Um novo modelo para a especificação de hiperdocumentos denominado HMBS - Hyperdocument Model Based on Statecharts - é proposto. O HMBS adota como modelo formal subjacente a técnica Statecharts, cuja estrutura e semântica operacional são utilizadas para especificar a estrutura organizacional e a semântica de navegação de hiperdocumentos grandes e complexos. A definição do HMBS, bem como a semântica de navegação adotada, são apresentadas. Na definição apresenta-se como o modelo permite separar as informações referentes a estrutura organizacional e navegacional das representações físicas do hiperdocumento. Também são discutidas características do modelo que possibilitam ao autor analisar a estrutura do hiperdocumento, encorajando a especificação de hiperdocumentos estruturados. Para provar e validar a viabilidade prática do uso do HMBS num contexto real foi desenvolvido um ambiente de autoria e navegação de hiperdocumentos denominado HySCharts - Hyperdocumenf System based on Statecharts. Esse ambiente fornece facilidades de prototipação rápida e simulação interativa de hiperdocumentos. Para ilustrar como o modelo HMBS e o HySCharts podem ser utilizados no contexto de uma abordagem de projeto sistemática é utilizada como estudo de caso a especificação de um hiperdocumento que apresenta o Parque Ecológico de São Carlos / A new model for hyperdocument specification called HMBS - Hyperdocument Model Based on Statecharts - is proposed. HMBS uses the Statechart formalism as its underlying model. Statecharts structure and operational semantics are used to specify the organizational structure and the browsing semantics of large and complex hyperdocuments. The definition of HMBS is presented and its browsing semantics is described. It is shown how the model allows the separation of information related to the organizational and navigational structure from the hyperdocument\'s physical representation. Model features that allow authors to analyze the hyperdocument structure, encouraging the specification of structured hyperdocuments are also discussed. As a proof of concept and also to evaluate the feasibility of using HMBS in real-life applications a system called HySCharts - Hyperdocument System based on StateCharts - was developed. HySCharts is composed by an authoring and a browsing environments, supporting rapid prototyping and interactive simulation of hyperdocuments. A case study is presented that uses the specification of a hyperdocument introducing the Ecological Park of São Carlos to illustrate the use of HMBS and of the HySCharts environment integrated into a systematic design approach

Um novo modelo para a especificação de hiperdocumentos denominado HMBS - Hyperdocument Model Based on Statecharts - é proposto. O HMBS adota como modelo formal subjacente a técnica Statecharts, cuja estrutura e semântica operacional são utilizadas para especificar a estrutura organizacional e a semântica de navegação de hiperdocumentos grandes e complexos. A definição do HMBS, bem como a semântica de navegação adotada, são apresentadas. Na definição apresenta-se como o modelo permite separar as informações referentes a estrutura organizacional e navegacional das representações físicas do hiperdocumento. Também são discutidas características do modelo que possibilitam ao autor analisar a estrutura do hiperdocumento, encorajando a especificação de hiperdocumentos estruturados. Para provar e validar a viabilidade prática do uso do HMBS num contexto real foi desenvolvido um ambiente de autoria e navegação de hiperdocumentos denominado HySCharts - Hyperdocumenf System based on Statecharts. Esse ambiente fornece facilidades de prototipação rápida e simulação interativa de hiperdocumentos. Para ilustrar como o modelo HMBS e o HySCharts podem ser utilizados no contexto de uma abordagem de projeto sistemática é utilizada como estudo de caso a especificação de um hiperdocumento que apresenta o Parque Ecológico de São Carlos / A new model for hyperdocument specification called HMBS - Hyperdocument Model Based on Statecharts - is proposed. HMBS uses the Statechart formalism as its underlying model. Statecharts structure and operational semantics are used to specify the organizational structure and the browsing semantics of large and complex hyperdocuments. The definition of HMBS is presented and its browsing semantics is described. It is shown how the model allows the separation of information related to the organizational and navigational structure from the hyperdocument\'s physical representation. Model features that allow authors to analyze the hyperdocument structure, encouraging the specification of structured hyperdocuments are also discussed. As a proof of concept and also to evaluate the feasibility of using HMBS in real-life applications a system called HySCharts - Hyperdocument System based on StateCharts - was developed. HySCharts is composed by an authoring and a browsing environments, supporting rapid prototyping and interactive simulation of hyperdocuments. A case study is presented that uses the specification of a hyperdocument introducing the Ecological Park of São Carlos to illustrate the use of HMBS and of the HySCharts environment integrated into a systematic design approach

Afin de gérer la complexité des systèmes embarqués modernes, les langages de modélisation proposent des abstractions et des transformations adaptées au domaine. Basées sur le formalisme de machines à états hiérarchiques, connu sous le nom de Statecharts, ils permettent la modélisation du contrôle parallèle hiérarchique. Cependant, ils doivent faire à deux défis majeures quant il s'agit de la modélisation des applications à calcul intensif: le besoin des méthodes unifiées supportant des actions avec parallélisme de donnée; flots d'optimisation et génération de code à partir des modèles trop généralistes. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un langage de modélisation étendu avec une sémantique d'actions parallèles et machines à états hiérarchiques indexées, spécialement adapté pour les applications à calcul intensif. Avec sa sémantique formelle, nous présentons un flot de compilation optimisante pour le raffinement des modèles en vue d'une génération du code efficace avec parallèlisme de donnée. / Modeling languages propose convenient abstractions and transformations to handle the complexity of today's embedded systems. Based on the formalism of \acrlong{hsm}, they enable the expression of hierarchical control parallelism. However, they face two importants challenges when it comes to model data-intensive applications: no unified approach that also accounts for data-parallel actions; and no effective code optimization and generation flows. In this thesis, we propose a modeling language extended with parallel action semantics and hierarchical indexed-state machines suitable for computationally intensive applications. Together with its formal semantics, we present an optimizing model compiler aiming for the generation of efficient data-parallel implementations.

This thesis presents an automated software design synthesis framework known as Project Calliope. This framework aligns with Harel's automated software development process as it addresses the aspect of automating design and implementation. Project Calliope is based on a Statecharts synthesis approach in the literature. The main goal of Project Calliope is to automatically generate testable Unified Modeling Language (UML) Statecharts that are deterministic, visually manageable and UML compliant. In order to minimise design errors in the generated UML Statecharts, Project Calliope supports model checking through Statecharts execution. In addition, executable code is automatically generated based on the synthesised UML Statecharts. This framework seeks to provide a pragmatic design framework that can be readily incorporated into software development methodologies that leverage UML. In this thesis, Project Calliope is applied to three simple applications from Whittle and Schumann's examples and a case study based on a commercial application. They are automatic teller machine, coffee dispenser, an agent application, and a groupware application respectively.

Les Systèmes de Systèmes (SdSs) sont des grands systèmes dont les composants sont eux-mêmes des systèmes qui interagissent en vue de la réalisation de certaines fonctions, et pour lesquels le dysfonctionnement d'un seul système peut avoir des conséquences graves sur le fonctionnement du SdS entier. Il est donc important que la conception de ces SdSs tienne compte des exigences de Sûreté de Fonctionnement (SdF) et notamment de leur fiabilité et leur disponibilité quand ils sont sollicités. Par ailleurs, il est nécessaire qu'elle s'assure, par le biais d'analyses quantitatives, du respect de ces exigences. L'incertitude est également une partie importante de la thèse, parce qu'il y a toujours des différences entre un système et sa représentation par un modèle. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une méthodologie de conception sûre des SdSs. Il s'agit dans un premier temps de proposer un modèle dysfonctionnel du SdS global intégrant les aspects matériels, les aspects réseaux ainsi que le facteur humain. Dans un second temps, il s'agit d'évaluer des exigences de SdF. Dans un troisième temps, il s'agit de prendre en compte de différents types d'incertitudes dans les modèles. Concernant la partie applicative, le sujet s'articulerait autour de la conception sûre d'un système ferroviaire. La contribution principale de cette thèse réside dans trois aspects. Premièrement, on propose une méthodologie générale pour modéliser des SdSs. Deuxièmement, on considère l'ERTMS Niveau 2 comme un SdS et évalue ses exigences de SdF en tenant compte de l'indisponibilité du SdS comme une propriété émergente. Troisièmement, on modélise quantitativement différents types d'incertitudes dans les modèles proposés en utilisant les théories probabilistes et non probabilistes. / Systems of Systems (SoS) are large systems whose components are themselves systems which interact to realize a common goal, and for which the malfunction of a single system can have some serious consequences on the performance of the whole SoS. So it’s important that the design of these SoSs takes into account the dependability requirements of safety standard. In this thesis, our interests concern the modeling of SoS and the reliability analysis of SoS under uncertainty which is due to the lack of knowledge related to failure data and model. Therefore, two modeling methods which deal with different issues are applied to model SoSs and the corresponding quantitative reliability analysis is proposed. The objective of this thesis is to propose graphical models for dependability assessment and risk analysis of SoSs under uncertainty. Firstly, it will propose a dysfunctional model of the ERTMS which is considered as an SoS. The model will integrate the hardware aspect, the network aspect and the human factors. Then, it will evaluate some dependability attributes of the whole SoS. Later, it will take different kinds of uncertainties into account quantitatively. The proposed methodology is applied on the ERTMS Level 2. The main contribution of this thesis lies in three aspects. First, we propose a methodology to model and evaluate SoSs. Second, we consider ERTMS Level 2 as an SoS and seek to evaluate its dependability parameters by considering the unavailability of the whole SoS as an emergent property. Third, we model quantitatively different kinds of uncertainties in the proposed models.

Atualmente há uma demanda crescente por aplicações hipermídia baseadas na WWW (World Wide Web), conhecidas como WIS (Web Information Systems). Esse novo tipo de aplicação apresenta requisitos adicionais aos sistemas de software clássicos, o que resulta na necessidade de investigar modelos mais adequados para apoiar o seu desenvolvimento. Em especial, os sistemas para apoio ao EaD (Ensino a Distância) baseados na Web apresentam características e requisitos ainda mais específicos. Os modelos atuais para modelagem e especificação de hiperdocumentos não são completamente adequados para representar características deste domínio, como a necessidade de acompanhamento dos aprendizes e a realização de avaliações diagnósticas e formativas. Isso motivou a proposta de um modelo para apoiar WISs voltados especificamente para EaD, denominado MDE (Modelo para Documentos Educacionais), que estende o modelo HMBS (Hyperdocument Model Based on Statecharts) para a descrição de conteúdo nesse domínio. O MDE adota como modelo formal subjacente uma variante da técnica Statecharts, cuja estrutura e semântica operacional possibilitam especificar a estrutura organizacional e a semântica navegacional de hiperdocumentos complexos. Adicionalmente, foi integrada ao MDE a técnica de mapeamento conceitual, que acrescenta um significado educacional aos grafos hierárquicos. Dessa forma, o modelo apresenta como pontos fortes a possibilidade de captar várias informações relevantes do comportamento do usuário no estudo do material disponível on-line e a disponibilização desses dados ao instrutor, como importante apoio à avaliação formativa. Como prova de conceito, foi desenvolvido o protótipo de um ambiente para autoria e oferecimento de cursos denominado ATEnA (Ambiente para Treinamento, Ensino e Aprendizagem). Esta tese apresenta também avaliações conceituais e práticas do modelo e do protótipo desenvolvidos. / There is an increasing demand for hypermedia applications based on the WWW (World Wide Web), known as Web Information Systems (WIS). These applications present specific requirements in addition to those of traditional software systems, thus fostering the need for investigating suitable models to support their development. In particular, systems for Distance Education based on the Web present very specific characteristics and requirements. Current models for hyperdocument modeling and specification are not completely suitable for representing domain specific characteristics such as the need of tracking student progress and evaluating their learning process through diagnostic and formative assessments. This scenario motivated the proposal of a model to support WISs targeted at distance education, called MDE (Model for Distance Education). MDE extends the HMBS (Hyperdocument Model Based on Statecharts) hyperdocument model to describe hypertext content in the educational domain. It adopts as its underlying model a variant of the Statecharts formal specification technique, whose organizational structure and operational semantics allows defining the organizational structure and navigational semantics of complex hyperdocuments. MDE also incorporates the technique of conceptual mapping, that adds educational meaning to hierarchical graphs. MDE’s major strengths are thus the ability to capture relevant information about user behavior when studying on-line educational material and make such information available to the teacher / instructor in order to support formative assessment of students. As a proof of concept, the prototype of an environment for authoring and offering distance courses based on MDE has been developed, called ATEnA (Adaptive Training Environment with Support for Assessment). The results of practical and conceptual evaluations of the model and system developed are also presented in this thesis.

Atualmente há uma demanda crescente por aplicações hipermídia baseadas na WWW (World Wide Web), conhecidas como WIS (Web Information Systems). Esse novo tipo de aplicação apresenta requisitos adicionais aos sistemas de software clássicos, o que resulta na necessidade de investigar modelos mais adequados para apoiar o seu desenvolvimento. Em especial, os sistemas para apoio ao EaD (Ensino a Distância) baseados na Web apresentam características e requisitos ainda mais específicos. Os modelos atuais para modelagem e especificação de hiperdocumentos não são completamente adequados para representar características deste domínio, como a necessidade de acompanhamento dos aprendizes e a realização de avaliações diagnósticas e formativas. Isso motivou a proposta de um modelo para apoiar WISs voltados especificamente para EaD, denominado MDE (Modelo para Documentos Educacionais), que estende o modelo HMBS (Hyperdocument Model Based on Statecharts) para a descrição de conteúdo nesse domínio. O MDE adota como modelo formal subjacente uma variante da técnica Statecharts, cuja estrutura e semântica operacional possibilitam especificar a estrutura organizacional e a semântica navegacional de hiperdocumentos complexos. Adicionalmente, foi integrada ao MDE a técnica de mapeamento conceitual, que acrescenta um significado educacional aos grafos hierárquicos. Dessa forma, o modelo apresenta como pontos fortes a possibilidade de captar várias informações relevantes do comportamento do usuário no estudo do material disponível on-line e a disponibilização desses dados ao instrutor, como importante apoio à avaliação formativa. Como prova de conceito, foi desenvolvido o protótipo de um ambiente para autoria e oferecimento de cursos denominado ATEnA (Ambiente para Treinamento, Ensino e Aprendizagem). Esta tese apresenta também avaliações conceituais e práticas do modelo e do protótipo desenvolvidos. / There is an increasing demand for hypermedia applications based on the WWW (World Wide Web), known as Web Information Systems (WIS). These applications present specific requirements in addition to those of traditional software systems, thus fostering the need for investigating suitable models to support their development. In particular, systems for Distance Education based on the Web present very specific characteristics and requirements. Current models for hyperdocument modeling and specification are not completely suitable for representing domain specific characteristics such as the need of tracking student progress and evaluating their learning process through diagnostic and formative assessments. This scenario motivated the proposal of a model to support WISs targeted at distance education, called MDE (Model for Distance Education). MDE extends the HMBS (Hyperdocument Model Based on Statecharts) hyperdocument model to describe hypertext content in the educational domain. It adopts as its underlying model a variant of the Statecharts formal specification technique, whose organizational structure and operational semantics allows defining the organizational structure and navigational semantics of complex hyperdocuments. MDE also incorporates the technique of conceptual mapping, that adds educational meaning to hierarchical graphs. MDE’s major strengths are thus the ability to capture relevant information about user behavior when studying on-line educational material and make such information available to the teacher / instructor in order to support formative assessment of students. As a proof of concept, the prototype of an environment for authoring and offering distance courses based on MDE has been developed, called ATEnA (Adaptive Training Environment with Support for Assessment). The results of practical and conceptual evaluations of the model and system developed are also presented in this thesis.