The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a permanent court created by the Rome Statute to prosecute persons for the most grievous crimes of human rights: war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity. Based on the very idea that the protection of a set of universal human rights is the responsibility of the international community as a whole, the ICC today, however, finds itself uncertain about its future. Most notably, a number of non-signatory states, including traditionally major players in international politics such as the United States, China, and India, have been adamant against joining the Court because of their perception of potential indictment. When the leaders of these states seek to predict the possibility of an indictment, they have reason to believe that the current criteria for indictment used by the ICC judges are likely to lead to a situation in which national judicial independence and personal security of high-profile officials and other state actors including soldiers are unreasonably challenged. This thesis argues that, while some criteria used by the ICC judges can be inferred from previous judgements, these criteria do not constitute the sum total of the criteria for decision-making in the ICC and thus do not form an essential incentive for major outliers to join the Court. This thesis offers three solutions, focusing on the refinement of the Rome Statute, structural changes to the Court, and the elimination of the crime of aggression from the Statute.

This research aims to analyze the relationship between non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC). To understand the making of the ICC and the role of NGOs in its making is the intention behind this research project. It is for this reason that this thesis begins with a detailed examination of the emerging roles of NGOs in international relations. Subsequently, the background of ICC’s making is mentioned. It is divided into two parts, including participation of states and participation of NGOs. Regarding participation of NGOs in the making of the ICC, NGO Coalition for the ICC (CICC) plays a crucial role in this campaign. In summary, the lessons learned from CICC can be concluded as follows: - setting and controlling the international political agenda - gathering and analyzing information quickly - using the media as a means of dissemination - increasing communications with States - coordinating information and strategy - reducing coalition-building costs - monitoring and implementing international law The creation of the ICC can be seen as a multilateral mechanism for concerted international human security efforts. If we can apply the lessons that CICC have learned, then many more successful campaigns will be expected soon.

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Santraukoje pateikiama darbo tema bei pagrindinės, darbe vartojamos sąvokos. Aprašyta, ką autorius nagrinėja darbe, kokių tarnybų pareigūnų socialines garantijas lygina, kokių nuostatų laikomasi rašant darbą. Pateikiama socialinių garantijų esmė bei jų taikymo problemos ir pasekmės. Socialinės garantijos bendrąja prasmė – tai priemonių sistema, kuri padeda piliečiams užtikrinti jų teises ir laisves. Subjektų įvairovė leidžia nagrinėti socialines garantijas įvairias aspektais. Darbe nagrinėjamos bei lyginamos muitinės ir krašto apsaugos sistemos pareigūnams teikiamų socialinių garantijų ryšys ir teisinė bazė. Nagrinėjama socialinių garantijų įtaka pareigūnų asmeniniam gyvenimui bei gerovei. Darbe laikomasi nuostatos, kad muitinės pareigūnų socialinių garantijų teisinė bazė nėra tinkamai reglamentuota ir pritaikyta prie besikeičiančių valstybės ekonomikos rodiklių. Dėl to sumažėjo muitinės pareigūnų tarnybos Lietuvos muitinėje motyvacija. Išnagrinėtų teisinių bazių bei atlikto sociologinio tyrimo (skirto muitinės bei krašto apsaugos sistemos pareigūnų požiūriui į socialinių garantijų taikymą) pagrindu, daroma išvada, kad muitinės pareigūnams suteikiamos nepakankamos socialinės garantijos. / The thesis and the main definitions are laid in the summary. It is described, what questions the author researches in the thesis, what kinds of the social guarantees of the service officers are compared, what the author’s attitude is. The purport of the social guarantees, their problems and the result of their practice are laid. The general purport of the social guarantees – it is the system of means that helps citizens to vouchsafe their rights and liberty. Variety of the individuals allows researching the social guarantees in different dimensions. In the thesis the types and the juristic base of the social guarantees of the customs and military officers are compared. The influence of the social guarantees upon officers’ private life and welfare is also researched. It is observed that the social guarantees and their juristic base of customs service officers are not properly regulated and adjusted to the country volatile economic index. Therefore, the motivation of the customs service officers has fallen down. Under the basement of the researched juristic bases and accomplished sociological analysis (which was to research and to get to know the opinion of customs service and military officers about applied social guarantees), the conclusion is that provided social guarantees of customs service officers are imperfect.

Šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe, remiantis Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo jurispurdencija, nagrinėjama Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijoje, Seimo statute ir kituose įstatymuose įtvirtinta Seimo įgaliojimų apimtis ir principai pačiam nusistatyti savo struktūrą ir darbo tvarką; atskleidžiama Seimo struktūros samprata pagal 1992 m. spalio 25 d. Lietuvos Respublikos Konstituciją; analizuojama konstitucinės formuluotės, kad Seimo statutas turi įstatymo galią, jos samprata ir turinys; nagrinėjamas Seimo politinių ir organizacinių struktūrinių vienetų teisinis statusas ir funkcionavimo teisiniai aspektai bei su tuo susijusios praktikoje kylančios teisinės problemos. Pirmoje šio darbo dalyje yra aptariami svarbesni Lietuvos Respublikos 1918–1940 metų konstituciniai parlamento raidos ir organizavimo teisiniai aspektai. Kalbama apie Lietuvos Valstybės Tarybą (laikinąją Lietuvos parlamentinę instituciją), Steigiamojo Seimo bei pirmųjų Lietuvos Respublikos Seimų raidą ir organizacinės struktūros teisinius aspektus. Ne mažiau svarbus Lietuvos parlamentarizmo istorijoje yra ir 1990–1992 metų Lietuvos Respublikos Aukščiausiosios Tarybos-Atkuriamojo Seimo laikotarpis, todėl šiame darbe taip pat aptariami ir šios išskirtinės parlamentinės institucijos statuso ir struktūros organizavimo teisiniai aspektai. Nagrinėjant dabartinę Seimo struktūrą, nemažai dėmesio skiriama ir istorinei Seimo struktūros patirčiai, analizuojama ne tik šiuo metu galiojanti Lietuvos Respublikos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In this master's thesis on the basis of the Jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania, there is considered the extent of Parliament‘s authority legitimated in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, the Seimas‘ Statute and other laws and the code to set its own structure and procedure. Here is also discovered the concept of Seimas structure in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania of the 25th of October, 1992. Here are analyzed the constitutional formulation that the Seimas’ Statute has a force of the law; as well as the concept and content; there is analyzed the legal status and functioning of the legal aspects and the related legal problems arising in practice. At the first part of this work there are discussed the most important aspects of development and organizational law aspects in the Republic of Lithuania during the period of the year 1918–1940. This is the Council of the State of Lithuania (provisional Lithuanian parliamentary authority), the evolution of Constituent Assembly and the first Lithuanian Parliaments and the legal aspects of their organizational structure. In the history of Lithuanian parliamentary there is no less important the period of the year 1990–1992, the Supreme Council and the Reconstituent Seimas, so in this work there is also discussed the unique status of the parliamentary institution and the legal aspects of the organization of the structure. Researching the current structure of the... [to full text]

107 f. / Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-25T13:52:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro.pdf: 1933885 bytes, checksum: a3c7d862fb8aa77ff580b414111490fc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora Lopes(silopes@ufba.br) on 2013-04-30T18:23:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro.pdf: 1933885 bytes, checksum: a3c7d862fb8aa77ff580b414111490fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-30T18:23:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro.pdf: 1933885 bytes, checksum: a3c7d862fb8aa77ff580b414111490fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / A dissertação propõe uma reflexão sobre as relações entre crianças e suas professoras, na sala de aula da escola fundamental, considerando a concepção de criança do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente - ECA. Apresenta e busca analisar e entender a trajetória histórica e as bases filosóficas e ideológicas dos conceitos de Direitos Humanos e de Infância, da evolução da escola e, nela, da professora, tentando identificar as permanências e transformações que caracterizam a realidade atual. Para finalizar, diante da constatação da força da Ideologia, identifica-se a necessidade de desvelar a natureza das permanências que têm dificultado conceber a criança como sujeito de direito, como o ECA a identifica. / Salvador

Crime of Aggression under the Rome Statute of ICC Abstract The jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over the Crime of Aggression, which has been defined at the Review Conference in Kampala, 2010, will be activated on 17th of July 2018. This paper is summarizing more than seventy years of continuing development of a definition of the Crime of Aggression which has started after the Second World War during so-called Nurnberg Trials (a forerunner of the Crime of Aggression - Crimes Against Peace have been tried during these trials) and which will be, at least for now, completed upon the activation of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and upon a completion of the Rome Statute. This paper deals not only with the history of the Crime of Aggression but also with its position as a crime under the international law with a connection to other crimes which can be prosecuted before the International Criminal Court. Furthermore, it analyses the main elements of the crime with a focus on difficulties which can potentially come up once they are used in practice. A special part of this paper is focused on jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over the Crime of Aggression, which has not quite met expectations from international society, as it seems that in case of state referral or...

European legal history, as a field of scientific enquiry, is a relatively young discipline that can trace its roots back to the German jurist Savigny, whose work on the jurists of the medieval ius commune is commonly seen as the first of its kind. As one of the foremost German scholars of the nineteenth century and a fierce opponent of German codification, Savigny laid the foundation for generations of subsequent historians, not only in terms of the scope, but also in terms of the method of enquiry. Thus, in the generations after Savigny, European legal history tended to be approached in terms of general narratives charting the development of the European legal order through successive historical epochs. Within these narratives, jurists played a prominent role. Thus, the creation of the legal order of Europe was based upon a translatio studii from the Roman jurists via the medieval ius commune to civil codes of the nineteenth century. By grouping jurists into “schools” or “movements”, modern commentators, so it was argued, were able to assess the impact of these on the narrative of European legal history. Although, since the end of the Second World War, this narrative has become more nuanced, the jurists remain central to it. This has had a number of consequences. The main consequence of this focus on jurists (mostly academic figures teaching at universities) has been the marginalisation of legal practice and legal practitioners in the narrative of European legal history. And yet, as recent research on the rise of central courts in Europe has shown, legal practice clearly had an impact on the development of the European legal order. In light of these insights, this thesis seeks to contribute to the narrative of European legal history by focusing not on the works of academic jurists, but on the activities of legal practitioners. This statement requires delimitation. Rather than focusing on a number of legal practitioners over a long period of time, this thesis will focus on a single legal practitioner who flourished during a specific period in European history using the principles of a microhistory. The individual in question is the French lawyer Nicolas Bohier (1469-1539). The reasons for this specific focus are twofold. First, a focus on a specific individual and his works allows for greater scrutiny in depth, thus providing a counterbalance to (and also a means of testing and verifying) the broad sweep accounts found in most works on European legal history. In second place, Nicolas Bohier and his oeuvre cry out for a critical analysis and, until now, remain largely unstudied. As a practising lawyer and eventually president of the regional court of Bordeaux, Bohier was at the coalface of French legal practice in the sixteenth century. As a prolific writer and editor, Bohier left a rich corpus of work consisting of records of decisions of the court in Bordeaux, legal opinions as well as customs of the region. Furthermore, sixteenth-century France is a particularly exciting topic of investigation. This period not only saw the rise and solidification of Royal authority, but also saw the beginning of the homologation of customary law in France. On an intellectual level, the sixteenth century saw the rise of “legal humanism”, a particularly controversial intellectual movement in the context of European legal history as shown by recent research. This then brings us to the central point of this thesis. If, during the sixteenth century, the medieval ius commune was being replaced by “national” legal orders across Europe, as the general surveys of European legal history state, the works of a legal practitioner would show it much more clearly than the works of academic jurists. This thesis will therefore examine Bohier’s use of the term ius commune across his works to assess not only his understanding of the term, but also to assess how this concept operated in relation to other “sources of law”, for example statute and custom. Although the results of a microhistory study should not be generalised too far, it will permit us to interrogate the general narratives of European legal history of the early modern period.

O Estatuto da Cidade reorientou o temário referente à organização e à regularização fundiária urbana. Dentro desse contexto, destaca-se a usucapião coletiva. Este instrumento, de grande alcance social, tem como uma de suas pretensões o combate à exclusão social, facilitando o direito à propriedade por camadas carentes da população. A usucapião coletiva, da forma como foi tratada no Estatuto da Cidade, tem plena eficácia como instituto jurídico a ser implementado. Tal instituto não depende de qualquer novo diploma legal ou regulamentação, bastando que esta seja orientada pelos princípios constitucionais que regem a matéria. A sentença de usucapião coletiva, prevista nos parágrafos 2. e 3., do artigo 10., do Estatuto da Cidade, servirá como título a ser registrado no Registro de Imóveis. A referida sentença, por sua vez, deverá definir a fração respectiva de solo de cada novo proprietário. Não há que se discutir sobre a viabilidade da sua aplicação, e sim implementá-la. A sentença prolatada nos autos de um processo de usucapião coletiva deve ser levada a registro como qualquer outra concernente a usucapião, devendo ser consignada a descrição das frações individuais, tudo na forma do já existente item 28, inciso I, do artigo 167, da Lei de Registros Públicos (Lei n. 6.015/1973). / The Statute of the City reoriented the group of themes regarding the urban landing organization and regularization. In this context, the collective adverse possession is significant. The adverse possession, which is an instrument of great social consequence, has as one of its purposes to oppose the social exclusion, facilitating the right to own the property to the lacking layers of the population. The way the collective adverse possession was treated in the Statute of the City is effective, as legal institute, to be implemented. Such institute does not depend on any new statute to regulate its application, needing to be oriented only by its own constitutional principles that already govern the matter. The adjudication of collective adverse possession, which is reported on paragraphs 2nd and 3rd, of section 10, of the Statute of the City, will serve as title deed to be recorded on the Register of Property. The referred adjudication will define the respective fraction of soil of each new holder. There is nothing to discuss about the feasibility of the applicability of this matter, except that it has to be implemented. The adjudication rended on the records of a trial of collective adverse possession should be taken to be recorded such as any another adverse possession, in other words, the description of the individual fractions has to be consigned the same way it already exists in section 28, subsection I, section 167 of the Law of Public Records (Law n. 6.015/1973).

O Estatuto da Cidade reorientou o temário referente à organização e à regularização fundiária urbana. Dentro desse contexto, destaca-se a usucapião coletiva. Este instrumento, de grande alcance social, tem como uma de suas pretensões o combate à exclusão social, facilitando o direito à propriedade por camadas carentes da população. A usucapião coletiva, da forma como foi tratada no Estatuto da Cidade, tem plena eficácia como instituto jurídico a ser implementado. Tal instituto não depende de qualquer novo diploma legal ou regulamentação, bastando que esta seja orientada pelos princípios constitucionais que regem a matéria. A sentença de usucapião coletiva, prevista nos parágrafos 2. e 3., do artigo 10., do Estatuto da Cidade, servirá como título a ser registrado no Registro de Imóveis. A referida sentença, por sua vez, deverá definir a fração respectiva de solo de cada novo proprietário. Não há que se discutir sobre a viabilidade da sua aplicação, e sim implementá-la. A sentença prolatada nos autos de um processo de usucapião coletiva deve ser levada a registro como qualquer outra concernente a usucapião, devendo ser consignada a descrição das frações individuais, tudo na forma do já existente item 28, inciso I, do artigo 167, da Lei de Registros Públicos (Lei n. 6.015/1973). / The Statute of the City reoriented the group of themes regarding the urban landing organization and regularization. In this context, the collective adverse possession is significant. The adverse possession, which is an instrument of great social consequence, has as one of its purposes to oppose the social exclusion, facilitating the right to own the property to the lacking layers of the population. The way the collective adverse possession was treated in the Statute of the City is effective, as legal institute, to be implemented. Such institute does not depend on any new statute to regulate its application, needing to be oriented only by its own constitutional principles that already govern the matter. The adjudication of collective adverse possession, which is reported on paragraphs 2nd and 3rd, of section 10, of the Statute of the City, will serve as title deed to be recorded on the Register of Property. The referred adjudication will define the respective fraction of soil of each new holder. There is nothing to discuss about the feasibility of the applicability of this matter, except that it has to be implemented. The adjudication rended on the records of a trial of collective adverse possession should be taken to be recorded such as any another adverse possession, in other words, the description of the individual fractions has to be consigned the same way it already exists in section 28, subsection I, section 167 of the Law of Public Records (Law n. 6.015/1973).