expansion and its significance have remained powerful impulses for the negotiation of history and identity. Such notions of the past, and the cultural symbology with which they can be expressed, are more or less available to writers and other cultural agents for employment in political, cultural, or literary discourse. Understood in this way, the imagined West, to use Richard White's term, has continued to supply material that affirms or contests political and ideological change. The rejection of the conventionally imagined past in the 1970s provided writers with an opportunity to re-formulate historical representation and to make sense of history anew. Thus the imagined West reinforced its paradoxical status in American culture as a symbolic resource that signifies both historical inertia and constant change. This study investigates representations of the West as they appear in the literary discourse of the 1970s. In readings of four non-genre texts, Don DeLillo's Americana (1971), Robert Coover's The Public Burning (1977), Joan Didion's The White Album (1979), and Tom Wolfe's The Right Stuff (1979), this study situates the cultural symbology of the West in a historico-political, cultural, and literary context. The study shows how these four writers utilize preconceptions about the meaning of the past, at the same time as they reshape that past to fit their own literary and ideological strategies. They do so by incorporating into the texts elements of historical representation and their ideological constituents, or ideologemes. Taken together, these texts are seen to illustrate the trajectory of the imagined West during a time of critical negotiation of American history.

No description available.

<p>In The Awakening we meet Edna, a woman in search of her female identity. She is uncomfortable in her role as the “patriarchal woman” and has trouble becoming either a “modern woman” or an “emancipated woman” To fully understand Edna’s search one must understand the patriarchal society in Chopin’s works and what it means to internalize this system. Edna searches for a different female role than that of the “patriarchal woman” but she has problems internalizing any one of the roles due to her previous choices, current social position and lack of support in her quest. This essay explores what these previous choices are and why they have placed her in her current position. She has a lack of support, which is crucial if she is to break out of her current female position. Edna’s realization that she cannot obtain a full acceptance in either one of these three female roles finally led to her choosing suicide. This essay also explores why she chooses this final way to resolve her problem. Critics have said that the suicide is not in tune with the rest of the novel, but I will in contrast show how the ending is indeed very much in tune with Chopin’s portrayal of Edna. The confusion that Chopin shows in Edna’s character throughout the novel explains why Edna in the end takes her own life. Our protagonist is a woman who searches for an identity that she cannot find due to choices she has already made and a society which she cannot change, and in that light suicide is a viable alternative.</p>

<p>Denna studie är en undersökning av hur förskolebarn som lär sig svenska som ett andraspråk tillägnar sig svenska prepositioner. Prepositioner tillhör inte de ord man lär sig först; det går ofta bra att göra sig förstådd utan att använda prepositioner. Men när man väl börjar använda prepositioner, kommer de då i någon viss ordning? Innebär det i så fall att man också till en början överanvänder någon eller några prepositioner? En annan fråga jag ställer mig är om barn i fem- och sexårsåldern, som lär sig svenska som ett andraspråk, har en annan inlärningsgång än små barn som lär sig svenska som sitt modersmål.</p><p>Enligt den s k komplexitetsteorin börjar vi använda prepositioner som anger position innan vi börjar använda prepositioner som anger riktning. Prepositioner som i och på kommer alltså före prepositionerna till och från. Vidare anses "positiva" prepositioner komma före "negativa". Eftersom det är mer positivt att 'ge någonting till någon' än att 'ta någonting från någon', så bör enligt komplexitetsteorin till föregå från. Min slutsats är dock att jag inte kan finna stöd för att komplexitetsteorin skulle vara tillämplig på förskolebarn som lär sig svenska som ett andraspråk.</p><p>Den preposition som otvivelaktigt förekommer oftast i mitt undersökningsmaterial är på. Men även i har ganska hög frekvens. Dessutom kan jag finna exempel där inläraren använder sig av en del ovanliga prepositioner och där inläraren använder sig av preposition, där en svensk modersmålstalare förmodligen inte skulle använda någon preposition. Jag finner också i mitt material belägg för att det finns en klar överanvändning av prepositionen på.</p>