Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIR - Irene Hajaj.pdf: 523526 bytes, checksum: df942140e95807571d28090c452e84ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-21 / This essay broaches State s educacional responsibility, which connects to every human knowledge fields and therefore is incessantly current and recyclabe in the course of history, and in education and the evolution of Man and citizen themselves. It has the aim to connect constitutional s precepts available in articles 205 to 214 in Magna Letter and its (non-) enforcement by Public Power, concerning to current moment in Brazilian reality, and looking at Education by an outside-viewer perspective. We shall broach education and educational system s genesis as doctrine of human behavior, by doing a brief historical digression starting from Classical Period, through Cristian and Modern Periods, and finally reaching the present days. We intend to emphasize educacional differences between Sparta and Athens, and the relation between State and power in those societies, focusing on State s educational responsibility facing both the surrounding world and its citizens, mainly when carrying out administrative functions inherent to the State system. Constitutional precepts inserted in Federal Constitutional of 1988 be related to education and educational process, precepts of those based on social rights and social State s responsibility. Al last we shall deal with citizenship principles and human person s dignity, focused on its historical context and its drill, prospecting possibilities of the construction of that one citizenship to every individual / O presente estudo tem como objeto a análise da Responsabilidade Educacional do Estado brasileiro, aspecto sempre atual e reciclável no curso da história, e da própria educação e formação do homem e do cidadão. O objetivo do trabalho é o de traçar um paralelo em relação aos preceitos constitucionais elencados nos artigos 205 a 214 da Carta Magna e sua (não) aplicação por parte do Poder Público, naquilo que concerne ao atual momento da realidade brasileira, indo fora da educação para pensar a educação. Abordaremos o surgimento da Educação e do Sistema Educacional como doutrina na conduta humana, fazendo, para tanto, uma breve digressão histórica, que começa no período clássico, passa pelos períodos cristão e moderno e chega aos nossos dias, evidenciando-se, principalmente, as diferenças fundamentais existentes entre estes na área educacional. Será abordado o conceito de comunidade grega, analisando-se as diferenças educacionais existentes entre Esparta e Atenas na sua relação com o ente estatal, enfocando a responsabilidade educacional do Estado perante seus cidadãos, mormente quando no desempenho de suas funções administrativas. Os preceitos constitucionais inseridos na Constituição Federal de 1988 serão relacionados com o direito à educação, enquanto direito fundamental de natureza social, bem como com o processo educacional, porquanto preceitos calcados nos direitos sociais e de responsabilidade do ente estatal Por fim, serão analisados os princípios da cidadania e da dignidade da pessoa humana, enfocados no seu contexto histórico e no seu exercício, prospectando possibilidades para a construção de uma cidadania para todos, através da garantia do Estado aos cidadãos, do acesso ao sistema educacional e do recebimento de ensino e formação de qualidade. Da pesquisa realizada, é possível concluir que a cidadania crítica à qual almejamos, aquela mesma em que os cidadãos, caminhando juntos, possam construir projetos que atendam aos anseios coletivos, numa democracia representativa, que não exclua a ordem da pessoalidade, a tomada de consciência, a cultura política, a ordem ética e os valores morais, só poderá ser alcançada quando o Estado cumprir com o dever de formar o cidadão, da forma como se obriga pela norma constitucional, qual seja, assumindo a responsabilidade educacional a que está imposto

Role of Plea Bargainingin the US The aim of this thesis is to explain to the reader the term Plea Bargaining, to explain the principles of this legal institute and its role in the penal system of the United States of America. The Author does not only describe the Plea Bargaining, but also analyses the institute thoroughly, accenting its positive and negative aspects, considering the point of view of the particular participants of the process. Last but not least, the thesis contains the author's critical evaluation. The institute of Plea Bargaining appears in the common law system from the second half of the nineteenth century, while evincing a quantitative growth in the long term. Currently, it is being used in the absolute majority of penal proceedings, and a change in this trend can in no way be expected in the closest future - therefore, this institute shall be considered as absolutely indispensable for the law of the United States of America. Despite its wide use, its application also gives rise to negative emotions. Relatively often, there are opinions appearing, questioning its legitimacy and legality, for Plea Bargaining is not regulated in the statute law and is not only directly contrary to the Constitution of the United States of America, but also to multiple international treaties on...

Orientador: João Bosco Penna / Banca: Alvaro Rizzoli / Banca: Juliana Presotto Pereira Netto / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o importante papel desempenhado pelo Princípio da Precaução (PP) no cenário atual, ou seja, em um contexto de grandes avanços tecnológicos, notadamente no que se refere às atividades biotecnológicas, o que vem proporcionando à sociedade, ao mesmo tempo, tanto sentimentos de esperança por um futuro promissor quanto incertezas de eventuais riscos à saúde das pessoas e ao meio ambiente. Busca-se, com isso, demonstrar as preocupações éticas em torno do tema que, em razão de sua natureza, por envolver interesses ligados à vida humana e à proteção ao meio ambiente, deram impulso ao desenvolvimento dos Princípios Bioéticos. Assim, discute as interrelações existentes entre esse novo ramo do saber e o tratamento dado às questões ligadas à biotecnologia. E, em razão da relevância em torno destes fatos e as conseqüências que lhe são inerentes, entende-se como inevitáveis as influências no âmbito jurídico, destacando-se a criação de novos institutos jurídicos, que surgem enquadrados no novo ramo do Biodireito. Ressalta-se, assim, a importância do Princípio da Precaução para o melhor e adequado tratamento dos problemas envolvendo biossegurança, seja do ponto de vista bioético, seja do ponto de vista biojurídico, tendo em vista a sua inserção no ordenamento jurídico pátrio, sobretudo diante de previsão expressa trazida pela Lei n.º 11.105/05. Procuramos demonstrar como o seu surgimento se dá juntamente com a evolução do conhecimento que, em razão de seu avanço, cria maiores possibilidades de intervenção do ser humano no meio ambiente e em seu próprio organismo. Destacamos, por fim, os seus mais importantes aspectos no momento de se determinar a responsabilidade em biossegurança tendo em vista as normas atualmente previstas no âmbito da atual Lei de Biossegurança. Assim, através da análise legislativa, doutrinária e jurisprudencial... / Abstract: This essay has as objective an analysis of the significant role of the Precautionary Principle (PP) in the present scene, that's it, the stage of grand technologic leaps, notably in regard to biotech activities, which is providing, at the same time, many feelings of hope for a promising future and uncertainties and occasional health and environmental risks to the society. We seek, with that, to demonstrate the ethical concerns around a subject which, by its own nature, involves connected interests to the human and wildlife conservation that started the development of Bioethics principles. In that way, the existing inter-relations between this new branch of knowledge and its treatment in view of the questioning about biotechnology are discussed. And, given the importance around these facts and its inherent results, its influence to the legal sphere are taken as inevitable, distinguishing the creation of new legal institutes, fitted in the new branch of BioLaw. It stands out the importance of Precautionary Principle to better and adequate deal with biosafety issues, be it from the bioethics, or the BioLaw point of view, because of its national legal arrangement insertion, mainly on account of the expressed due conveyed by Law no. 11.105/05. We evince that its emergence occurs along with the development of knowledge, and because this development, more possibilities of human intervention in the environment and in its own organic structure are created. At last, we take note of the important aspects when determining biosafety responsibilities, in light of the Biosafety Law precepts at present. Thus, with legislative, doctrinal, and jurisprudential analysis, and by means of deductive-intuitive method, through a criticdialectic approach on the topic, we evidence, finally, the means by which an PP adjustment to the national reality will be made, so that it will not hinder involved interests on biotech research, to the extent that its conceptual... / Mestre

L'étude des fondements de la compétence internationale des juridictions repose en général sur la recherche de proximité entre le juge et le litige. En effet, dans une conception traditionnelle, la compétence internationale est une question de limitation spatiale de la fonction juridictionnelle de l'Etat, limitation qui doit se faire de manière neutre et en fonction de la localisation territoriale des éléments du litige. Or, ce programme d'organisation de la compétence internationale va au-devant de graves difficultés en raison de la dématérialisation croissante des activités humaines et de la massification des relations privées transfrontières. Plus fondamentalement, la conception proximiste fait peu de cas de l'idée que la compétence internationale constitue avant tout une organisation par l'Etat de sa mission de justice dans les litiges internationaux. Cette organisation devrait refléter les considérations de justice ayant cours dans ledit Etat, considérations qui peuvent être observées à deux niveaux ; celui de la justice procédurale et celui de la justice matérielle. Ces deux niveaux d'analyse constituent les considérations substantielles dont nous nous proposons d'étudier, autour de la matière délictuelle, l'influence sur l'organisation de la compétence internationale. Ainsi, la présente recherche entreprend, d'abord, de souligner les faiblesses de l 'approche proximiste de la compétence internationale, dont ni les justifications, ni les résultats ne résistent à l'examen. Une fois ce travail de déconstruction effectué, elle envisage, ensuite, une reconstruction des fondements de la compétence internationale à partir de considérations substantielles. / It is a common place idea that the rules of international jurisdiction are based on the geographical localization of the dispute, also known as the principle of proximity. If one thinks, as is the case traditionally, of international jurisdiction as being a question of territorial limitation of a State's adjudicatory authority, it makes sense to rely on the localization of the dispute to organize it in a neutral way. Yet, this program is faced with dire difficulties, namely the growing virtualization of entire swathes of human activities and the rise in cross border private relations. More fundamentally, the vision of international jurisdiction as being based on the principle of proximity pays little heed to the notion that international jurisdiction is but an organization by the State of its duty to render justice, be it with regards to cross border private relations. In this perspective, the rules of international jurisdiction should reflect the values and principles of justice that are held by the State, and more generally within the society. These values may be apprehended at two levels: at the level of procedural justice and at the level of substantial justice. These two levels can be merged into a broader category, that of policy considerations and it is the goal of this work to study the influence of these policy considerations on the rules of international jurisdiction with regards to cross border tort cases. This research first underlines the shortcomings of the localizing approach to international jurisdiction. It then moves to envisage an organization of the State's adjudicatory authority in cross border private relations that would be based on policy considerations.

L'une des critiques fondamentales adressées au mécanisme de contrôle et de surveillance de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme en matière électorale tient au risque qu'il portera atteinte à la souveraineté de l'État. En effet, certains auteurs estiment que l'autonomie constitutionnelle de l'État dans le domaine électoral, jusqu'à tout récemment strictement protégée, s'affaiblit sous l'influence de la protection des droits de l'homme dans le système européen. Le présent mémoire a pour but de déterminer les conditions imposées aux autorités étatiques par la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme en vue d'assurer l'exercice efficace du droit à des élections libres. Ensuite, il analysera les effets de ces conditions sur la souveraineté des États parties à la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme. Notre étude s'intéresse, dans un premier temps, à l'examen du principe de la souveraineté de l'État et de son évolution progressive sous l'influence des droits de l'homme. Dans un deuxième temps, elle présentera le droit à des élections libres et ses manifestations théoriques et jurisprudentielles. L'étude des affaires tranchées par la Cour européenne permettra de remarquer que la déférence qui est accordée à la souveraineté des États s'accompagne d'une certaine limitation de la marge d'appréciation des autorités étatiques en cas de privation de l'exercice efficace du droit à des élections libres. Ensuite, les acquis théoriques et conceptuels seront appliqués à l'étude des restrictions électorales relevant des mesures législatives, administratives et judiciaires des États ainsi que des conditions imposées par la Cour européenne. À cet égard, l'analyse de ces conditions nous permettra de saisir l'étendue de la limitation de la liberté d'action des États en matière électorale. Cette recension analytique nous permettra de conclure que le mécanisme de contrôle de la Cour européenne entraîne de multiples effets limitatifs sur la souveraineté des États. / One of the fundamental criticisms levelled at the ECtHR review mechanism relates to the fact that it is jeopardizing State's sovereignty. According to some commentators the State's constitutional autonomy, untill recently strictly preserved under international law, is now questioned as a result of the international protection of human rights. This study aims to identify the link between the principle of State sovereignty, the guarantee of the electoral rights, and the role of the ECtHR. Our study will be divided into three chapters. Chapter l, "Progressive evolution of the principle of State sovereignty and the European mechanism for the protection of fundamental human rights", discusses the principle of State sovereignty and its interpretations in contemporary international law. The chapter traces the evolution of the principle and links it with the progressive development of fundamental human rights. Chapter II, "The interaction between the State's margin of appreciation and the European supervisory mechanism", considers what role the positive obligations of States may have played in the crystallization of States' attitudes towards the application of international human rights instruments. After a brief discussion of the doctrine of the margin of appreciation and States' obligations under the European Convention, the chapter focuses on the ECtHR's control and supervision of the States' electoral restrictions. Chapter III, "Electoral restrictions and the scope of limits imposed on the State sovereignty", is central to our study. This chapter examines the ECtHR case-Iaw on electoral rights (1987-2008) and draws attention to some electoral restrictions in legislative, administrative and judicial matters. This study looks at the challenges which surround the application of the right to free elections, focusing on electoral rights in national political discourse, and the development of the ECtHR's enhanced role in protecting electoral rights in Europe. It draws conclusions as to the relationships between the development of an effective protection of electoral rights and the resultant limitations to the State sovereignty.

Partindo do estudo da paisagem da Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista no litoral do Estado de São Paulo, demonstra-se que, a partir da década de 1970, o estabelecimento de um arcabouço jurídico-institucional de proteção ambiental - em âmbito federal no Brasil e estadual em São Paulo - efetivamente restringiu a histórica liberdade de escolha das localizações para o estabelecimento de atividades do interesse dos grupos econômicos dominantes, particularmente em processos de expansão urbana por sobre a Mata Atlântica no litoral do Estado de São Paulo. O conceito adotado pelos instrumentos de proteção ambiental, por desconsiderar ou entender equivocadamente o modo de vida das populações tradicionais e indígenas, resultou em conflitos que ameaçam a viabilidade do modo de vida destas populações - aqui entendidas como parte fundamental da estratégia de manutenção e fortalecimento da etnobiodiversidade do bioma de Mata Atlântica na paisagem do litoral brasileiro, particularmente na Baixada Santista. Apontam-se evidências, notadamente a partir da década de 2010, de tentativas e preparações de instrumentos jurídicos e planos de desenvolvimento federais e estaduais no sentido de reverter importantes conquistas da legislação ambiental brasileira. Os resultados confirmam que, caso estas mudanças sejam perpetradas, resultarão em irreparáveis perdas para as diversidades biológica, étnica e cultural brasileiras. Conclui-se este trabalho com proposições acerca de pontos a aperfeiçoar, relacionando aqueles que, sob quaisquer circunstâncias, devem ser conservados nos dispositivos de proteção ambiental brasileiros a fim de que sejam possíveis a manutenção e o fortalecimento da etnobiodiversidade na paisagem da Baixada Santista em particular e, de modo geral, nas interfaces urbano-florestais brasileiras. / Based on the study of the landscape of the Metropolitan Region of Baixada Santista, at São Paulo State\'s coast, it has been demonstrated that the establishment of both a federal and state level (in the case of São Paulo) legal framework for environmental protection in Brazil, starting in the 1970s, effectively restricted the dominant economic groups\' hitherto freedom for acting and settling anywhere on the land - particularly in urban sprawl processes over the Atlantic Forest along São Paulo state\'s coast. However, the concepts behind environmental protection\'s instruments and policies disregard - or misunderstand - the way of life of traditional and indigenous populations, leading to conflicts that threatens the viability of said way of life, which is understood in this work as a fundamental part of the strategies for maintaining and strengthening the Atlantic Forest biome\'s ethnobiodiversity in Brazilian coastal landscape in general, and particularly that of the Baixada Santista. The work also brings evidences of attempts and preparations in legal instruments and development plans at the federal and state levels to revoke important achievements of Brazilian environmental legislation, notably from the decade of 2010 on. Results confirm that, unless this tendency is reverted, it will result in irreparable losses for Brazilian biological, ethnic and cultural diversity. Improvements are recommended - specially for the Brazilian environmental protection legal framework - as well as subjects to be mantained under any circumstance, in order to preserve and strengthen the ethnobiodiversity of the Baixada Santista in particular, and of the Brazilian urban forests\' interfaces in general. Keywords: Brazilian environmental protection legal framework. São Paulo State\'s coast landscape. Metropolitan Region. Baixada Santista. Atlantic Forest.

Partindo do estudo da paisagem da Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista no litoral do Estado de São Paulo, demonstra-se que, a partir da década de 1970, o estabelecimento de um arcabouço jurídico-institucional de proteção ambiental - em âmbito federal no Brasil e estadual em São Paulo - efetivamente restringiu a histórica liberdade de escolha das localizações para o estabelecimento de atividades do interesse dos grupos econômicos dominantes, particularmente em processos de expansão urbana por sobre a Mata Atlântica no litoral do Estado de São Paulo. O conceito adotado pelos instrumentos de proteção ambiental, por desconsiderar ou entender equivocadamente o modo de vida das populações tradicionais e indígenas, resultou em conflitos que ameaçam a viabilidade do modo de vida destas populações - aqui entendidas como parte fundamental da estratégia de manutenção e fortalecimento da etnobiodiversidade do bioma de Mata Atlântica na paisagem do litoral brasileiro, particularmente na Baixada Santista. Apontam-se evidências, notadamente a partir da década de 2010, de tentativas e preparações de instrumentos jurídicos e planos de desenvolvimento federais e estaduais no sentido de reverter importantes conquistas da legislação ambiental brasileira. Os resultados confirmam que, caso estas mudanças sejam perpetradas, resultarão em irreparáveis perdas para as diversidades biológica, étnica e cultural brasileiras. Conclui-se este trabalho com proposições acerca de pontos a aperfeiçoar, relacionando aqueles que, sob quaisquer circunstâncias, devem ser conservados nos dispositivos de proteção ambiental brasileiros a fim de que sejam possíveis a manutenção e o fortalecimento da etnobiodiversidade na paisagem da Baixada Santista em particular e, de modo geral, nas interfaces urbano-florestais brasileiras. / Based on the study of the landscape of the Metropolitan Region of Baixada Santista, at São Paulo State\'s coast, it has been demonstrated that the establishment of both a federal and state level (in the case of São Paulo) legal framework for environmental protection in Brazil, starting in the 1970s, effectively restricted the dominant economic groups\' hitherto freedom for acting and settling anywhere on the land - particularly in urban sprawl processes over the Atlantic Forest along São Paulo state\'s coast. However, the concepts behind environmental protection\'s instruments and policies disregard - or misunderstand - the way of life of traditional and indigenous populations, leading to conflicts that threatens the viability of said way of life, which is understood in this work as a fundamental part of the strategies for maintaining and strengthening the Atlantic Forest biome\'s ethnobiodiversity in Brazilian coastal landscape in general, and particularly that of the Baixada Santista. The work also brings evidences of attempts and preparations in legal instruments and development plans at the federal and state levels to revoke important achievements of Brazilian environmental legislation, notably from the decade of 2010 on. Results confirm that, unless this tendency is reverted, it will result in irreparable losses for Brazilian biological, ethnic and cultural diversity. Improvements are recommended - specially for the Brazilian environmental protection legal framework - as well as subjects to be mantained under any circumstance, in order to preserve and strengthen the ethnobiodiversity of the Baixada Santista in particular, and of the Brazilian urban forests\' interfaces in general. Keywords: Brazilian environmental protection legal framework. São Paulo State\'s coast landscape. Metropolitan Region. Baixada Santista. Atlantic Forest.

L'une des critiques fondamentales adressées au mécanisme de contrôle et de surveillance de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme en matière électorale tient au risque qu'il portera atteinte à la souveraineté de l'État. En effet, certains auteurs estiment que l'autonomie constitutionnelle de l'État dans le domaine électoral, jusqu'à tout récemment strictement protégée, s'affaiblit sous l'influence de la protection des droits de l'homme dans le système européen. Le présent mémoire a pour but de déterminer les conditions imposées aux autorités étatiques par la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme en vue d'assurer l'exercice efficace du droit à des élections libres. Ensuite, il analysera les effets de ces conditions sur la souveraineté des États parties à la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme. Notre étude s'intéresse, dans un premier temps, à l'examen du principe de la souveraineté de l'État et de son évolution progressive sous l'influence des droits de l'homme. Dans un deuxième temps, elle présentera le droit à des élections libres et ses manifestations théoriques et jurisprudentielles. L'étude des affaires tranchées par la Cour européenne permettra de remarquer que la déférence qui est accordée à la souveraineté des États s'accompagne d'une certaine limitation de la marge d'appréciation des autorités étatiques en cas de privation de l'exercice efficace du droit à des élections libres. Ensuite, les acquis théoriques et conceptuels seront appliqués à l'étude des restrictions électorales relevant des mesures législatives, administratives et judiciaires des États ainsi que des conditions imposées par la Cour européenne. À cet égard, l'analyse de ces conditions nous permettra de saisir l'étendue de la limitation de la liberté d'action des États en matière électorale. Cette recension analytique nous permettra de conclure que le mécanisme de contrôle de la Cour européenne entraîne de multiples effets limitatifs sur la souveraineté des États. / One of the fundamental criticisms levelled at the ECtHR review mechanism relates to the fact that it is jeopardizing State's sovereignty. According to some commentators the State's constitutional autonomy, untill recently strictly preserved under international law, is now questioned as a result of the international protection of human rights. This study aims to identify the link between the principle of State sovereignty, the guarantee of the electoral rights, and the role of the ECtHR. Our study will be divided into three chapters. Chapter l, "Progressive evolution of the principle of State sovereignty and the European mechanism for the protection of fundamental human rights", discusses the principle of State sovereignty and its interpretations in contemporary international law. The chapter traces the evolution of the principle and links it with the progressive development of fundamental human rights. Chapter II, "The interaction between the State's margin of appreciation and the European supervisory mechanism", considers what role the positive obligations of States may have played in the crystallization of States' attitudes towards the application of international human rights instruments. After a brief discussion of the doctrine of the margin of appreciation and States' obligations under the European Convention, the chapter focuses on the ECtHR's control and supervision of the States' electoral restrictions. Chapter III, "Electoral restrictions and the scope of limits imposed on the State sovereignty", is central to our study. This chapter examines the ECtHR case-Iaw on electoral rights (1987-2008) and draws attention to some electoral restrictions in legislative, administrative and judicial matters. This study looks at the challenges which surround the application of the right to free elections, focusing on electoral rights in national political discourse, and the development of the ECtHR's enhanced role in protecting electoral rights in Europe. It draws conclusions as to the relationships between the development of an effective protection of electoral rights and the resultant limitations to the State sovereignty.

Peut-on contraindre un État à sauver l'environnement? Si les récents jugements rendus en droit interne semblent vouloir répondre à cette question par l'affirmative, cela n'est pas évident en droit international. Érigée autour de ce plafond de verre hérité du traité de Westhphalie, la sphère juridique internationaliste se voit confrontée aux limites qu'elle s'est elle-même imposée : l'impossibilité de contraindre un État à agir contre sa volonté. Dans le but de brider les actions de ces entités supranationalement toutes puissantes dans leur propre domaine de compétence, maintes conventions environnementales ont été conclues. Au sein d'un processus de fabrication normatif contrôlé par le sujet et l'auteur de la disposition à venir, les organisations internationales se rendent compte de leur impuissance devant la difficulté de convenir d'une surveillance intrusive et de sanctions rigides, en somme d'un mécanisme de contrôle des obligations efficace. La surpuissance de l'État n'est pas pour autant synonyme d'invincibilité sur la scène internationale, en ce que divers moyens ne cessent d'apparaître dans l'optique de mener à une gouvernance environnementale mondiale désirée depuis des décennies. / Can we compel a State to save the environment? Whereas recents judgements made in domestic law seems to want to answer to this question in an affirmative way, it is not as clear in international law. Erected around the Westhpalian-inherited glass ceilling, the international legal sphere is confronted to limits that were self-imposed : the impossibilty to constrain a State to act against its will. In an attempt to restrain the acts of those supranational all-mighty entities in their competencies, many environnemental agreements were made. Inside a process of manufacturing new norms that is controled by the subject and the author of the future provision, the international organizations are aware of the fact that they are powerless. Especially regarding the difficulty to strike a intrusive surveillance or rigid sanctions, in sum anything that is included in an effective compliance mechanism. The State's supreme power is not tied with an invincibility on the international scene, as diverses means to lead to global environnemental governance are starting to emerge.

La société internationale promeut l’État de droit notamment depuis le début des années 1990, en particulier en Haïti. En quête d’une démocratie introuvable et ravagé par des crises politiques et humanitaires, cet État fait constater les difficultés de l’action internationale. Interdisciplinaire, la thèse, centrée sur l’accès à la justice, examine comment et dans quelles mesures les normes utilisées pour la promotion de l’État de droit peuvent constituer une obligation juridique de l’État et un moyen de changement. Invoquant le droit international protégeant la personne, États, organisations internationales et acteurs non étatiques brandissent l’État de droit dans des circonstances variées, concourant à son élasticité au coeur d’une institutionnalisation évolutive aux niveaux national et international. Le cas haïtien montre que le droit international contribue à une structuration et une consolidation de l’État de droit par la recherche d’un meilleur encadrement de l’État dont les compétences sont limitées par un droit interne conforme au droit international et des institutions solides, protégeant les droits et libertés dont le respect est surveillé par divers mécanismes et institutions. Néanmoins, articulation entre droit interne et droit international, État de droit et immunités, souveraineté, relations entre État et membres permanents du Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU, faiblesses structurelles entravant une culture favorable à la primauté du droit, ce sont autant de limites à l’accès effectif à la justice. Il apparaît donc nécessaire de réorienter les actions menées par des réformes transversales pour de meilleures pratiques au sein de l’État valorisant la personne. / Since the beginning of the 90’s, international community bosltered the Rule of Law, particularly in Haiti. Looking in vain to establish a democracy and devastated by humanitarian and political crises, this State emphasizes the difficulties of acting at the international level. This interdisciplinary thesis focuses on access to justice as a guarantee of rights and freedoms. It examines how and to what extent the norms used to promote the Rule of Law can be considered as States’ legal duties and as a mean of change. Appealing to international human rights law, States, international organizations and non-state actors use different legal sources of the Rule of Law in various circumstances and contribute to its elasticity in the context of progressive institutionalization at the national and international levels. The Haitian example shows that by being internationalized, the Rule of Law becomes structured and consolidated through improved State guidance, the exercise of its competences being part of a national law that respects international law, and because of strong institutions protecting rights and freedoms of which the respect is monitored by various mechanisms and institutions. Nonetheless, the relationships between national and international law, the Rule of Law and immunities, sovereignty, relations between State and permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, as well as structural weaknesses impeding the development of a culture favorable to the Rule of Law restrain individuals’ effective access to justice. Therefore, it seems necessary to reorient actions through transversal reforms that should result in better practices of valuing human beings.