Sammanfattning Detta examensarbete grundar sig i en videoobservationsstudie där vi använt oss av stimulated recall som kompletterande metod. Detta innebär att flera lektionstillfällen videofilmats och ur detta material utformades en intervju. Informanten (läraren som blivit videoobserverad), och forskarna ser på utvalda sekvenser från observationstillfällena ihop och diskuterar händelserna på lektionen utifrån detta. Observationerna och stimulated recall intervjun i denna uppsats syftar till att belysa en lärares bemötande av elever och hur hens olika bemötande befäster eller reproducerar stereotypa könsmönster samt genussystem.    Tidigare forskning tar upp att det görs skillnader på pojkar och flickor i undervisningen i idrott och hälsa. Forskningen visar också på att lärare ofta för vidare samhällets ideal och mönster in i klassrummet och att förväntningar på elever är olika beroende på deras kön. Skillnaden ses tydligast då idrottsaktiva pojkar premieras och undervisningen anpassas i form av aktivitet och intensitet på aktiviteten efter pojkars tycke. Tidigare forskning har även visat att läraren är den enskilt viktigaste faktorn för elevers lärande. Förutom att läraren påverkar elevernas inlärning så fostrar även läraren eleverna. Detta kan ske utifrån samhällets förväntningar och normer, så som könsmaktsordning och stereotypa könsmönster, vilket inte är ovanligt i skolan. I vår undersökning syns detta i bemötandet av elever och anpassning av aktiviteter efter kön på eleven. Pojkarna utmanas mer än flickorna och flickorna bemöts mera som grupp medan pojkarna får ett individuellt bemötande. Flickornas deltagande sanktioneras medan pojkarnas förstärks.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves193-201). Also available via World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Also available in print.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1984. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 211-215).

Medidas de corrente termoestimuladas e de carga a temperatura constante, sob campo elétrico constante externo, foram realizadas no intuito de identificar além de cargas espaciais existentes em amostras comerciais de PVDF, também estudar o pico anômolo de corrente que se apresentou nas medidas isotérmicas. Este pico desaparecia em medidas subseqüentes, mas sua recuperação, apesar de lenta, foi registrada, principalmente se a amostra era conservada em ambiente úmido. Uma série de medidas feitas em diferentes umidades relativas do ar, cuidadosamente controladas, evidenciou que este fenômeno estava diretamente ligado à água absorvida pela amostra do ambiente externo. O efeito mostrou também ser fortemente dependente do campo aplicado. Um modelo baseado em dissociação iônica da água, provavelmente fracamente ligada a estrutura do polímero, foi desenvolvido, levando em consideração que o coeficiente de dissociação depende do campo elétrico, bem como do tempo de extração dos portadores dissociados da amostra. Nesta cinética controladora da corrente, é considerada também recombinação bi-iônica. / Thermally stimulated current and depolarization measurements were carried on commercially available samples of PVDF. The measurements were conducted under constant temperature and constant applied field in order to investigate an anomolous peak which appears in isothermal measurements, and also identify the presence of space charge. This peak is observed only in the first measurements, but it can recover if the sample is stored in a humid environment. Series of measurements was carried out with carefully controlled relative humidity from which one can conclude that the peak is directly linked to water absorved by the sample. This effect is shown to depend strongly on the applied electric field. A theoretical model based on ionic dissociation of water molecules - probably weakly attached to the polymer structure is developed to explain the experimental results. In the model, the dissociation coefficient and the time of escape of dissociated carriers are assumed to depend on the electric field. Bi-ionic recombination is also assumed to play an important role in the control of the kinetics of the process.

Carbon-doped aluminium oxide, α-Al₂O₃:C, is a ultra-sensitive dosimeter of topical research interest. The aim of this project was to investigate the dynamics of luminesce in this material. The methods of investigation consisted of thermoluminescence and time-resolved optical stimulation. Thermoluminescence measurements provide information on trap distribution and kinetic parameters of the traps involved in luminescence whereas time-resolved optical stimulation is a handy technique in investigation of luminescence lifetimes and provides an insight into the charge transitions between traps and recombination centres. Measurements were made on samples annealed at a nominal temperature of 900⁰C for 15 minutes. The material shows the presence of five thermoluminescence peaks at 37⁰C, 160⁰C, 300⁰C 410⁰C, and 480⁰C at a heating rate of 0.03k/s when irradiated to 6.0 Gy of beta. The main peak at 160⁰C, shows a linear dose response for doses between 0.1 Gy and 10 Gy and then goes sublinear above 10 Gy, the peak at 37⁰C shows a sublinear dose response for doses between 0.1 Gy and 10 Gy and appears to saturate thereafter, whereas the dose response of the peak at 300⁰C goes from linear to supralinear then apparently quadratic behaviour in the dose range of 0.1 Gy to 16.0 Gy. The trap depth of the main peak, that is, its activation energy as determined below the conduction band, has been approximated at 1.3 eV with a kinetic order of approximately 1.2. Time-resolved optical stimulation has been used to investigate luminescence lifetimes. The mean luminescence lifetime obtained for the sample at ambient temperatures is 35.0±1.0 ms. The investigations of the dependence of luminescence lifetimes on measurement temperature show that the material suffers from thermal quenching effects at measurement temperatures above 140⁰C with the activation energy of thermal quenching estimated at 1.045±0.002 eV. Shallow traps i.e. traps lying close to the conduction band, seem to elongate the lifetimes of optically stimulated luminescence in the material at temperatures between 30⁰C - 80⁰C due to charge retrapping. The material exhibits both fading and recuperation of the optically stimulated luminescence signal with storage time.

Föreliggande studie syftar till att undersöka vilka skillnader och likheter som uppkommer i gitarrelevers reflektioner kring metoder och svårigheter i arbetet med att läsa noter. Jag har därför valt att studera ett antal gitarrelever som får instrumentalundervisning på gymnasieskolans estetiska program. Deras metoder problematiseras samtidigt som jag försöker få en bild av hur eleverna förstår och använder sig av notläsning. I studien används en kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer kombinerat med ett experiment kopplat till notläsning. För att kunna beskriva och analysera gitarrelevernas metoder, svårigheter och uppfattningar om notläsning har jag använt fenomenografi som teoretiskt perspektiv. Studien redovisar intervjuer med fem informanter. Resultatet visar att elever som relaterar notbilden till en skala med en tydlig position på gitarrhalsen har ett bättre flöde i notläsningen i motsats till elever som behandlar tonerna individuellt. Notläsningen blev dessutom riktigt bra och effektiv när detta kombinerades med tydliga analytiska metoder. Det gick också bra för de elever som hade fått tydliga tips och strategier med sig från lärare. I resultatet framgår det också att samtliga elever uppfattar noter som någon form av kommunikation eller språk.

Second phase particles play an important role in the recrystallization of aluminium alloys. They give rise to high level of local lattice misorientation around the particle, in particle deformation zone (PDZ) during processing. These can act as potent nucleation sites for new recrystallized grains in a process known as particle stimulated nucleation (PSN). This mechanism is essential to produce material with a more random texture and small grain size, which helps e.g. ductility and formability. A new HRDIC technique is used here in combination with EBSD to investigate the evolution of deformation structures by linking the local deformation (by Digital Image Correlation, DIC) to the lattice orientation before and after deformation by EBSD measurements and compared with the CPFEM predictions. The results show that strain is very heterogeneous during deformation and concentrates mainly in slip bands. The spacing between these bands is affected by several factors: applied strain, crystallographic orientation and the existence of small dispersoids. Thus, the relationship between the strain, particle size and rotation in the deformation zone is much more complex than predicted by existing models.

This thesis describes firstly, a study involving the thermal rearrangement of substituted 6-e̲x̲o̲-(1-alkenyl) bicyclo-[3.1.0]hexenes, and secondly, the application of this type of transformation to a total synthesis of (±)-sinularene (1̲2̲5̲). The 6-e̲x̲o̲-(1-alkenyl)bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenes (1̲8̲7̲, 1̲8̲9̲, 1̲9̲2̲, 1̲9̲4̲, 2̲4̲0̲, 2̲7̲4̲ and 340) were prepared and thermolyzed in sealed tubes to afford the corresponding bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-dienes (1̲8̲8̲, 1̲9̲0̲, 1̲9̲3̲, 1̲9̲5̲, 2̲4̲1̲, 2̲7̲6̲ and 3̲4̲1̲) in generally excellent yields. With the exception of 1̲9̲0̲, the thermolysis products were subjected to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to give the respective bicyclo[3.2.1]octenones. From this study, it is clear that a) the Cope rearrangement of substrates, such as 2̲7̲4̲ and 3̲4̲0̲, containing even sterically bulky substituents on the 6-alkenyl side chain presents a viable means of generating functionalized bicyclo [ 3.2.1] octa-2 , 6-dienes, b) this methodology provides for the placement of synthetically useful functionalities on any of the carbon bridges of the bicyclo-[3.2.1]octane skeleton, and c) the transformations 2̲4̲0̲→2̲4̲1̲ and 2̲7̲4̲→2̲7̲6̲ provide strong evidence for the stereospecificity of the rearrangement process. In the total synthesis of (±)-sinularene (1̲2̲5̲), the key step involved the thermal rearrangement of 3̲2̲2̲ to afford the bicyclo[3.2.1]octadiene 3̲2̲1̲. The compound 3̲2̲2̲̲ was readily prepared as follows. 1-Lithio-3-methyl-1-butyne was treated with methacrolein to furnish the allylic alcohol 3̲3̲1̲, which was transformed into the ester 3̲3̲2̲ v̲i̲a̲ an orthoester Claisen rearrangement (hot triethyl .orthoacetate, propionic acid). Hydrolysis of the ester 3̲3̲2̲, followed by reaction of the resultant acid with oxalyl chloride in refluxing hexane gave the corresponding acid chloride 3̲3̲4̲. Treatment of 3̲3̲4̲ with a cold, ethereal solution of diazomethane afforded the diazo ketone 3̲3̲5̲, which in the presence of copper (II) acetoacetonate in refluxing benzene, underwent an intramolecular carbenoid cyclization to furnish the bicyclic ketone 3̲3̲6̲. Semihydrogenation of 3̲3̲6̲ using Lindlar’s catalyst gave stereoselectively the c̲i̲s̲-alkenyl ketone 3̲3̲7̲. The enone 3̲3̲8̲ was obtained by oxidizing the trimethylsilyl enol ether of 3̲3̲7̲ using palladium (II) acetate in acetonitrile. When the enone 3̲3̲8̲ was treated with lithium divinylcuprate, the two epimeric products 3̲3̲9̲ and 3̲4̲6̲ were obtained in a ratio of 9:1, respectively, and were sus-sequently separated by column chromatography. Trapping the lithium enolate of 3̲3̲9̲ with t̲-butyldimethylsilyl chloride led to the required enol ether 3̲3̲2̲. Thermolysis (220°C, sealed tube) of 3̲3̲2̲ in benzene produced exclusively in 86% yield the desired bicyclic triene 3̲2̲1̲. Subjection of 3̲2̲1̲ to hydroboration using disiamylborane gave, after oxidative workup, the alcohol 3̲4̲7̲, which on treatment with p̲-toluenesulfonyl chloride in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine, afforded the ketone 3̲4̲9̲. Successive hydrogenation of 3̲4̲9̲ and Wittig olefination of the resultant ketone 2̲8̲0̲ completed the total synthesis of (±)-sinularene (1̲2̲5̲). [formula omitted] / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate