精神病康復者認同和內化公眾對他們的污名思維會經驗自我污名的想法。然而，自我污名思維本身並不一定會導致慢性心理困擾。只有當自我污名經常和自動地出現，成為心理習慣，才會產生恆定的精神困擾。自我污名的心理過程應該區別於心理內容，獨立評估，和不被假定相同於所有康復者。本論文基於心理習慣範式概念化自我污名的過程。 / 研究一開發一項名為自我污名的自動化和重複程度的測量工具，並於95位康復者建立這工具與其短版的效度。共有百分之四十二點一的參加者報告自我污名習慣。較負面的自我污名內容、較強的負面經驗避免和較低的靜觀跟自我污名習慣有關。這習慣和較差的自尊、主觀生活質量和復元亦有關。 / 研究二測量自我污名相關概念的自動聯想模式。具有較強（人數 = 46）和較弱（人數 = 45）自我污名習慣的康復者接受一系列簡短內隱聯想測驗，評估內隱自我污名的三個部分：康復者身份對自我的內隱中心性，對精神病的內隱態度和內隱自尊。較強的身份中心性與自我污名習慣有關。內隱身份中心性也會通過自我污名習慣降低自尊和主觀生活質量。 / 研究三測量對自我污名相關概念的自動注意力。具有較強（人數 = 46）和較弱（人數 = 45）自我污名習慣的康復者接受一項情緒斯特魯普任務，評估他們為自我污名、自信與非情感的刺激命名顏色的反應潛伏期。強組對自我污名刺激的反應較快，反映他們對那些信息的情感含義有較少的自動注意力，因此對顏色命名任務有較少的干擾。 / 自我污名習慣的概念為自我污名的理論、評估和干預提供了新的觀點。由於自我污名對心理健康的影響是雙重由於負面內容和其慣性的出現，如只基於傳統、以內容為本的工具測量自我污名，其對康復者的影響有可能被低估。現有的干預計劃亦應加強針對與自我污名習慣有關的不良應對機制（負面經驗避免和缺乏靜觀）和偏頗信息處理（自動聯想和注意力偏見）。以靜觀和接納為本的心理治療提升康復者對目前時刻的意識與對自我污名思維的不加批判驗收，可減輕自我污名習慣。 / People with mental illness (PMI) may endorse and internalize public stigma directed against them and at times experience self-stigmatizing thinking. However, having self-stigmatizing thoughts per se does not necessarily lead to chronic psychological distress. Only when such thinking occurs frequently and automatically as a mental habit, this creates constant mental negotiation within the individuals, which may have deleterious effects on their mental health and recovery. Of note, the mental process should be distinguished from the mental content of self-stigmatizing thinking, assessed independently, and not be assumed to be homogeneous across all PMI. In a series of three studies, I conceptualized process aspects of self-stigmatizing thinking based on the mental habit paradigm. / Study 1 applied the construct of self-stigmatizing thinking habit in developing a new assessment tool, the Self-stigmatizing Thinking’s Automaticity and Repetition (STAR), and validated the STAR and its short form in a community sample of 95 PMI. Almost half (42.1%) of the participants reported habitual self-stigmatizing thinking. More negative cognitive content of self-stigmatizing thinking, greater experiential avoidance, and lower mindfulness contributed to stronger self-stigmatizing thinking habit. The adverse effects of the mental habit included lower self-esteem, decreased subjective quality of life, and poorer recovery. / Study 2 investigated the possibility of a pattern of more automatic self-stigma-relevant associations among habitual self-stigmatizing thinkers. A set of Brief Implicit Association Tests was administered to PMI with strong (n=44) and weak (n=50) self-stigmatizing thinking habit to assess the three components of implicit self-stigma: implicit centrality of the mental illness identity to the self, implicit attitudes toward mental illness, and implicit self-esteem. Greater implicit identity centrality, but not negative implicit attitudes toward mental illness and low implicit self-esteem, was predictive of stronger self-stigmatizing thinking habit. Implicit identity centrality also contributed to lower self-esteem and decreased subjective quality of life through self-stigmatizing thinking habit. / Study 3 examined the potential automatic attentional biases for self-stigmatizing information among habitual self-stigmatizing thinkers. An Emotional Stroop Task was administered to PMI with strong (n=46) and weak (n=45) self-stigmatizing thinking habit to assess response latencies in color-naming self-stigmatizing versus self-assurance versus non-affective words. The strong habit group was characterized by faster responses to the self-stigmatizing stimuli, reflecting their automatic attentional bias away from the emotional meaning of self-stigmatizing information and hence less interference effects on the color-naming task. / The construct of self-stigmatizing thinking habit offers new perspectives on self-stigma’s theory, assessment, and intervention. As the deleterious effects of self-stigma on mental health are due doubly to the negative content and habitual manifestation of self-stigmatizing thoughts, the impact of self-stigma on PMI may be underestimated if it is based solely on traditional content-oriented measures. Existing self-stigma intervention programmes, which are cognitive content-oriented, should be improved by additionally targeting the dysfunctional coping mechanisms (i.e., experiential avoidance and the lack of mindfulness) and information-processing biases (i.e., automatic evaluation and attentional biases) involved in the mental habit. In mitigating self-stigmatizing thinking habit, practitioners may apply psychotherapies based on mindfulness and acceptance in order to enhance present-moment awareness and nonjudgmental acceptance of self-stigmatizing thoughts. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Chan, Ka Shing Kevin. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-149). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; appendixes in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xii / Abbreviations --- p.xiii / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Self-Stigmatizing Thinking as Mental Habit --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Theoretical Conceptualizations of Habit --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Theoretical Conceptualizations of Mental Habit --- p.3 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Self-Stigma in People with Mental Illness --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1. --- The Consequences of Self-Stigma for Mental Health of People with Mental Illness --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2. --- The Roots of Self-Stigma in People with Mental Illness --- p.5 / Chapter 2.3. --- Self-Stigma Interventions for People with Mental Illness --- p.7 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Cognitive Content-Oriented Interventions for Self-Stigma --- p.7 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Cognitive Process-Oriented Interventions for Self-Stigma --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4. --- Gaps in Research on Self-Stigma in People with Mental Illness --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Theoretical Conceptualizations of Self-Stigmatizing Thinking Habit --- p.15 / Chapter 3.1. --- The Mental Content of Self-Stigmatizing Thinking --- p.15 / Chapter 3.2. --- The Mental Process of Self-Stigmatizing Thinking --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- The Frequency of Self-Stigmatizing Thinking --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- The Automaticity of Self-Stigmatizing Thinking --- p.18 / Chapter 3.3. --- The Consequences of Self-Stigmatizing Thinking Habit for Mental Health of People with Mental Illness --- p.19 / Chapter 3.4. --- Interventions for Self-Stigmatizing Thinking Habit in People with Mental Illness --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Empirical Assessment of Self-Stigmatizing Thinking Habit --- p.24 / Chapter 4.1. --- The Self-stigmatizing Thinking‘s Automaticity and Repetition (STAR) Scale --- p.24 / Chapter 4.2. --- Implicit Association Test --- p.27 / Chapter 4.3. --- Emotional Stroop Task --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Overview of the Studies --- p.34 / Chapter 5.1. --- Objectives --- p.34 / Chapter 5.2. --- Long-Term Impact --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Study 1 Assessing Self-stigmatizing Thinking Habit Using a Self-Reported Questionnaire: A Validation Study of the Self-stigmatizing Thinking’s Automaticity and Repetition (STAR) Scale in People with Mental Illness --- p.38 / Chapter 6.1. --- Introduction --- p.38 / Chapter 6.2. --- Method --- p.39 / Chapter 6.2.1. --- Participants --- p.39 / Chapter 6.2.2. --- Procedure --- p.39 / Chapter 6.2.3. --- Measures --- p.40 / Chapter 6.2.3.1. --- Sociodemographic, clinical, and social contact characteristics --- p.40 / Chapter 6.2.3.2. --- Self-stigmatizing thinking habit --- p.40 / Chapter 6.2.3.3. --- Self-stigmatizing cognitive content --- p.40 / Chapter 6.2.3.4. --- Self-esteem --- p.41 / Chapter 6.2.3.5. --- Self-identity --- p.41 / Chapter 6.2.3.6. --- Experiential avoidance --- p.41 / Chapter 6.2.3.7. --- Mindfulness --- p.42 / Chapter 6.2.3.8. --- Subjective quality of life --- p.42 / Chapter 6.2.3.9. --- Recovery --- p.42 / Chapter 6.2.4. --- Data Analyses --- p.43 / Chapter 6.3. --- Power Calculation --- p.44 / Chapter 6.4. --- Results --- p.45 / Chapter 6.4.1. --- Participant characteristics --- p.45 / Chapter 6.4.2. --- Score distribution on the STAR --- p.46 / Chapter 6.4.3. --- Factor analyses on the STAR and STAR-S --- p.46 / Chapter 6.4.4. --- STAR-S reliability and validity --- p.48 / Chapter 6.4.5. --- Prevalence of self-stigmatizing thinking habit --- p.51 / Chapter 6.4.6. --- Predictors of self-stigmatizing thinking habit --- p.51 / Chapter 6.4.7. --- Impact of self-stigmatizing thinking habit on self-esteem when self-stigmatizing cognitive content was taken into consideration --- p.52 / Chapter 6.4.8. --- Impact of self-stigmatizing thinking habit on subjective quality of life when selfstigmatizing cognitive content was taken into consideration --- p.53 / Chapter 6.4.9. --- Impact of self-stigmatizing thinking habit on recovery when self-stigmatizing cognitive content was taken into consideration --- p.54 / Chapter 6.5. --- Discussion --- p.54 / Chapter 6.6. --- Implications for the Next Study --- p.58 / Chapter Chapter 7. --- Study 2 Automatic Self-Stigma-Relevant Associations in Self-Stigmatizing Thinking Habit: Evidence from the Brief Implicit Association Tests --- p.59 / Chapter 7.1. --- Introduction --- p.59 / Chapter 7.2. --- Method --- p.61 / Chapter 7.2.1. --- Participants --- p.61 / Chapter 7.2.2. --- Procedure --- p.61 / Chapter 7.2.3. --- Measures --- p.61 / Chapter 7.2.3.1. --- Self-stigmatizing thinking habit --- p.61 / Chapter 7.2.3.2. --- Explicit self-stigma --- p.62 / Chapter 7.2.3.3. --- Implicit attitudes toward mental illness --- p.62 / Chapter 7.2.3.4. --- Implicit identity centrality --- p.64 / Chapter 7.2.3.5. --- Implicit self-esteem --- p.64 / Chapter 7.2.3.6. --- Explicit self-esteem --- p.65 / Chapter 7.2.3.7. --- Subjective quality of life --- p.65 / Chapter 7.2.4. --- Data Analyses --- p.66 / Chapter 7.3. --- Power Calculation --- p.68 / Chapter 7.4. --- Results --- p.69 / Chapter 7.4.1. --- Participant characteristics --- p.69 / Chapter 7.4.2. --- Confirmation of the interrelated two-factor structure --- p.71 / Chapter 7.4.3. --- Confirmation of the second-order hierarchical structure --- p.71 / Chapter 7.4.4. --- Characteristics of participants in the strong and weak habit groups --- p.72 / Chapter 7.4.5. --- BIAT performance by participants in the strong and weak habit groups --- p.73 / Chapter 7.4.6. --- Predictors of self-stigmatizing thinking habit --- p.74 / Chapter 7.4.7. --- The mediating role of self-stigmatizing thinking habit on explicit self-esteem --- p.75 / Chapter 7.4.8. --- The mediating role of self-stigmatizing thinking habit on subjective quality of life . --- p.76 / Chapter 7.5. --- Discussion --- p.77 / Chapter 7.6. --- Implications for the Next Study --- p.81 / Chapter Chapter 8. --- Study 3 Attentional Bias for Self-Stigmatizing Stimuli in Self-Stigmatizing Thinking Habit: Evidence from the Emotional Stroop Task --- p.82 / Chapter 8.1. --- Introduction --- p.82 / Chapter 8.2. --- Method --- p.83 / Chapter 8.2.1. --- Participants --- p.83 / Chapter 8.2.2. --- Procedure --- p.83 / Chapter 8.2.3. --- Measures --- p.83 / Chapter 8.2.3.1. --- Self-stigmatizing thinking habit --- p.83 / Chapter 8.2.3.2. --- Self-stigmatizing cognitive content --- p.84 / Chapter 8.2.3.3. --- Experiential avoidance --- p.84 / Chapter 8.2.3.4. --- Self-esteem --- p.84 / Chapter 8.2.3.5. --- Subjective quality of life --- p.84 / Chapter 8.2.3.6. --- Depression --- p.84 / Chapter 8.2.3.7. --- Emotional Stroop effects --- p.85 / Chapter 8.2.3.8. --- Cognitive Stroop effects --- p.87 / Chapter 8.2.4. --- Data analyses --- p.87 / Chapter 8.3. --- Power Calculation --- p.89 / Chapter 8.4. --- Results --- p.90 / Chapter 8.4.1. --- Participant characteristics --- p.90 / Chapter 8.4.2. --- Characteristics of participants in the strong and weak habit groups --- p.91 / Chapter 8.4.3. --- Emotional Stroop effects --- p.93 / Chapter 8.4.3.1. --- Response errors on the Emotional Stroop trials --- p.93 / Chapter 8.4.3.2. --- Response latencies on the Emotional Stroop trials --- p.93 / Chapter 8.4.4. --- Cognitive Stroop effects --- p.95 / Chapter 8.4.4.1. --- Response errors on the Cognitive Stroop trials --- p.95 / Chapter 8.4.4.2. --- Response latencies on the Cognitive Stroop trials --- p.95 / Chapter 8.4.5. --- Predictors of self-stigmatizing thinking habit --- p.96 / Chapter 8.4.6. --- The Mediating role of self-stigmatizing thinking habit on self-esteem and subjective quality of life --- p.97 / Chapter 8.5. --- Discussion --- p.97 / Chapter Chapter 9. --- General Discussion --- p.102 / Chapter 9.1. --- Theoretical Implications --- p.102 / Chapter 9.2. --- Clinical Implications --- p.104 / Chapter 9.3. --- Limitations and Call for Future Research --- p.106 / Chapter Chapter 10. --- Concluding Remarks --- p.109 / Appendix 1 --- p.110 / Appendix 2 --- p.111 / Appendix 3 --- p.118 / References --- p.119

Esta tesis aborda la construcción social de la alteridad y los fundamentos que la hacen posible. Circunscribe su análisis a los procesos de producción social de la desviación por parte de las instituciones que conforman el llamado campo social, en este caso, un Centro Educativo de Justicia Juvenil de régimen abierto. La pregunta principal que incardina la investigación es: ¿cómo la institución reformatoria cincela la figura del “joven delincuente”? O dicho de otro modo: ¿cómo se aprende a ser un “joven delincuente” en un centro correccional? El trabajo se estructura en torno a tres ejes medulares. El primero elucida la pedagogía correccional y las representaciones inferiorizantes de la categoría “menor infractor”. ¿Qué racionalidades, pero también qué automatismos prerreflexivos sustentan este modelo de intervención educativa? Estas cuestiones plantean un doble adentramiento que explora, por un lado, la dimensión pedagógica de la cárcel y, por otro, la dimensión carcelaria de la pedagogía, o cuanto menos, de un tipo de pedagogía. La segunda nervadura analiza los efectos o somatizaciones que el internamiento tiene en los jóvenes, prestando especial atención tanto a los efectos de verdad en los sujetos estigmatizados como a los modos a través de los cuales los internos colaboran con su propia dominación. Se intersectan aquí la noción de violencia simbólica de Pierre Bourdieu, aquella mediante la cual el subordinado se convierte en consentidor y cómplice de su propia sumisión, con la carrera moral de Erving Goffman, el proceso de socialización que siguen ciertos individuos para confirmar las expectativas que existen acerca de ellos como portadores de alguna anomalía que termina siendo asumida como propia y natural. El tercer y último eje, cartografía las estratagemas que los jóvenes despliegan para hacer frente a la sujeción institucional: un entramado de artimañas, desacatos, burlas y simulacros de adaptación con la que estos contrarrestan la sumisión y fijan unos ciertos límites al sometimiento. Diferentes formas de resistencia y contrapoder que, si bien no siempre tienen un carácter consciente, crítico y deliberadamente opositor, enfrentan el descrédito y la dominación, al tiempo que parecen reservar algo de uno mismo fuera del alcance de la institución. En última instancia, la investigación se vertebra a partir de un interés particular por el flujo y la decantación de la vida social, esto es, por los modos en los que ésta se reproduce de forma ininterrumpida. Auscultando el impulso interno que hace y rehace esa vida, esta tesis se adentra en el conatus sese conservandi spinoziano del mundo social; ese denuedo para seguir existiendo y perseverar, que nos muestra hasta qué punto la sociedad humana se compone, como señalara Herbert Blumer, de personas comprometidas en el acto de vivir, incluso, a pesar de la existencia de órdenes sociales desiguales y enfrentados. ¿Por qué el mundo dura? ¿Cómo se mantiene y reproduce un orden societario particular? ¿Qué mantiene unida a la microsociedad de la institución estudiada pese a su estructura de asimetrías? / This thesis focuses on the social construction of otherness and the fundamentals that make it possible. Its analysis is limited to the social production processes of deviation in the reformatory institutions of Juvenile Justice. The main question that introduces the research is: how the reformatory carves the figure of "youthful offender"? Or put in other words: how do they learn to be "youthful offenders" during their internment? The thesis is structured around three core axes. The first elucidates correctional pedagogy and its discredited representations of "juvenile offender" category. What rationalities, but also what automatisms support this educational intervention model? These questions raise a double examination: on the one hand, the educational aspect of prison and on the other, the prison dimension of pedagogy, or at least, a kind of pedagogy. The second axis analyzes the effects or somatizations of the internment in young, with special attention to the consequences of stigma and to the ways inmates collaborate with their own domination. We here intersect the Pierre Boudieu’s notion of symbolic violence and Erving Goffman’s moral career. The third axis maps the stratagems deployed by youth to resist institutional submission: a web of trickery, contempt, taunts and mock adaptation with which to counteract domination. Ultimately, the research is structured from a particular interest in the ways in which social life is played out without interruption. Auscultating the internal impulse that makes and remakes that life in the reformatory, this thesis explores the Spinozian sese conatus conservandi of the social sphere: the boldness to continue existing and persevering that shows how human society consists of people engaged in the act of living, despite the existence of antagonistic and unequal social orders (inmates vs. educators). How it maintains a particular societal order? What holds together a microsociety (in this case, the reformatory of our research) despite its structure of asymmetry?

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research paper is based on the perception of people over the death by HIV and Aids. It looks at the impact of culture and beliefs on the management of HIV and Aids in the community and also in the country as whole. This research aims to establish the root course of covering death of by HIV and Aids, often due to fear of discrimination and isolation. Communities need to be educated on discrimination and stigma that comes about with people living with HIV and Aids. This study was conducted at Mvelaphanda Primary School children, in Tembisa, Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality in Gauteng, South Africa. The main focus was on the death of parents of the learners at the school and ultimately learners themselves, who some of them where born with HIV epidemic. Some of the children became orphans of the disease. The collection of data was in three fold: questionnaire, interview and observation and discussions. The information gathered was manipulated to bring about the expected results. Analysis of the data indicated that where there is no behavioral and attitude change, there would be more death by the pandemic than ever before. It is the responsibility of everyone, be it heads of families, religious leaders, politicians, business people and teachers to fight against the spread of HIV and Aids pandemic. This study has also discovered that medical report on the cause of death is concealed in order for policies to payout. This distortion of information does not help in the fight against the spread of HIV and Aids All stakeholders should work together in the support of those will disclose their status without fear of rejection, isolation and discriminated against. Schools, churches and community gatherings should be better used as a plat-form for that. If such conditions are created the spread of the HIV will be reduced and the prevention strategy will succeed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing handel oor die persepsie van mense teenoor dood as gevolg van MIV/Vigs. Dit ondersoek die impak van kultuur en geloof op die bestuur van MIV/Vigs binne 'n gemeenskap in die besonder en binne die land in die algemeen. Die doel van die navorsing was om die grondoorsaak waarom daar dikwels gediskrimeer word teenoor persone wat sterf weens MIV te identifiseer en om te bepaal waarom mense wat met MIV leef dikwels “uitgewerp” word uit die gemeenskap. Die studie is gedoen by die Mvelaphanda Primêre Skool in Tembisa, in die Ekuhuleni Metropool van die Gauteng provinsie van Suid-Afrika. Die primêre fokus van die studie was op die invloed wat die dood as gevolg van Vigs op die kinders in die skool gehad het. Data is ingesamel deur middel van vraelyste en onderhoude asook deur waarneming en besprekings. Ontleding van die data het aangetoon dat indien daar nie positiewe gedragverandering plaasvind nie, daar meer sterftes as gevolg van Vigs verwag kan word. Daar word aanbevelings gemaak oor hoe belangroepe kan meehelp om stigma en diskriminasie te verminder en sodoende kan meehelp om die verdere verspreiding van die pandemie te beperk.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research has sought to critically discuss and analyse how the introduction of a HIV and AIDS policy in the workplace reduces stigma and discrimination within the workplace, increases VCT and reduces the risk of infection. This research, sought to further discuss and analyse how the ideas, beliefs and values embedded within a HIV and AIDS policy can be further extended into the community. This research focused on the literature of key theorists such as Donnely, S. (2002). A New Form of Discrimination in the Workplace (www.iol.co.za April 29th 2002), Hereck, G.M. (1990). Illness Stigma and AIDS. Psychological Aspects of Serious Illness. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Noted on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New Jersey: Prentice Hall as a means of validating the research. This research has further made use of both qualitative and quantitative methods through the use of biographical questionnaires and structured one-on-one interviews. In so doing the research has found that the implementation of a HIV and AIDS workplace policy would assist in eradicating stigma and discrimination in the workplace. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om te bepaal tot watter mate die implementering van 'n MIV/Vigsbeleid stigma en diskriminasie in die werksplek kan verminder, vrywillige toetsing kan aanmoedig en infeksie kan voorkom. Die navorsing poog verder om te bepaal op welke wyse die idees, waardes en gelowe, soos vervat in 'n MIV/Vigsbeleid, uitgebrei kan word na die wyer gemeenskap. Die navorsing focus op die teoretiese werk van Donnely, S. (2002), A New Form of Discrimination in the Workplace (www.iol.co.za April 29th 2002); Hereck, G.M. (1990). Illness Stigma and AIDS. Psychological Aspects of Serious Illness. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association en Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Noted on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New Jersey: Prentice Hall ten einde die geldigheid van die navorsing te bepaal. 'n Gestruktureerde vraelys en onderhoude is vir dataversameling gebruik en die bevinding van die studie is dat 'n goed-geformuleerde MIV/Vigsbeleid wel stigma en die diskriminasie in die werksplek kan voorkom.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The AIDS epidemic has brought out both the best and the worst in people. The disease brings out the best when individuals group together in solidarity to combat the consequences of HIV/AIDS and to support and care for PLWHA. HIV/AIDS also brings out the worst when individuals are stigmatized and ostracized by their loved ones, their family and their communities and discriminated against individually as well as institutionally. This research has reviewed available scientific literature on HIV/AIDS stigma and discrimination. The research has also established HIV/AIDS stigma and discrimination comes in different forms and occurs in different contexts. Stigma and discrimination play a significant role in HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment efforts. Analysis of this research indicates stigma and discrimination has a negative impact on HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment efforts. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die VIGS-epidemie het beide die beste en die slegste in mense. Die siekte bring die beste wanneer individue groep saam in solidariteit die gevolge van MIV / VIGS te bestry en te ondersteun en sorg vir PLWHA. MIV / VIGS bring ook die ergste wanneer individue gestigmatiseer en verstoot deur hul geliefdes, hul familie en hul gemeenskappe en teen gediskrimineer individueel sowel as institusioneel. Hierdie navorsing het hersien dat die beskikbare wetenskaplike literatuur oor MIV / VIGS stigma en diskriminasie. Die navorsing het ook vasgestel dat MIV / VIGS stigma en diskriminasie kom in verskillende vorms voor en kom in verskillende kontekste. Stigma en diskriminasie speel 'n belangrike rol in MIV / VIGS voorkoming en behandeling pogings. Ontleding van hierdie navorsing dui daarop dat stigma en diskriminasie het 'n negatiewe impak op MIV / VIGS voorkoming en behandeling pogings.

The purpose of this Qualitative study was to explore HIV related stigma experienced by women enrolled in the Prevention of Mother to Child (PMTCT) prgramme in the EThekwini District, Kwazulu Natal. Descriptriptive phenomenology informed the study design, data collection and analysis. Despite increasing access to Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission initiatives, including anti-retroviral drugs, the Stigma of being HIV positive, particularly for women, largely outweigh the potential gains from available treatments. HIV/AIDS related stigma drives the epidemic underground and is one of the main reasons that people do not wish to know their HIV status Purposeful sampling was used to select seven women attending PMTCT programme in the EThekwini District. These women were selected in four clinics in the District. Data was collected through in-depth interviews lasting about 45 minutes to an hour. These interviews were tape recorded and later transcribed to aid analysis. The Colaizzi method of data analysis was utilized. Four themes emerge from the data, each with three to eight subthemes confirming the experiences and presence of stigma during programme participation. All participants reported incidence of being stigmatized, particularly in the Health care setting. They took great strides to keep their HIV status confidential to a point of going against programme directives to ensure secrecy of their status thus avoid HIV related stigma. Number of recommendations were made in relation to the PMTCT programme and if accepted will assist in mitigating stigma in HIV related stigma in the PMTCT progarmme and thus reduce vertical transmission. / Thesis (M.N.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

Introduction: Stigma associated with HIV/AIDS creates a barrier to prevention, care and treatment of HIV/AIDS. It further restricts PLWHA from learning about their status, disclosing their status, adopting safe behaviour and accessing services such as antiretroviral treatment. Disclosure of HIV status and a reduction in stigma may contribute to the decrease in new HIV cases. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to develop a community-based framework that would encourage people living with HIV/AIDS to disclose their HIV status and reduce the stigma associated with the disease. Method: This study used the action research method to explore the experiences of stigma and disclosure of HIV status and to develop a community based framework with PLWHA who encouraged disclosure and promoted the reduction of stigma in a community-based setting. The research setting was Bhambayi, an informal settlement in the district of Inanda. Non-probability purposive sampling was used. In-depth interviews with PLWHA that had disclosed their HIV status and focus group discussions with family members, adult children and community members were conducted. Findings: The data was analyzed manually and the following categories and subcategories emerged. The categories were experience of disclosure, stigmatizing reactions, lifestyle changes after disclosure and supports to reduce stigma. Some of the sub-categories were ‘opens out the illness’, gossiping and pointing fingers, discrimination against PLWHA by family and community, changes in relationships, community awareness and formation of support groups. The findings revealed that PLWHA that had disclosed their HIV status had changed their lifestyles. Recommendations were made on the need for nurses to develop community engagement projects and establish partnerships in order to reach out to communities regarding HIV/AIDS. Incorporate HIV/AIDS stigma and discrimination into the current nurses’ curriculum. The need for research is expressed on the evaluation of the framework and conducting similar research in larger communities. Conclusion: PLWHA who had disclosed their HIV-status shared their experience of being HIV-positive and encouraged other people to get tested. The community-based framework to facilitate disclosure and reduce stigma among PLWHA can be operationalised in other informal community-settings. / Theses (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The present article is a research study aimed at providing an accurate picture of the problem of HIV and Aids-related stigma and discrimination within a company, by identifying the possible factors that help fuelling it, and describing the relationships among them. On the basis of these findings, I propose initiatives that may help to overcome the main barriers for stigma mitigation within the company, and provide suggestions for inclusion in the company’s HIV and Aids policy of strategies and positions that may thwart stigma among the workforce. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om ‘n akkurate beskrywing te gee van stigma en diskriminasie wat romdon MIV/Vigs bestaan. Die studie is in ‘n maatskappy in Maputo, Mosambiek, uitgevoer. Moontlike faktore wat hierdie stigma en diskriminasie aanwakker is gegee en ook die verhouding tussen die faktore. Voorstelle word gegee om stigma binne die maatskappy te verminder en ook om dit by die maatskappy se MIV/Vigs beleid in te sluit.

The police activity presents various possibilities of interpretation and a variety of points of view is therefore necessary to develop a series of research that contributes to your understanding as a sociological category. Thus, this research sought to focus its analysis on how police car police Battalion of the Military Police of Alagoas understand the fundamental concepts of force and violence seeking to notice if they are able to differentiate these concepts considering the possibility that the police are developing an action of violence applying to this an understanding of action guided by the force. Likewise , for those who sought to understand the police action is being directed and how they build their social representations based on the stigma of the enemy that must be fought and how effective is the relationship of these stigmas with the application of the label of deviant to a stigmatized subject . The subjective construction of police comprising the "Mala" as the executioner and the periphery of its territory as belonging promoted the understanding police strategies and ways to combat and hunting of this supposed enemy. To that end, we developed a relationship between the theoretical foundations of Howard Becker and Erving Golfman. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A atividade policial apresenta diversas possibilidades de interpretação e uma variedade de pontos de vista sendo, portanto, necessário o desenvolvimento de uma série de pesquisas que contribuam para sua compreensão como categoria sociológica. Desta forma, esta pesquisa procurou focar sua análise na forma como os policiais do Batalhão de Radiopatrulha da Policia Militar de Alagoas compreendem os conceitos fundamentais de força e violência procurando perceber se eles são capazes de diferenciar esses conceitos considerando a possibilidade dos policiais estarem desenvolvendo uma ação de violência aplicando a esta uma compreensão de ação pautada na força. Da mesma forma, procurou compreender para quem a ação policial está sendo direcionada e como eles constroem suas representações sociais fundadas nos estigmas do inimigo que precisa ser combatido e como se efetiva a relação desses estigmas com a aplicação do rotulo de desviante ao sujeito estigmatizado. A construção subjetiva do policial compreendendo o "Mala" como o algoz e a periferia como seu território de pertencimento possibilitaram entender as estratégias da policia e as formas de combate e caça a este suposto inimigo. Para tanto, foi elaborado uma relação entre os fundamentos teóricos de Erving Golfman e Howard Becker.

Besides constituting major obstacle to effectively addressing HIV/AIDS, Stigma has remained among the least understood experiences of PLWHA. Limited knowledge and understanding of HIV/AIDS related S&D has very much contributed to poor implementation and in most cases failure of HIV intervention programmes at national, regional and international levels. Sociological analysis of Stigma in PLWHA lends verifiable insight into the nature, extent and comprehensiveness of HIV/AIDS related Stigma. With 129 participants from Gauteng regions of Ekurhuleni, Sedibeng and West Rand, the study confirms that Stigma and Discrimination (S&D) still thrives, quantifying its magnitude, implications and impacts in the lives of the HIV infected. Inter alia, the findings showcase the complex matrix analysis of emotion and behaviour associated with HIV/AIDS related S&D. Finally, the study offered a comprehensive recommendation on how to address HIV/AIDS related S&D at individual/family, institutional/community and government levels. / Sociology / M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)