The in-mold electromagnetic stirrer is a kind of device which is utilized to stir the molten steel in the steel factory. This thesis provides a detailed three-dimensional electromagnetic analysis of an in-mold electromagnetic stirrer driven by the moving magnetic field produced from stator winding currents. A commercial finite element analysis software will be utilized to calculate the flux density, eddy current, and electromagnetic force from static and dynamic analyses, and the above three physical phenomena are also discussed to obtain the 3-D electromagnetic characteristics. In order to improve the operational properties of the in-mold electromagnetic stirrer, the various position of the stator is modified to observe the distribution of the electromagnetic force. Besides, the magnitude and frequency of the input currents are also adjusted to predict the probable performances during on-site operation.

No description available.

Over the years numerous computational fluid dynamics models have been developed in order to study the fluid flow in gas and induction stirred ladles. These models are used to gain insight in the industrial processes used in ladle treatment of steel. A unified model of an induction stirred Ladle in two and three dimensions is presented. Induction stirring of molten steel is a coupled multi-physics phenomena involving electromagnetic and fluid flow. Models presented in this thesis gives a more accurate description of the real stirring conditions and flow pattern, by taking into account the multi-physics behavior of the induction stirring process in an induction stirred ladle. This thesis presents a formulation of coupled electromagnetic and fluid flow equations. The coupled electromagnetic and fluid flow equations are solved using the finite element method in two and three-dimensions. The simulation model is used to predict values of steel velocities and magnetic flux density. The simulation model is also used to predict the effect of increased current density on flow velocity. Magnetic flux density values obtained from the model are verified against experimental values. / QC 20120615

The present thesis is concerned with neutralization of acid groundwater after the hydrochemical uranium mining in the area of Stráž pod Ralskem. In the thesis is briefly described progression of the hydrochemical uranium mining and follow-up negative impacts on the environment. There is described the technology involved in its disposal. This is followed by the design calculation of major apparatus technology associated with neutralization of acid solutions. Output of technology is determined by the mass balance. The results are the main dimensions of the apparatus, mechanical parts and electric power each device.

Halmstad University is currently equipped with an Echo-free chamber to perform EMC testing, but no reverberation chamber. The construction of a paddle stirrer to be utilized in Halmstad University would drastically reduce the time required to perform EMC testing, since reverberation chambers are more efficient than Echo-free chambers for these kind of tests. The goal of this project was to design and develop a paddle stirrer structure and a control system able to rotate the stirrer to specific repeatable absolute angles with an accuracy of a tenth of a degree,holding a mass up to 70kg and rotating a mass up to 20 kg distributed on a 1x1m surface. To achieve this goal the system has been designed using a metal base structure, bearings to hold the lower shaft in its axes reducing its friction, a stepper motor connected to the gears to increase its holding torque, a magnetic rotary encoder and a control system with a double feedback from interrupts and from the encoder to improve the accuracy and reliability of the system. The resultis a completely working prototype, which fulfils all the requirements except for the speed. The target speed has not been achieved due to the insufficient holding torque of the available stepper motor. / Halmstad Högskola är för närvarande utrustad med en Ekofri kammare för att utföra EMCtestning, men ingen modväxlande kammare. Konstruktionen av en paddle-omrörare för användning i Halmstad Högskola skulle drastiskt minska tiden som krävs för att utföra EMC-testning, eftersom modväxlande kammaren är effektivare än en ekofri kammare för dessa typer av tester.Målet med detta projekt var att designa och utveckla en paddle-omrörare, både strukturen samt ett styrsystem som kan rotera den till specifika repeterbara absoluta vinklar med en noggrannhet av en tiondel av en grad, hantera en massa upp till 70 kg och rotera en massa upp till 20 kg fördelad på en 1x1m yta. För att uppnå detta mål har systemet konstruerats med en basstruktur gjord av metall, lager har placerats i axeln för att reducera friktion, en stegmotor är anslutentill kugghjul för att öka vridmomentet, en magnetisk roterande sensor och ett styrsystem med en dubbel återkoppling från interrupts och från sensorn för att förbättra systemets noggrannhet och tillförlitlighet. Resultatet är en helt fungerande prototyp som uppfyller alla krav, förutom hastigheten. Målhastigheten har inte uppnåtts på grund av otillräckligt vridmoment hos stegmotorn.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos das vibrações mecânicas decorrentes do transporte sobre a qualidade de ovos fertilizados e sobre o nascimento e a qualidade de pintos de corte. O experimento foi dividido em duas fases desenvolvidas em um incubatório comercial em Mogi-Mirim/SP. Na primeira, 1920 ovos fertilizados de matrizes da linhagem Cobb-500 (31 a 34 semanas) foram expostos a simulações dos movimentos vibratórios, produzidos por um agitador mecânico desenvolvido para este fim. Na segunda fase, esses ovos foram incubados até o nascimento das aves. Avaliaram-se os efeitos de diferentes intensidades de vibração e tempos de exposição sobre as respostas de interesse. A intensidade foi definida por duas faixas de vibração simuladas pelo agitador (faixa inferior; RSS de 2,5 m.s-2 e faixa superior; RSS de 7,5 m.s-2), as quais foram associadas a dois tempos de exposição, um mínimo e um máximo (60 e 180 minutos, respectivamente). Foi adotado um delineamento aleatorizado em blocos com tratamentos em esquema fatorial mais um controle (2 x 2 + 1). A qualidade dos ovos fertilizados foi mensurada a partir da perda de peso e de medidas tomadas na gema e no albúmen (altura, diâmetro e índices, e unidade Haugh). Pela análise de variância foi possível observar efeitos dos fatores experimentais na qualidade dos ovos fertilizados, principalmente nas medidas tomadas no albúmen. Os resultados indicaram que os ovos quando expostos às vibrações, em faixas mais intensas e/ou por mais tempo, apresentam seu albúmen liquefeito, o que é um sinal de perda de qualidade. Esses resultados foram comprovados pela redução no índice de albúmen e na unidade Haugh, quando realizados os testes t e de Tukey a 5% de significância. Após o nascimento das aves foi avaliada a taxa de eclodibilidade, a caracterização da mortalidade e a qualidade dos pintos de corte (peso absoluto e classificação). Por meio da regressão logística, observou-se que a exposição dos ovos fertilizados às vibrações pode afetar negativamente a taxa de eclodibilidade e a proporção de pintos classificados em primeira linha. Essas respostas foram menores pelo teste de Wald a 5% de significância no tratamento formado pela faixa de vibração superior aplicada por mais tempo. Os piores resultados no nascimento refletiram diretamente em um aumento nas perdas totais devido à exposição dos ovos aos movimentos vibratórios, com a significância de efeito comprovada principalmente pela a faixa de vibração. Além disso, pela análise de variância foi observada uma pequena redução do peso das aves nascidas de ovos vibrados, quando feita a comparação de médias pelo teste t com o controle. Por fim, acredita-se que o comprometimento da qualidade do albúmen tenha gerado piores resultados no nascimento e na qualidade dos pintos de corte. Dessa forma, é possível concluir que a exposição às vibrações pode comprometer a incubação e gerar prejuízos de grandes dimensões para os incubatórios, caso ocorram em condições semelhantes às simuladas nesta pesquisa. / The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of mechanical vibrations during birth, and on the quality of fertile eggs and broiler chicks due to transportation. The experiment was divided in two phases developed in a commercial incubator in Mogi-Mirim, São Paulo. In the first phase, 1920 fertile eggs from Cobb-500 matrix (31 to 34 weeks) were used. These eggs were exposed to vibrations in a mechanical simulator. In the second phase, the eggs were incubated until the moment of birth. The effects of different vibration intensities and time exposition upon different feed backs were assessed. The intensity was defined by two vibration levels simulated by a mechanical agitator (inferior level; RSS - 2.5 m.s-2; superior level; RSS - 7.5 m.s-2), in which were associated to two different exposition periods of time (minimum, 60 minutes; and maximum, 180 minutes, respectively). A modeling in blocks with treatments in a factorial treatment and a control (2 x 2 +1) was chosen randomly. The quality of fertile eggs was evaluated considering the weight loss and measurements taken in the egg yolk and in the albumen (height, diameter, indexes, and Haugh unity). Using the analysis of variance, it was possible to observe the effects of experimental factors on the quality of fertile eggs, mainly, in the measurements found in the albumen. The results indicated that the eggs that were exposed to vibrations in very intense levels, and/or for more time, presented liquefied albumen, showing quality loss. These results were seen by the reduction in the albumen index as well as in the Haugh unity, found in the Tukey test submitted to the level of significance of 5%. After birth, the hatching tax, the mortality characterization, and the quality of broiler chicks (absolute weight and classification) were evaluated. Using the logistical regression, it was possible to observe that fertile eggs exposed to vibrations can affect negatively the hatching tax and the proportion of chicks classified in first line. These results were found smaller in the Wald test at significance of 5% in the treatment formed by the superior vibration level applied for a longer period of time. The worst results found in birth demonstrated an increase in total loss because of vibration exposition on the eggs with a significance effect proved, mainly, by the vibration level. Furthermore, through the analysis of variance, it was observed a small weight reduction of birds hatched from vibrated eggs. These results were observed when they were compared to the averages found in the control group and t test. Thus, if the albumen quality is compromised it is believed that it generates worst results in birth and in the quality of broiler chicks. Hence, it is possible to conclude that vibrations are capable of compromise incubation, resulting in huge financial loss for incubators, if similar conditions happen to be the way they were simulated on this study.

In several applications of casting, dendritic microstructure is not desirable as it results in poor mechanical properties. Enhancing fluid flow in the mushy zone by stirring is one of the means to suppress this dendritic growth. Strong fluid flow detaches the dendrites formed at the solid-liquid interface and carries them into the mould to form slurry. When this slurry solidifies, the microstructure is characterized by globular, non-dendritic primary phase particles, separated and enclosed by a near-eutectic lower-melting secondary phase. This property represents a great potential for further processing in semisolid forming (SSF) by various techniques such as pressure die casting and forging. Among all currently available methods, linear electromagnetic (EM) stirring is considered as one of the most suitable routes for large scale production of semisolid feed stock. One of the biggest advantages of EM stirring is that the stirring intensity and direction can be modulated externally and in a non-intrusive manner. With this viewpoint, the primary objective of the present research is to investigate rheocasting using linear electromagnetic stirring. A systematic development of a linear electromagnetic stirrer (LEMS) is the subject of the first part of the thesis. The LEMS consists of a set of six primary coils displaced in space. These coils are excited by a three-phase power supply to produce an axially travelling magnetic field. The metal to be stirred is placed in the annular space of the stirrer. The travelling field induces secondary current in the molten metal. The current and magnetic fields interact to generate a net mechanical force in the metal, commonly termed as the Lorentz force. The molten metal is stirred under the influence of this force. Two prototype stirrers, one for low melting alloys and the other for aluminium alloys are developed. The stirrers are characterized by measuring forces on low melting point alloy and on solid aluminum cylinders placed inside the annular space of the stirrer. As an outcome of these tests, a non-intrusive method of detecting stirring of liquid metal is developed. The development of a rheocasting mould for the LEMS forms the second part of the work presented in the thesis. The mould design and cooling arrangement are such that solidification in the mould is primarily unidirectional. Heat from the solidifying metal is extracted at the bottom of the mould, so that the axisymmetric EM stirring effectively shears the dendrites formed at the solid-liquid interface. The outer surface of the mould is cooled with water or air exiting from 64 jets, each of 4 mm diameter. Such an arrangement provides a high heat transfer coefficient and a wide range of cooling rate in the metal ranging from 0.01 to 10 K/s. Temperature is measured at various depths in the solidifying melt and at other key locations in the mould to assess the various heat transfer mechanisms. The results from the rheocasting experiments using the above mould and LEMS are presented in the third and final part of the thesis. Such studies are required for understanding the solidification process in presence of electromagnetic stirring and for highlighting the important issues connecting solidification, fluid flow, dendrite fragmentation and the resulting microstructure. A series of experiments are performed with A356 (Al-7Si-0.3Mg) alloy. Experiments are conducted with various combinations of operating parameters, and the resulting microstructures and cooling curves at various locations are examined. The key process parameters are stirring current, cooling rate, pouring temperature, and stirring current frequency. The parametric studies also include the case without EM stirring in which liquid aluminium is poured into the rheocast mould without powering the LEMS. It is found that stirring at high currents produces non-dendritic microstructures at all locations of the billet. For lower currents, however, dendritic microstructures are observed in regions outside the zone of active stirring. Stirring also enhances heat loss from the exposed top surface, leading to solid front advancement from the top as well. Without EM stirring, microstructures are found to be dendritic everywhere. The percentage of primary α-Al phase and its number density are found to increase with stirring intensity. With a decrease in cooling rate with air as the coolant, the average grain size of primary α-Al phase increases. Excitation frequency is found to be an important parameter, with lower frequencies generating a more uniform force field distribution, and higher frequencies enhancing induction heating. At higher frequencies, the effect of higher induction heating results in the formation of larger and coarser primary phase grains. This phenomenon has led to the development of a one-step process for rheocasting and heat treatment of billets.

Recent developments show that derivative free methods are highly demanded by researches for solving optimization problems in various practical contexts. Although well-known optimization methods that employ derivative information can be very effcient, a derivative free method will be more effcient in cases where the objective function is nondifferentiable, the derivative information is not available or is not reliable. Derivative Free Optimization (DFO) is developed for solving small dimensional problems (less than 100 variables) in which the computation of an objective function is relatively expensive and the derivatives of the objective function are not available. Problems of this nature more and more arise in modern physical, chemical and econometric measurements and in engineering applications, where computer simulation is employed for the evaluation of the objective functions. In this thesis, we give an example of the implementation of DFO in an approach for optimizing stirrer configurations, including a parametrized grid generator, a flow solver, and DFO. A derivative free method, i.e., DFO is preferred because the gradient of the objective function with respect to the stirrer&rsquo / s design variables is not directly available. This nonlinear objective function is obtained from the flow field by the flow solver. We present and interpret numerical results of this implementation. Moreover, a contribution is given to a survey and a distinction of DFO research directions, to an analysis and discussion of these. We also state a derivative free algorithm used within a clustering algorithm in combination with non-smooth optimization techniques to reveal the effectiveness of derivative free methods in computations. This algorithm is applied on some data sets from various sources of public life and medicine. We compare various methods, their practical backgrounds, and conclude with a summary and outlook. This work may serve as a preparation of possible future research.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos das vibrações mecânicas decorrentes do transporte sobre a qualidade de ovos fertilizados e sobre o nascimento e a qualidade de pintos de corte. O experimento foi dividido em duas fases desenvolvidas em um incubatório comercial em Mogi-Mirim/SP. Na primeira, 1920 ovos fertilizados de matrizes da linhagem Cobb-500 (31 a 34 semanas) foram expostos a simulações dos movimentos vibratórios, produzidos por um agitador mecânico desenvolvido para este fim. Na segunda fase, esses ovos foram incubados até o nascimento das aves. Avaliaram-se os efeitos de diferentes intensidades de vibração e tempos de exposição sobre as respostas de interesse. A intensidade foi definida por duas faixas de vibração simuladas pelo agitador (faixa inferior; RSS de 2,5 m.s-2 e faixa superior; RSS de 7,5 m.s-2), as quais foram associadas a dois tempos de exposição, um mínimo e um máximo (60 e 180 minutos, respectivamente). Foi adotado um delineamento aleatorizado em blocos com tratamentos em esquema fatorial mais um controle (2 x 2 + 1). A qualidade dos ovos fertilizados foi mensurada a partir da perda de peso e de medidas tomadas na gema e no albúmen (altura, diâmetro e índices, e unidade Haugh). Pela análise de variância foi possível observar efeitos dos fatores experimentais na qualidade dos ovos fertilizados, principalmente nas medidas tomadas no albúmen. Os resultados indicaram que os ovos quando expostos às vibrações, em faixas mais intensas e/ou por mais tempo, apresentam seu albúmen liquefeito, o que é um sinal de perda de qualidade. Esses resultados foram comprovados pela redução no índice de albúmen e na unidade Haugh, quando realizados os testes t e de Tukey a 5% de significância. Após o nascimento das aves foi avaliada a taxa de eclodibilidade, a caracterização da mortalidade e a qualidade dos pintos de corte (peso absoluto e classificação). Por meio da regressão logística, observou-se que a exposição dos ovos fertilizados às vibrações pode afetar negativamente a taxa de eclodibilidade e a proporção de pintos classificados em primeira linha. Essas respostas foram menores pelo teste de Wald a 5% de significância no tratamento formado pela faixa de vibração superior aplicada por mais tempo. Os piores resultados no nascimento refletiram diretamente em um aumento nas perdas totais devido à exposição dos ovos aos movimentos vibratórios, com a significância de efeito comprovada principalmente pela a faixa de vibração. Além disso, pela análise de variância foi observada uma pequena redução do peso das aves nascidas de ovos vibrados, quando feita a comparação de médias pelo teste t com o controle. Por fim, acredita-se que o comprometimento da qualidade do albúmen tenha gerado piores resultados no nascimento e na qualidade dos pintos de corte. Dessa forma, é possível concluir que a exposição às vibrações pode comprometer a incubação e gerar prejuízos de grandes dimensões para os incubatórios, caso ocorram em condições semelhantes às simuladas nesta pesquisa. / The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of mechanical vibrations during birth, and on the quality of fertile eggs and broiler chicks due to transportation. The experiment was divided in two phases developed in a commercial incubator in Mogi-Mirim, São Paulo. In the first phase, 1920 fertile eggs from Cobb-500 matrix (31 to 34 weeks) were used. These eggs were exposed to vibrations in a mechanical simulator. In the second phase, the eggs were incubated until the moment of birth. The effects of different vibration intensities and time exposition upon different feed backs were assessed. The intensity was defined by two vibration levels simulated by a mechanical agitator (inferior level; RSS - 2.5 m.s-2; superior level; RSS - 7.5 m.s-2), in which were associated to two different exposition periods of time (minimum, 60 minutes; and maximum, 180 minutes, respectively). A modeling in blocks with treatments in a factorial treatment and a control (2 x 2 +1) was chosen randomly. The quality of fertile eggs was evaluated considering the weight loss and measurements taken in the egg yolk and in the albumen (height, diameter, indexes, and Haugh unity). Using the analysis of variance, it was possible to observe the effects of experimental factors on the quality of fertile eggs, mainly, in the measurements found in the albumen. The results indicated that the eggs that were exposed to vibrations in very intense levels, and/or for more time, presented liquefied albumen, showing quality loss. These results were seen by the reduction in the albumen index as well as in the Haugh unity, found in the Tukey test submitted to the level of significance of 5%. After birth, the hatching tax, the mortality characterization, and the quality of broiler chicks (absolute weight and classification) were evaluated. Using the logistical regression, it was possible to observe that fertile eggs exposed to vibrations can affect negatively the hatching tax and the proportion of chicks classified in first line. These results were found smaller in the Wald test at significance of 5% in the treatment formed by the superior vibration level applied for a longer period of time. The worst results found in birth demonstrated an increase in total loss because of vibration exposition on the eggs with a significance effect proved, mainly, by the vibration level. Furthermore, through the analysis of variance, it was observed a small weight reduction of birds hatched from vibrated eggs. These results were observed when they were compared to the averages found in the control group and t test. Thus, if the albumen quality is compromised it is believed that it generates worst results in birth and in the quality of broiler chicks. Hence, it is possible to conclude that vibrations are capable of compromise incubation, resulting in huge financial loss for incubators, if similar conditions happen to be the way they were simulated on this study.

Stahl wird heutzutage fast ausschließlich im kontinuierlichen Stranggussprozess zu Halbzeugen verschiedener Geometrien verarbeitet. Flüssiger Stahl wird dabei über ein Tauchrohr in eine wassergekühlte, nach unten offene Kokille gefüllt und erstarrt an deren Wänden. Der innen noch flüssige Strang wird kontinuierlich nach unten aus der Kokille abgezogen und ist erst nach mehreren Metern komplett erstarrt. Die Qualität des Halbzeugs wird vorwiegend durch die Strömung in der Kokille beeinflusst. In der Industrie werden seit langer Zeit verschiedene elektromagnetische Aktuatoren eingesetzt, um die Strömungsstruktur in der Kokille mithilfe von Lorentzkräften zu beeinflussen. Bedingt durch die hohe Temperatur des flüssigen Stahls und dessen Undurchsichtigkeit lässt sich die Strömungsstruktur im realen Prozess jedoch kaum untersuchen. Zur Optimierung sowie zum besseren Verständnis der Vorgänge in der Kokille sind daher numerische Simulationen und Modellexperimente notwendig. In dieser Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse experimenteller Untersuchungen zum kontinuierlichen Stranggießen von Stahl unter dem Einfluss verschiedener elektromagnetischer Aktuatoren präsentiert. Die Experimente wurden an der Mini-LIMMCAST-Anlage des Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) durchgeführt. Mini-LIMMCAST ist ein Modell einer Strangguss-Anlage, welches isotherm mit der bei Raumtemperatur flüssigen Metalllegierung GaInSn betrieben wird. Durch die Verwendung von flüssigem Metall als Modellfluid können die Auswirkungen elektromagnetischer Aktuatoren untersucht werden, jedoch kann aufgrund der Undurchsichtigkeit des Modellfluids die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung in der Kokille nicht mittels optischer Verfahren erfasst werden. Daher wird zur Messung der Geschwindigkeitsverteilung in der Kokille die Ultraschall-Doppler-Velocimetrie eingesetzt. Die Ergebnisse von Messungen an zwei verschiedenen Kokillen-Geometrien werden vorgestellt: zum Einen solche an einer zylindrischen Kokille, bei welcher auf verschiedene Arten eine Drehströmung erzeugt wurde. Dies erfolgte durch elektromagnetisches Rühren in der Kokille sowie durch ein Tauchrohr mit spiralförmigen Auslässen. Zum Anderen wird eine Kokille mit rechteckigem Querschnitt, wie sie in Brammen-Anlagen verwendet wird, betrachtet. In dieser wird die Strömung sowohl durch ein statisches Magnetfeld, einer sogenannten elektromagnetischen Bremse, als auch durch elektromagnetische Wechselfelder beeinflusst. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen eine Reihe zuvor nicht beschriebener Phänomene, wie das zeitliche Verhalten des Jets in der Rundkokille mit elektromagnetischem Rührer oder den Mechanismus der in der Brammen-Geometrie mit elektromagnetischer Bremse für eine Veränderung der Geschwindigkeit an der freien Oberfläche der Kokille sorgt. Umfassende experimentelle Parameterstudien erlauben detaillierte Einblicke in die beim Stranggießen auftretenden Strömungsstrukturen, wie sie mit numerischen Simulationsmodellen nur unter einem immensen Einsatz von Rechenleistung zu erzielen wären. / Today, steel is almost exclusively processed into semi-finished products of various geometries by the continuous casting process. Liquid steel is filled through a submerged entry nozzle into a water-cooled, downwardly open mould and solidifies on its walls. The strand, which is still liquid on the inside, is continuously drawn downwards out of the mould and is then completely solidified after several metres. The quality of the semi-finished product is mainly influenced by the flow in the mould. For many years, various electromagnetic actuators have been used in industry to influence the flow structure in the mould by the application of Lorentz forces. Due to the high temperature of the liquid steel and its opacity, however, the flow structure can hardly be investigated in the real process. Therefore, numerical simulations and model experiments are necessary to optimise and better understand the processes in the mould. In this dissertation the results of experimental investigations on continuous casting of steel under the influence of different electromagnetic actuators are presented. The experiments were performed at the Mini-LIMMCAST facility of the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR). Mini-LIMMCAST is a model of a continuous casting machine which is operated isothermally with the metal alloy GaInSn, which is liquid at room temperature. By using liquid metal as model fluid, the effects of electromagnetic actuators can be investigated, but due to the opacity of the model fluid, the velocity distribution in the mould cannot be determined by optical methods. Therefore, ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry is used to measure the velocity distribution in the mould. The results of measurements using two different mould geometries are presented. One is a cylindrical mould in which a rotational flow was generated in different ways. This was achieved by electromagnetic stirring in the mould and by an submerged entry nozzle with spiral-shaped outlets. On the other hand, a mould with a rectangular cross-section, as used for slab casting, is considered. Here the flow is influenced by a static magnetic field, a so-called electromagnetic brake, as well as by alternating electromagnetic fields. The results of this work show a number of previously undescribed phenomena, such as the temporal behaviour of the jet in the round mould with an electromagnetic stirrer or the mechanism that causes a change in the speed at the free surface of the mould in the slab geometry with an electromagnetic brake. Comprehensive experimental parameter studies allow detailed insights into the flow structures occurring during continuous casting, which could only be achieved with numerical simulation models with an immense input of computing power.