Faking in applications was found to be an important issue in which social desirability plays a relevant role. The present study brings Social Desirability Responding, Honesty-Humility, and different stakes of situations into relation. Social Desirability Responding, i.e. Communion Management and Self-Deceptive Enhancement, operationalized by the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) and Honesty-Humility (HEXACO-60) are analysed regarding their relationships and differences in and between high-stake, low-stake, and high-stake-low-framed situations. Relationships between Honesty-Humility and Communion Management were significantly positive, while no relationship between Honesty-Humility and Self-Deceptive Enhancement was found. There were also no significant differences in the constructs across situations. It was further investigated whether individuals scoring low in Honesty-Humility show different responding behaviour dependent on situational frames compared to individuals scoring high in Honesty-Humility. No significant differences were found. Results imply that Social Desirable Responding scales do not measure what they intent to, hence further research is needed. The tested high-stake-low-framed situational instruction did not significantly reduce faking. However, exploring the option of framing application situations is recommended for organizations. Further, the problematic nature of measuring Social Desirability Responding is considered.

Syftet med den här masteruppsaten är huvudsakligen att undersöka hur Tisus, ett språkprov som kan ge behörighet i svenska för universitetsstudier, uppfattas av testtagarna. Detta görs medelst en enkät med 227 respondenter, varav drygt hälften hade godkänts på testet och de övriga hade underkänts. Enkäten följdes upp av en intervjustudie med åtta av nämnda respondenter. Två av dem hade underkänts på Tisus men godkänts på annan väg; den ena genom betyg från behörighetsgivande utbildning och den andra genom Swedex B2 vilket accepterades av det finländska universitet hen sökte sig till. I enlighet med fenomenografiska studier fokuserade intervjuerna på hur respondenterna upplevde språkprovet och de universitetsstudier de följde och vilka känslor de hade rörande kraven på Tisus i jämförelse med hur de erfor de språkbehov de hade på universitetet. De åtta respondenterna skiljer sig åt inbördes vad gäller förstaspråk, studieinriktning, studieort och hemland. Även om respondenterna skilde sig något åt i vissa avseenden så var de ändå förvånansvärt lika i det att de, med kanske ett undantag, lyckas oerhört väl med sina studier. Majoriteten av dem tycker också att Tisus fungerar som språkprov inför högskolestudier och att kraven på Tisus stämmer någorlunda väl överens med de krav de upplever på högskolan. Under studiens gång ställde jag mig ofta frågan om den här intervjustudien hade attraherat vissa studenter mer än andra. Enkätsvaren visar nämligen en delvis annan bild, nämligen att det bland de godkända respondenterna finns ett antal individer som menar att de inte har tillräckliga språkfärdigheter för att klara högskolestudier och/eller anger att de inte möter språkkraven för C1 så som de uttrycks i enkäten. Samtidigt uttryckte flera underkända enkätrespondenter att de språkligt skulle ha klarat av att läsa på universitetet, om de bara hade getts chansen. Tydligt är att det finns gott om utrymme för vidare studier inte bara på ämnet high stake-testning inför universitetsstudier, utan fler studier som inkluderar andraspråkstalande högskolestudenters syn på saken måste också genomföras. / The aim of this master's thesis is mainly to investigate how a Swedish language entrance test for university studies, Tisus, is received by the test takers. This is done by a survey study that covers 227 test takers of which little over half have passed the test and the others had not. The survey was followed by interviews involving eight of the test takers, among which two had failed the Tisus test but had been granted admission to university studies after having had their language skills tested and approved by means of other, different language tests. In accordance with phenomenographic studies, the interviews focused on how the respondents perceived the entrance language test and their university studies and how they felt about the requirements for passing the test in comparison with the experienced language demands on students at their university. The eight respondents represented a diverse group regarding their L1, their choice of studies and university, and home country. However, even though they differed slightly in some regards, they were surprisingly similar in that they, with perhaps one exception, all succeeded extraordinary well as students. The majority of the respondents mainly approve of the requirements of the Tisus test and finds it reasonably comparable to the language needs they experience at university. The question arises if an interview study such as this one attracts some students more than others, because from the results of the survey it is clear that not all students who passed the test have the necessary language skills, according to themselves, and many have not yet become students. At the same time, a number of the survey respondents, who had failed at the test, were of the opinion that the requirements were too high and that they, given the opportunity, might well have managed university studies. It is clear that there is a lot of room for more work in this area, looking at the gate keeping task that high stake testing for university studies needs to fulfill. Also, more studies need to be conducted to gain knowledge about student’s views on the matter.

Since the creation of Bitcoin, the virtual currency has attracted the attention of many people and is now a household name synonymous with cryptocurrencies. Today, many thousands of different variants of cryptocurrencies exist, and more are being launched each day. The increase in popularity over the recent years has made them grow exponentially in value but at the same time also created a significant increase in energy consumption. Many of the cryptocurrencies we know today are based on Proof of Work, which is very energy intensive. There are also new and upcoming currencies based on alternative algorithms, such as Proof of Stake, which can considerably reduce the energy consumption of cryptocurrencies. However, Proof of Stake has not been proven to be as resilient and secure as Proof of Work. This study explores the future energy consumption and carbon emission of cryptocurrencies and reflects on their sustainability via exploratory scenario analysis. It includes three scenarios. Scenario 1 – Business as usual is the reference scenario. Scenario 2 – Change in the market, is based on the possibility of the market naturally switching over to PoS. Scenario 3 – under regulation is based on the possibility of a ban of PoW within the EU.  The results of this study indicate that the current emissions might be much lower than previously considered and that they might only be 30 percent of what had previously been reported. The fact that the emission is lower today does not mean that they will be sustainable in the future. Suppose Bitcoin and Ethereum energy consumption continues to grow as it has been doing for the last two years. In that case, the combined electricity consumption of the two currencies will have the possibility to surpass 650 TWh, which is an increase of over 300 percent from today's estimates. Banning Proof of Work within the EU would not yield the desired outcome of reducing carbon emissions but would instead increase carbon emissions. A continually growing Proof of Work based network, as it is used today, cannot be seen as sustainable. The recommendations to both industry and policymakers are to find and facilitate areas where Proof of Work would have the possibility to provide added value to society. / Sedan Bitcoin först lanserades har den virtuella valutan väckt mycket intresse. Många känner till Bitcoin men det finns flera tusen olika kryptovalutor och flera skapas varje dag. Det växande intresset har fått flertalet kryptovalutor att öka enormt i värde, men också i dess energiåtgång. Många av dagens kryptovalutor drivs av en algoritm som kallas Proof of Work, vilket är väldigt energikrävande. Det finns även nya och växande kryptovalutor baserade på alternativa algoritmer så som Proof of Stake, vilket har stora möjligheter att minska energiåtgången avsevärt. Dock har inte Proof of Stake bevisats vara lika motståndskraftigt vid attacker så som Proof of Work.  Denna studie utforskar den framtida energikonsumtionen och koldioxidutsläppen från kryptovalutor och har som avsikt att reflektera på hållbarheten via en utforskande scenarioanalys. Där tre scenarios utforskats. Scenario 1 – Business as usual är referensscenariot. Scenario 2 – Change in the market, är baserat på att marknaden själv glider över till PoS och Scenario 3 – under regulation vilket är baserat på ett förbud av PoW inom EU. Resultatet från studien visar att de nuvarande utsläppen kanske är mycket lägre än vad som tidigare trotts och kanske bara är 30 procent av det som tidigare rapporterats. Faktumet att kryptovalutor kanske släpper ut mindre koldioxid idag betyder inte att de kan anses hållbara i framtiden. Anta att Bicoin och Ethereum fortsätter växa som de har gjort de senaste två åren, då kommer de två valutorna ha en möjlighet att förbruka mer än 650 TWh per år vid 2025. Detta är en ökning med mer än 300 procent från dagens energikonsumtion. Att införa ett förbud på Ptoof of Work inom EU kommer dock inte ge de önskade förhoppningarna om att minska koldioxidutsläppen, utan skulle snarare kunna öka dem. Med det sagt så kan ett ständigt växande Proof of Work nätverk inte anses vara hållbart. Därför är rekommendationerna till industrin och beslutsfattarna att identifiera och främja områden där Proof of Work kan implementeras för att skapa ett mervärde till samhället.

In 1976, the Indonesian government began to implement a new curriculum known as Curriculum 75. This was intended for all government primary, junior secondary and senior secondary schools. This field study, which is written for non-Indonesian readers, examines the Social Science component of Curriculum 75 using elements of the Stake model of curriculum evaluation. The purpose of the evaluation is to show, within the Stake model, the intended antecedents, transactions and outcomes of the Social Science Curriculum; that is, the specifications of the curriculum documents and associated texts before implementation in the classroom. The principal argument of this evaluation is that the worth of the curriculum is discovered in the elements of control which are manifest in intentions. This evaluation selects three issues for closer examination and evaluation; economic development, political culture and the world view which are portrayed in the curriculum. This closer examination reveals that knowledge of economic development is emphasised more than knowledge of political culture. In turn, knowledge of the the world outside and beyond Indonesia which constitute the world view is the least important of the three issues, and particularly at the primary level receives very little attention whatsoever. The specific outcomes of the Social Science Curriculum show that the type of knowledge which is emphasised is cognitive understanding rather than the formation of attitudes and values. Pupils are expected to learn factual knowledge rather than develop personal and social values. The central theme or argument which this evaluation pursues is the notion of curriculum control. Curriculum 75 is the creation of an educational bureaucracy within a bureaucratic state. When understood within the context of the Jackson critique of contemporary Indonesia, curriculum is a bureaucratic function of the state. A principal element of that function is the exercising of control which, for the purpose of this field study, is revealed in a bureaucratic and a curriculum form. The curriculum form of control is the central notion in this evaluation. For the Social Science Curriculum to be successful in the Indonesian classroom, the Curriculum should specify contents and methods in such prescriptive detail that teachers are given a clear programme of what is expected of them. Teachers can only be successful when the Curriculum clearly communicates what teachers are required to do. Control in the sense of constraint is a vital element in that communication. The characteristics of curriculum control are described in terms of the Bernstein concepts of coding and framing. By tracing coding and framing techniques in the Social Science Curriculum in general and each of the three issues in particular, this study shows that the antecedents (as defined by Stake) are strongly controlled (through a Bernstein-type collection code). On the other hand, some curriculum control is lost in the transactions (as defined by Stake) because teaching and learning methods are not sufficiently framed. Future refinements in this Curriculum should concentrate on strengthening curriculum control through increasing the level of specification and prescription about learning methods.

This field study is concerned with the development and implementation of a formative evaluation of an innovative aspect of program development in the Language/Reading Centre at the Canberra College of Advanced Education. In 1983 a parent training dimension was added as part of a developing concern to assist school pupils who are experiencing difficulties in language and reading. The Language/Reading Centre programs are designed to provide this assistance within an 'integrated systems' approach. The group of people who participated in one of these parent training programs within the Language/Reading Centre in semester 2, 1983, were the focus for this evaluation. The program is called the Parent Training Evening Group Seminar Program in the evaluation. This study was set up in response to a request from the Director of the Language/Reading Centre for an external evaluation of this parent training component. The eva1uation developed within the framework of naturalistic inquiry and the design has been based on the work of Robert Stake. The evaluator undertook a responsive evaluation plan with an adaption of the briefing panel component, to gather and organise the perceptions and judgments of the people concerned with the program. The information collected in this process was focused on a number of Issues for consideration. This case study format was intended to gain some measure of program effectiveness as formative information for the client to use in the ongoing development of the program.

Thesis (M.R.E.)--B.Y.U. Dept. of Church History and Doctrine.

Thesis (M.R.E.)--B.Y.U. Dept. of Church History and Doctrine.

Thesis (M.R.E.)--B.Y.U. Dept. of Church History and Doctrine. / Electronic thesis. Also available in print ed.

Thesis (M.R.E.)--B.Y.U. Dept. of Church History and Doctrine. / Electronic thesis. Also available in print ed.

Distributed ledger technology (DLT) stands to benefit industries such as financial services with transparency and censorship resistance. DLT systems need to be scalable to handle mass user adoption. Mass user adoption is required to demonstrate the true value of DLT. This dissertation first analyses scalability in ethereum and EOS. Currently, ethereum 1.0 uses proof of work (PoW) and handles only 14 transactions per second (tps) compared to Visa's peak 47 000 tps. Ethereum 2.0, known as Serenity, introduces sharding, proof of stake (Casper), plasma and state channels in and effort to scale the system. EOS uses a delegated proof of stake (DPoS) protocol, where 21 super-nodes, termed ‘block producers' (BPs), facilitate consensus, bringing about significant scalability improvements (4000 tps). The trade-off is decentralisation. EOS is not sufficiently decentralised because the BPs yield significant power, but are not diverse. This dissertation conducts an empirical analysis using unsupervised machine learning to show that there is a high probability collusion is occurring between certain BPs. It then suggests possible protocol alterations such as inverse vote weighting that could curb adverse voting behaviour in DPoS. It further analyses whether universities are suitable BP's before mapping out required steps for universities to become block producers (leading to improved decentralisation in EOS)