<p>Under ht08 och vt09 har vi gjort ett examensarbete där vi i gruppen utvecklat ett mekaniskt styrsystem för sjukhussängar. Det nya styrsystem ska underlätta det dagliga arbetet för personalen på sjukhusen, då det idag är svårt att kontrollera sängen när man är ensam och knuffar. Men med RaaLie fastmonterad på sängen kan man utföra arbetet själv, och det är mycket lättare att ta sig runt skarpa svängar och trånga passage.</p>

In this report I have asked myself why and to some extent how teachers can use a measuring tool, that can be connected to a PC, in their everyday education. I have done this by making three short, fictive lesson plans for the measuring tool and compared them with ordinary lessons. In today's society pupils must know about computers and to attain the goals of school they have to make experiments and understand processes. The measuring tool can be a help in this work.

Denna uppsats undersöker implementeringen av styrdokument i organisationer utifrån ett meningsskapande perspektiv. Styrdokument ses som en viktig del i organisationers arbete men tidigare forskning visar att det finns skäl att ifrågasätta hur väl de fungerar i praktiken. Det föreligger svårigheter när samtliga organisationsmedlemmar på alla organisatoriska nivåer ska skapa förståelse runt samma innehåll.       Under 2011 infördes en nationell värdegrund för äldreomsorgen i Sverige. Detta har aktualiserat arbetet med styrdokument och värdegrund inom äldreomsorgen. Den empiriska bakgrunden till denna studie är detta arbete men studien avgränsas till det innehåll som gäller bemötande. Detta område är särskilt intressant då begreppet bemötande kan ha olika innebörd för olika personer samt beroende på kontexten. Studien undersöker därför medarbetarnas förståelse av innehållet i styrdokument och hur förståelsen översätts i arbetet.       I uppsatsen presenteras teori beträffande styrdokument, ledarskap, organisationslärande, sensemaking och organisationskultur. Viktiga poänger i detta kapitel är: Att styrdokument måste konkretiseras för att kunna användas. Att ledarskap allt mer handlar om kommunikation och att förmedla idéer och värderingar. Att lärande är en social konstruktionsprocess och att kunskap är subjektiv. Att organisationskultur är gemensamma föreställningar, skapade genom kommunikation. Att sensemaking är en ofullständig process i vilken människor ständigt försöker förstå sin omvärld.    Undersökningen genomfördes som en fallstudie på ett vårdboende i Karlstad kommun. Tio medarbetare samt enhetschefen intervjuades. Intervjuerna med medarbetarna utgick ifrån förutbestämda teman vilka var Bemötande, Styrdokument, Ledarskap, kultur och lärande, samt bakgrundsfrågor. Dessutom diskuterades vissa citat ur styrdokument under intervjuerna.       På vårdboendet har medarbetarna arbetat mycket med organisationens styrdokument. Trots det visar resultatet från intervjuerna på att majoriteten av respondenterna var osäkra på innehållet i styrdokument. De har svårt att uttrycka sin förståelse vilket kan bero på att den är implicit kunskap. Istället uppgav de att de lärde sig av varandra eller att de arbetade efter sunt förnuft. Styrdokumenten kändes långt borta i det vardagliga arbetet och respondenterna verkar ha ersatt dem med en gemensam förståelse om hur      4   deras arbete ska utföras. Dock säger flera att styrdokument kan fungera som ett verktyg för reflektion vilket innebär att styrdokumenten ändå är en faktor vid skapandet av den förståelsen. I denna process har enhetschefen vid det undersökta vårdboendet en viktig roll.       Slutsatsen blir att medarbetarnas förståelse för styrdokument är indirekt och i hög grad beroende av organisationskultur och kommunikation med enhetschefen. Implementeringen eller översättningen sker via den gemensamma förståelsen, det vill säga genom till exempel APT och samtal. / This essay investigates the implementation of steering documents within organizations from a sensemaking perspective. Steering documents are seen as an important part of the organizations work but previous research shows that there are reason to question how well this works in practice. There seems to be difficulties when majority of members of the organization on all organizational levels are meant to create understanding around same content.  During 2011, a national value system of the elder health care was implemented in Sweden. This has highlighted the work of the steering document and values within the elder health care.  The empirical background to this study is this work with the national value but the study is limited to the content regarding patient encounter. This subject is especially interesting when the meaning of encounter can have a different meaning to different people depending on the context.  That’s why this study investigates co-workers understanding of the content in the steering document and how the understanding is translated into work.   In the essay theory is presented regarding the steering document, leadership, organizational learning, sensemaking and organizational culture.  Important points in this chapter are: that steering document must be concretized to be used. That leadership is increasingly all about communication and to mediate ideas and values. That learning is a social construction process and that knowledge is subjective. That organizational culture is same visions created through communication. That sensemaking is an incomplete process in which people are constantly trying to understand their world. This investigation was made as a case study at a senior living in Karlstad. Ten co-workers and their head director were interviewed. The interviews with the co-workers were taken from prepared themes which where encounter, steering document, leadership, culture and learning and background questions. Also some quotes from the steering document were discussed during the interviews.  The co-workers at the senior living have worked a lot with the organizational steering document. Still the result from the interviews shows that the majority of the workers where not sure of it´s content. They have difficulties to express their understandings,      6   which may be because it is implicit knowledge. Instead they explained that they have learned from each other or that they were working for common sense.  Steering document felt far away within everyday work and co-workers have replaced it with a common understanding of how their job should be done. However some co- workers say that steering document works as a tool for reflection which means that steering document is a factor for creating understanding. In this process the head director has got a greater roll. Conclusion is that the co-workers understanding for the steering document is indirect and largely dependent on organizational culture and communication with the head director. Implement or translation happens thru the common understanding, which means through APT and discussions.

Interaction techniques that use the layers above the display surface to extend the functionality of pen-based digitized surfaces continue to emerge. In such techniques, stylus movements are constrained by the bounds of a layer inside which the interaction is active, as well as constraints on the direction of movement within the layer. The problem addressed in this thesis is that designers currently have no model to predict movement time (MT) or quantify the difficulty, for movement (steering) in layers above the display surface constrained by thickness of the layer, its height above the display, and the width and length of the path. The problem has two main parts: first, how to model steering in layers, and second, how to visualize the layers to provide feedback for the steering task. The solution described is a model that predicts movement time and that quantifies the difficulty of steering through constrained and unconstrained paths in layers above the display surface. Through a series of experiments we validated the derivation and applicability of the proposed models. A predictive model is necessary because the model serves as the basis for design of interaction techniques in the design space; and predictive models can be used for quantitative evaluation of interaction techniques. The predictive models are important as they allow researchers to evaluate potential solutions independent of experimental conditions.<p>Addressing the second part of the problem, we describe four visualization designs using cursors. <p>We evaluated the effectiveness of the visualization by conducting a controlled experiment.

Under ht08 och vt09 har vi gjort ett examensarbete där vi i gruppen utvecklat ett mekaniskt styrsystem för sjukhussängar. Det nya styrsystem ska underlätta det dagliga arbetet för personalen på sjukhusen, då det idag är svårt att kontrollera sängen när man är ensam och knuffar. Men med RaaLie fastmonterad på sängen kan man utföra arbetet själv, och det är mycket lättare att ta sig runt skarpa svängar och trånga passage.

Interaction techniques that use the layers above the display surface to extend the functionality of pen-based digitized surfaces continue to emerge. In such techniques, stylus movements are constrained by the bounds of a layer inside which the interaction is active, as well as constraints on the direction of movement within the layer. The problem addressed in this thesis is that designers currently have no model to predict movement time (MT) or quantify the difficulty, for movement (steering) in layers above the display surface constrained by thickness of the layer, its height above the display, and the width and length of the path. The problem has two main parts: first, how to model steering in layers, and second, how to visualize the layers to provide feedback for the steering task. The solution described is a model that predicts movement time and that quantifies the difficulty of steering through constrained and unconstrained paths in layers above the display surface. Through a series of experiments we validated the derivation and applicability of the proposed models. A predictive model is necessary because the model serves as the basis for design of interaction techniques in the design space; and predictive models can be used for quantitative evaluation of interaction techniques. The predictive models are important as they allow researchers to evaluate potential solutions independent of experimental conditions.<p>Addressing the second part of the problem, we describe four visualization designs using cursors. <p>We evaluated the effectiveness of the visualization by conducting a controlled experiment.

A superimposed steering system is the combination of a conventional steering system with an electric motor which is used to alter the steering angle imposed by the driver. The potential benefits are increased agility, automatic compensation for lateral wind forces and decreased braking distance (in combination with an electronic stability program). In this thesis we implement a model and a controller for a superimposed steering system thus achieving the first of these potential benefits. The vehicle model is based on the single-track or bicycle model. Unlike most other publications, the motor model in this thesis goes down to the level of the electrical dynamics of the motor. The model is divided into three main modules (vehicle module, steering module and friction module) as well as several submodules to ensure easy adaptability. The overall control objective consists of increasing vehicle agility by achieving a variable ratio between the steering wheel angle and the actual road wheel angle as a function vehicle velocity. We divide the controller into a torque and a current controller. The actual controller is derived in three steps starting from an analog torque controller as well as an analog current controller then moving to a digital torque controller. In doing so we use the model matching, feedback linearization and state feedback control techniques. The model and the controller are evaluated using the parameters of a small truck and different road scenarios. Finally, the Validation Square technique is applied to assess the validity of the results.

Four wheeler is one type of the transportation vehicle which be widely used. Good or bad performance of the vehicle steering system has the decisive influence regarding security of the driver operation and the vehicle travel. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to establish the kinematic analysis theories of the vehicle steering system. And an improvement design theory of size synthesis are proposed to develop a set of user-friendly computer aided analysis and design program. At First, this article collects the related literatures and papers to understand the research technique and the design direction of vehicle steering mechanism. Second, establish the location analysis theory, the rotation torque analysis theory, the mechanical advantage theory and other performance¡¦s calculation formula with regard to ¡§Rocker Shaft Type Connecting Rod Vehicle Steering¡¨ and ¡§Rack and Pinion Type Connecting Rod Vehicle Steering¡¨ which are the most widely used. Third, establish a set of user-friendly computer aided kinematic analysis program by using the VB.NET computer programming language. And then propose a systematized movement design procedure, and establish the optimization size synthesis design theory by using the gene calculation method. Afterwards, carry on the sensitivity analysis in view of the each design variable of the steering mechanism with the orthogonal array table, and establish the kinematic improvement design program. Finally, separately aim at the two Vehicle Steering mechanisms, design a new group mechanism¡¦s size, whose steering performance is better than the original mechanism¡¦s size.

This study investigated the rollover behaviors in turning of the tricycle with two front wheels and one rear wheel by neural paralysis. According to the analysis, the researcher fixed radius of gyration and made ride in steady-state turning to obtain the rollover threshold speed of the tricycle. Then we drew different parts of the rollover behaviors with a compuer program, Solidworks. We also decided the steering mechanisms sizes with VB.NET. In Automatic Dynamic Analysis, the researcher identified the rollover problems of the tricycle with the of Mechanical System software (ADAMS). During the researcher, we obtained the highest rollover threshold speed value of the sampling tricycle, and then we adjusted the width, the length of the tricycle. Later on, we adjusted the mass center height of human sizes and the initial rollover threshold speed the tricycle. After getting the best range of rollover threshold speed of the tricycle, the researcher decided appropriate length and height of the bicycle. Finally, we compared rollover behaviors of several different size of new tricycles with the sampling tricycle.

<p>The Swedish Migration Board has during a long time had problems with long processing times for persons that apply for asylum. The government has set targets that investigation should not exceed 6 months although it is done in almost 70% of cases.</p><p>The study's aim has been to examine if steering can be linked together to long processing times and, if so, explain why. The intention has not been to provide a comprehensive picture of the problem but has defined itself to ensure steering impact. The study has been carried out by studying relevant governing documents, previous research and by interviews with administrators and decision-makers in two of the Migration Board asylum units.</p><p>The analyses of the study show that a combination of inadequate steering and inadequate resources have contributed to aggravate the implementation, which has lead to long processing times.</p>