Accumulated evidence indicates that, by the phosphorylation of its physiological substrates, Akt promotes cell survival, proliferation and angiogenesis. While a number of Akt targets have been identified, the mechanism by which Akt regulates cell survival and growth and induces malignant transformation still remains elusive. During the last 5 years, I have shown that AKT1 cross-talks with Src/Stat3 pathway. AKT1 is a direct target gene of Stat3. Protein/mRNA levels and promoter activity of AKT1 are significantly induced by constitutively active Src and Stat3. Knockdown of Stat3 or dominant-negative Stat3 reduced AKT1 expression induced by constitutively active Src. Blockage of AKT1 expression largely reduced Stat3 function in cell survival and angiogenesis. Furthermore, I have shown that proapoptotic protein 24p3 is a major target of Akt to mediate IL3 signaling in hematopoietic cells. Forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a directly binds to and activates 24p3 promoter leading to expression of 24p3 in response to IL3 withdrawal. Akt phosphorylates FOXO3a and inhibits its action toward 24p3. Finally, I have identified a novel transcription factor TZP that interacts with Akt and p53. Expression of TZP inhibits cell growth and survival and induces both G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrest. TZP directly binds to the p53 promoter and induces p53 transcription. In addition, TZP interacts with p53 and prevents p53 from Mdm2-mediated degradation. In response to genotoxic stress, both TZP and p53 were upregulated and knockdown of TZP reduced p53 expression. Akt phosphorylated TZP resulting in its translocation from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, and thus inhibits TZP function. These data indicate that Akt induced by STAT3 confers oncogenesis through inhibition of the transcription factors.

Over-expression of both hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor Met frequently occurs in invasive human breast cancer, suggesting that the establishment of an HGF “autocrine loop” may be linked to breast tumour progression. We have recently shown a novel activating function of two signaling molecules, Src tyrosine kinase and the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 factor (Stat3), on HGF expression in breast epithelial cells. Interestingly, Stat3 is also important in normal breast development,but this function does not require Src. In addition, β1-integrin adhesion occurs minimally in differentiated breast epithelium, but is upregulated during oncogenic progression and is required for transformation by Src. We therefore hypothesize that β1-integrin engagement is necessary for Src/Stat3-dependent activation of HGF transcription and breast tumourigensis. Using specific inhibitors of Src (Dasatinib) and Stat3 (CPA7) we demonstrated that autocrine HGF expression is linked to activation of Src/Stat3 in a malignant breast cell line. Phenotypic reversion (e.g., cell rounding and loss of filopodial extensions) and inhibition of pY705Stat3, HGF and pYMet expression as determined by immunofluorescence was achieved with both inhibitor treatments separately, and a synergistic effect was observed with combined treatment. Furthermore, β-catenin localization was nuclear in malignant cells, but shifted to cortical cytoplasmic following inhibitor treatment, similar to non-malignant mouse breast epithelial cells (EPH4). We are currently extrapolating these findings to a 3D Matrigel culture model in which EPH4 cells form acini-like spheroids with hollow lumen surrounded by a well-polarized outer layer of cells. Under these conditions, Stat3 levels are decreased followed by a reduction in cyclin D1 expression, while Src activation remains at a low baseline level. Interestingly,expression of Stat5, which has a reciprocal relationship with Stat3 in breast development and involution, is increased concomitant with elevated β-casein expression. Moreover, Fibronectin and HGF in combination stimulate tubular outgrowths with lumen filling. These findings suggest that aberrant changes in extracellular matrix milieu may stimulate integrin cross talk resulting in a switch of HGF/Met signaling to a transformation phenotype. Information from this study may lead to novel cancer therapies through targeting the HGF/Met and integrin signaling cascades. / Thesis (Master, Pathology & Molecular Medicine) -- Queen's University, 2008-09-19 18:19:22.744

Cell migration and invasion are essential physiological processes required for the growth and development of all multicellular organisms. However, they have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of certain vascular system diseases and invasive cancers. In this study, we investigate two proteins involved in cell proliferation and survival signaling, p53 and Stat3, which have been found misregulated in atherosclerosis and cancer, to establish what effect they have on the development of Src-induced invasive phenotypes in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. In the first stage of this experiment, we investigated the tumor suppressor p53. Once believed to act primarily as a regulator of the cell cycle, DNA repair, senescence and apoptosis, current evidence suggests that p53 can also regulate cell migration and invasion. For our study, we stably transduced VSMC and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts with constitutively active Src (SrcY527F) to generate invasive cell lines with pronounced podosome and rosette formation. We established for the first time that p53 suppresses Src-induced podosome and rosette formation, extracellular matrix degradation, cell migration and invasion in these cells. We also present novel data showing that p53 suppresses these invasive phenotypes, at least in part, by up-regulating the expression of caldesmon, an actin binding protein which stabilizes stress fibers and inhibits podosome and rosette formation. In the second part of this study, we show that Stat3, a pro-survival and pro-metastatic transcription factor, is required downstream of Src for the promotion of invasive phenotypes in VSMC and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Interestingly we have also shown for the first time that Stat3 can localize to podosomes and rosettes in these cells. The exact physiological reasoning for this localization, however, remains to be determined. This study provides strong evidence suggesting that mutual antagonism between the anti-invasive ‘p53-caldesmon’ and pro-invasive ‘Src-Stat3’ pathways dictates the outcome of Src-induced invasive phenotypes in VSMC and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. / Thesis (Master, Biochemistry) -- Queen's University, 2010-01-09 21:57:30.056

Stat3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-3) is activated by a number of receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, while a constitutively active form of Stat3 alone is sufficient to induce neoplastic transformation. Results presented in this thesis reveal that Stat3 can also be activated through homophilic interactions by the epithelial (E)-cadherin and cadherin-11, two members of the classical type I and II cadherin family of surface receptors, responsible for the formation of cell to cell junctions. Indeed, by plating cells onto surfaces coated with fragments encompassing the two outermost domains of these cadherins, we definitively demonstrate that cadherin engagement can activate Stat3, even in the absence of direct cell to cell contact. At the same time, levels of the extracellular signal regulated kinase (Erk)1/2, which is often coordinately activated by growth factor receptors and oncogenes, remain unchanged upon cadherin ligation. Most importantly, we report, for the first time, an unexpected surge in total Rac1 and Cdc42 protein levels, triggered by cadherin engagement, and an increase in Rac1 and Cdc42 activity, which is responsible for the Stat3 stimulation observed. Inhibition of cadherin interactions reduced Rac/Cdc42 and Stat3 levels and induced apoptosis, pointing to a significant role of this pathway in cell survival signalling, a finding which could also have important therapeutic implications. To better understand the role of Rac/Cdc42 in the cadherin-mediated Stat3 activation, we compared Stat3 activity in mouse HC11 cells before and after expression of the mutationally activated, RacV12. We demonstrate a dramatic increase in protein levels and activity of both the endogenous Rac and RacV12 with cell density, which was due to inhibition of proteasomal degradation. Moreover, we clearly show that RacV12 expression can activate Stat3 through an increase in expression of members of the IL6 family of cytokines, known potent Stat3 activators. In fact, knockdown experiments indicate that gp130 receptor function, and Stat3 activation, are essential for the migration and proliferation of RacV12-expressing cells, thereby demonstrating that the gp130/Stat3 axis represents an essential target of activated Rac in the regulation of both of these fundamental cellular functions. / Thesis (Ph.D, Pathology & Molecular Medicine) -- Queen's University, 2010-02-18 10:38:29.549

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic cytokine which limits inflammatory responses by balancing the hosts immune response against infection. Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that recognize specific molecular pattens on microbial pathogens and activate intracellular signaling via the transcription factors NF-B and IRF-3. In this study we evaluate the contribution of the TLR ligands Poly I:C, Pam3CSK4, LPS and LTA to IL-10 receptor dysfunction in murine peritoneal macrophages (PM). We examine how these ligands are able to alter IL-10 mediated STAT3 phosphorylation and CCR5 gene expression in PM. The ability of Poly I:C and Pam3CSK4 to alter the immunosuppressive activity of IL-10 in C2-ceramide stimulated PM is also examined. The results of our study indicate a delayed inhibition of IL-10 mediated activation of STAT3 by LPS, LTA, Poly I:C and Pam3CSK4. The CCR5 gene expression experiments demonstrate that LPS was able to down-regulate IL-10 induced CCR5 mRNA expression in PM.

The oncogenic transcription factor STAT3 is aberrantly activated in over 70% of human tumours, including Multiple myeloma (MM). The present studies use both genetic and chemical tools to validate STAT3 as a therapeutic target, and demonstrate the anti-MM activity of a novel small molecule STAT3 inhibitor, BP-4-018. We show that shRNA-mediated STAT3 knockdown induces apoptosis in human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs). We translate these findings to a therapeutically relevant setting by demonstrating the broad anti-MM activity of BP-4-018 against HCMLs and primary patient samples, and demonstrate that BP-4-018 remains active against HMCLs co-cultured with bone marrow stroma. Inhibiting STAT3 via shRNA knockdown and BP-4-018 suppresses STAT3 transcriptional activity and down-regulates anti-apoptotic and proliferative STAT3 target genes. Finally, we show that BP-4-018 has activity in vivo, both alone and combined with subtherapeutic doses of bortezomib, without significant toxicities. Taken together, these data support the utility of STAT3 inhibitors for MM treatment.

The oncogenic transcription factor STAT3 is aberrantly activated in over 70% of human tumours, including Multiple myeloma (MM). The present studies use both genetic and chemical tools to validate STAT3 as a therapeutic target, and demonstrate the anti-MM activity of a novel small molecule STAT3 inhibitor, BP-4-018. We show that shRNA-mediated STAT3 knockdown induces apoptosis in human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs). We translate these findings to a therapeutically relevant setting by demonstrating the broad anti-MM activity of BP-4-018 against HCMLs and primary patient samples, and demonstrate that BP-4-018 remains active against HMCLs co-cultured with bone marrow stroma. Inhibiting STAT3 via shRNA knockdown and BP-4-018 suppresses STAT3 transcriptional activity and down-regulates anti-apoptotic and proliferative STAT3 target genes. Finally, we show that BP-4-018 has activity in vivo, both alone and combined with subtherapeutic doses of bortezomib, without significant toxicities. Taken together, these data support the utility of STAT3 inhibitors for MM treatment.

Doctor en Ciencias Mención Biología Molecular, Celular y Neurociencias. / El estrés oxidativo y la desregulación de la señalización de calcio son señales importantes en una variedad de enfermedades neurodegenerativas, incluyendo la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA). El factor de transcripción STAT3 tiene un rol crucial en el desarrollo y mantención del sistema nervioso. Recientemente, la pérdida de la actividad transcripcional de STAT3 ha sido ligada a la EA. En este trabajo, tratamos astrocitos primarios con los oligómeros del péptido β-amiloide (AβOs), los cuales muestran una potente actividad sinaptotóxica, y estudiamos los efectos de los mediadores presentes en el medio condicionado de astrocitos tratados con AβOs (MCA+AβOs) en la depleción nuclear de STAT3 fosforilado en el residuo 727 (pSer-STAT3) en las neuronas. El tratamiento de los cultivos neuronales ricos en astrocitos con 0,5 μM de AβOs indujo en las neuronas una disminución significativa de pSer-STAT3, pero no de fosfotirosina 705-STAT3, la otra forma fosforilada de STAT3. Esta disminución no ocurrió en cultivos neuronales pobres en astrocitos revelando un rol fundamental de los astrocitos en esta respuesta. Para probar si los mediadores, liberados por los astrocitos en respuesta a los AβOs, induce la depleción nuclear de pSer-STAT3, cultivos neuronales pobres en astrocitos fueron tratados con MCA+AβOs, lo que causó depleción nuclear de pSer-STAT3 pero no modificó los niveles totales de STAT3. El uso de catalasa y hemoglobina extracelular previno la depleción nuclear de pSer-STAT3 causada por el MCA+AβOs, indicando que posiblemente el peróxido de hidrógeno y el óxido nítrico son los mediadores liberados por los astrocitos involucrados en esta respuesta. Además, el MCA+AβOs indujo un aumento significativo de la espresión y la secreción de la citoquina pro-inflamamtoria IL-6. El MCA+AβOs aumentó el tono oxidativo neuronal y generó en las neuronas señales de calcio mediadas por el receptor de ryanodina, que son esenciales para la depleción nuclear de pSer-STAT3. Usando adenovirus, se demostró que la inhibición de calcineurina abolió la depleción nuclear de pSer-STAT3 inducida por el MCA+AβOs: También se demostró que la activación de calcineurina produjo un leve aumento de la depleción nuclear y mayor defosforilación de pSer-STAT3 en las neuronas, revelando que si bien calcineurina participa en la depleción nuclear de pSer-STAT3, no es el único componente involucrado en el proceso. En suma, el MCA+AβOs generó una disminución significativa de los niveles de ARNm de genes de sobrevivencia Bcl-2 y survivina y un aumento de la razón pro-apoptótica Bax/Bcl-2. No obstante, el MCA+AβOs no promovió la apoptosis por si solo. El MCA+AβOs sensibilizó a la neuronas hacia la muerte apoptótica pero solo en presencia de NMDA a concentraciones excitotóxicas. Esta es la primera descripción que el MCA+AβOs promueve señales de calcio neuronales que regulan la distribución nuclear de pSer-STAT3 en las neuronas. En esta tesis se propone que los AβOs inducen la producción de peróxido de hidrógeno, óxido nitric e IL-6, lo cual aumenta el tono oxidativo neuronal, generando una señal de calcio que activa la fosfatasa calcineurina, la cual causa (en parte) la depleción nuclear de pSer-STAT3 y la pérdida de la actividad transcripcional protectora de STAT3. / Oxidative stress and dysregulation of calcium signaling are pivotal signs in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer´s disease (AD). The transcription factor STAT3 has a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the central nervous system. Recently, the loss of transcriptional activity of STAT3 has been linked to AD. In this work, we treated astrocytes with amyloid beta peptide oligomers (AβOs), which display potent synaptotoxic activity, and studied the nature and effects of astrocyte-conditioned medium treated with AβOs on the nuclear depletion of neuronal serine-727-phosphorylated STAT3 (pSer-STAT3). Treatment of mixed neuron-astrocyte cultures with 0.5 μM AβOs induced in neurons a significant decrease of nuclear pSer-STAT3, but not of phosphotyrosine-705 STAT3, the other form of STAT3 phosphorylation. This decrease did not occur in astrocyte-poor neuronal cultures revealing a pivotal role for astrocytes in this response. To test if mediators released by astrocytes in response to AβOs induce pSer-STAT3 nuclear depletion, we used conditioned medium derived from AβOs-treated astrocyte cultures (ACM+AβOs). Treatment of astrocyte-poor neuronal cultures with ACM+AβOs caused pSer-STAT3 nuclear depletion but did not modify overall STAT3 levels. Extracellular catalase and haemoglobin prevented the pSerSTAT3 nuclear depletion caused by AβOs, indicating that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide could mediate this response. Besides, ACM+AβOs produced an increase of production and secretion of the pro-inflamamtory cytokine IL-6. Also, ACM+AβOs increased the neuronal oxidative tone and calcium signals in neurons, leading to a ryanodine-sensitive intracellular calcium signal that proved to be essential for pSer-STAT3 nuclear depletion. Using adenoviruses we showed that calcineurin inhibition abolished the nuclear depletion of pSer-STAT3 induced by ACM+AβOs and that calcineurin activation produced just a mild increase of the nuclear depletion of pSer-STAT3 in neurons, revealing that calcineurin participate in nuclear depletion of pSer-STAT3, however, it is not the only component involved in the process. In addition, ACM+AβOs generated decreased Bcl-2 and Survivin transcription and significantly increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio but ACM+AβOs did not execute apoptosis itself. ACM+AβOs sensibilized neurons to apoptotic death when it was incubated in presence of NMDA at an excitotoxic concentration. This is the first description that ACM+AβOs and neuronal calcium signals jointly regulate pSer-STAT3 nuclear distribution in neurons. We propose that AβOs induce hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and IL-6 production, which by increasing the neuronal oxidative tone, generate a calcium signal that activates the phosphatase calcineurin, which cause (in part) pSer-STAT3 nuclear depletion and loss of STAT3 protective transcriptional activity. / -Beca CONICYT doctorado nacional N°21130445 y extensión de beca doctoral. -Proyecto Anillo ACT-1114 del Programa de investigación asociativa de CONICYT (PIA, adjudicado por el Dr. Marco Tulio Núñez) -Proyecto FONDECYT 1150736 (adjudicado por la Dra. Andrea Paula-Lima) -Proyecto FONDECYT 1130068 (adjudicado por el Dr. Marco Tulio Núñez) -Becas CONICYT de asistencia a congresos N°81140457 (2014) y N°81150376 (2015) También quiero agradecer a las siguientes instituciones internacionales que gracias a sus becas me permitieron asistir a diferentes cursos de neurociencia y a congresos internacionales de alto nivel: -International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) por el financiamiento completo para asistir al curso “3rd ISN Latin American School of Advanced Neurochemistry” (Montevideo, Uruguay, 2014) y la beca para asistir al congreso “26th ISN-ESN biennal meeting” en Paris, Francia (2017). -International Brain Research Organization (IBRO) por el financiamiento completo para asistir al curso “IBRO-USCRC 10th Canadian School of Neuroscience” (Montreal, Canadá, 2016) y al congreso “10th Annual Canadian Neuroscience Meeting” en Toronto (2016) y por la beca para asistir al congreso “13th Conference Alzheimer and Parkinson Disease” en Viena, Austria (2017). -Francais Société des Neurosciences-IBRO quienes financiaron mi viaje a Bordeaux, Francia para asistir al congreso “NeuroFrance 2017” y buscar postdoc. -Grass Foundation, IBRO LATP y USCRC y a Society for Neuroscience quienes financiaron mi beca completa para participar en el curso: “Latinoamerican Training program 2018” en Valparaíso, Chile y quienes financiarán mi participación en el congreso Society for Neuroscience 2019 en Chicago, EEUU. / Diciembre 2019

Elevated circulatory free fatty acids (FFAs) especially saturated FFAs, such as palmitate (PA), are detrimental to the heart. However, mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon remain unknown. Here, the role of JAK2/STAT3 in PA-induced cytotoxicity was investigated in cardiomyocytes. We demonstrate that PA suppressed the JAK2/STAT3 pathway by dephosphorylation of JAK2 (Y1007/1008) and STAT3 (Y705), and thus blocked the translocation of STAT3 into the nucleus. Conversely, phosphorylation of S727, another phosphorylated site of STAT3, was increased in response to PA treatment. Pretreatment of JNK inhibitor, but not p38 MAPK inhibitor, inhibited STAT3 (S727) activation induced by PA and rescued the phosphorylation of STAT3 (Y705). The data suggested that JNK may be another upstream factor regulating STAT3, and verified the important function of P-STAT3 (Y705) in PA-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Sodium orthovanadate (SOV), a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, obviously inhibited PA-induced apoptosis by restoring JAK2/STAT3 pathways. This effect was diminished by STAT3 inhibitor Stattic. Collectively, our data suggested a novel mechanism that the inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 activation was responsible for palmitic lipotoxicity and SOV may act as a potential therapeutic agent by targeting JAK2/STAT3 in lipotoxic cardiomyopathy treatment.

Stress can either enhance or suppress immune functions depending on a variety of factors such as duration of stressful condition. Chronic stress has been demonstrated to exert a significant suppressive effect on immune function. However, the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon remain to be elucidated. Here, male C57BL/6 mice were placed in a 50-ml conical centrifuge tube with multiple punctures to establish a chronic restraint stress model. Serum IL-10 levels, IL-10 production by the splenocytes, and activation of STAT3 in the mouse spleen were assessed. We demonstrate that IL-10/STAT3 axis was remarkably activated following chronic stress. Moreover, TLR4 and p38 MAPK play a pivotal role in the activation of IL-10/STAT3 signaling cascade. Interestingly, blocking antibody against IL-10 receptor and inhibition of STAT3 by STAT3 inhibitor S3I-201 attenuates stress-induced lymphocyte apoptosis. Inhibition of IL-10/STAT3 dramatically inhibits stress-induced reduction in IL-12 production. Furthermore, disequilibrium of Th1/Th2 cytokine balance caused by chronic stress was also rescued by blocking IL-10/STAT3 axis. These results yield insight into a new mechanism by which chronic stress regulates immune functions. IL-10/STAT3 pathway provides a novel relevant target for the manipulation of chronic stress-induced immune suppression.