Thesis: M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1976 / Includes bibliographical references. / by Angelika M. Ch. Esser. / M.S. / M.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management

Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Köln. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 269-284).

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o earn-out nos contratos de compra e venda de participações societárias. Em específico, esse mecanismo é estudado na sua perspectiva prática e teórica a fim de compreender a sua função e causa, tendo em vista a sua execução no Direito brasileiro. O interesse pelo earn-out justifica-se diante o seu crescente uso em operações de fusões e aquisições na prática negocial brasileira. Esse recente movimento, por um lado, demonstra a grande utilidade do earn-out como instrumento para aproximar as expectativas das partes quanto ao valor correspondente ao preço da empresa-alvo; por outro lado, a utilização inadequada e não adaptada ao Ordenamento revela que o earn-out pode ser um mecanismo indesejado, diante do seu grande potencial de litigiosidade. Nesse contexto, duas foram as perspectivas abordadas no trabalho: a uma, analisa-se o ambiente em que inserto o earn-out, sendo que para cumprir com esse objetivo estuda-se, por um lado, a compra e venda de empresas como um processo e, por outro, as peculiaridades do contrato de compra e venda de participações societárias; a duas, analisa-se o earn-out “aplicado”, isto é, as motivações práticas para utilizar o mecanismo, bem como os melhores mercados em que sua utilização é recomendável. Em decorrência dessas perspectivas, a análise do earnout demonstra sua grande utilidade e eficiência para as partes vendedora e compradora de participações societárias que não chegam a um consenso sobre o preço do objeto do contrato de compra e venda. Contudo, verifica-se que a sua aplicação pode causar problemas de ordem contratual e societária, especialmente quando uma das consequências do mecanismo é manter o vendedor na empresa-alvo para o atingimento das metas do earn-out. Diante dos problemas verificados no âmbito da prática estadunidense e no Brasil, a parte final do trabalho enfrenta as questões que envolvem a execução do earn-out e as dificuldades para a verificação das condições ajustadas pelas partes como metas. Nesse sentido, são estudadas a posição das partes antes e depois da operação, assim como a potencial violação a deveres fiduciários pelos administradores da sociedade-alvo. Ao final, apresentam-se possíveis soluções no âmbito da prática contratual para evitar que a utilização do earn-out seja problemática, e, quando os conflitos já foram instaurados, analisa-se a aplicação de regras interpretativas ao earn-out no Direito brasileiro. / This essay deals with the earn-out in stock purchase agreements. Specifically, the objective is to understand the mechanism, its function and causa, regarding its enforcement in the Brazilian Law. The reason to study the earn-out is justified by its increasingly use in the Brazilian market, which brings two consequences: by one side, it is clear that the earn-out is useful as an instrument to match the expectations of the parties concerning the value that represents the price of the target; on the other hand, the improper and inappropriate use of the earn-out in the Brazilian legal system may turn the mechanism into an unwanted clause, due to its great potential of lawsuits and legal conflicts. In this sense, two perspectives were approached in this research: first, it is analyzed the context in which the earn-out is utilized, for that matter it is studied the mergers and acquisitions as a whole, and the particularities of the stock purchase agreement; second, it is analyzed what is the earn-out as a clause, its legal nature and framework, function and causa, and motivations to use the mechanism, as well as the best markets in which its use is recommended. As an outcome, the results founded are that, although the earn-out may be a useful and efficient tool for the parties, its enforcement could cause contractual and corporate legal problems, since one of the main features of the mechanism is to maintain the seller working for the target in order to achieve the goals agreed as precedent conditions of the earn-out. Considering the problems that arise from the American and, in some cases, Brazilian practice the last part of the essay deals with questions that involve the enforcement of the earn-out and the difficulties to verify the precedent conditions agreed by the parties as goals. In order to achieve this objective, it is studied the position of the parties before and after the deal, as well the possibility of breach of the fiduciary duties by the board and directors of the target; consequently, the intention is to solve the conflicts using the contractual interpretation of the contracts concluded between business and corporate affairs and its repercussions to the stock purchase agreements. In the end of this paper, it is presented possible solutions to avoid the problematic use of the earnout; however, when the conflicts are already set by the parties, it is pondered about the interpretation of the earn-out in the Brazilian Law.

Este trabalho tem como objeto o estudo do regime jurídico do bônus de subscrição e de sua aplicação na prática societária. O instituto, que tem sua origem no direito norteamericano, assumiu contornos próprios com a sua introdução no direito brasileiro por meio da Lei nº 6.404/1976. O bônus de subscrição consiste em um título negociável emitido por companhia aberta ou fechada em regime de capital autorizado e confere ao seu titular o direito de subscrever ações da sociedade emissora nas condições e no prazo estabelecidos quando da emissão do bônus de subscrição. Na primeira parte do trabalho, foi analisada a natureza jurídica de título de crédito e de valor mobiliário do bônus de subscrição e relacionadas as implicações decorrentes dessa categorização. A seguir, foram traçadas as principais características que moldam o objeto do estudo, bem como dos institutos jurídicos que possuem traços de similaridades no contexto do mercado de capitais. A investigação abrangeu, ainda, os aspectos relacionados ao exercício do bônus de subscrição e a tutela jurisdicional pela execução específica cabível em caso de violação do direito incorporado pelo título. Por fim, foi examinada a aplicação do bônus de subscrição na prática societária por meio do estudo de caso concreto em que a utilização do título suscitou questionamento perante a Comissão de Valores Mobiliários e de negócios jurídicos envolvendo a emissão de bônus de subscrição. / This study explores the legal framework of stock purchase warrant and its employment in corporate practice. This institution was originatd in the North American Law and took specific outlines with its introduction in Brazilian law by Act 6.404 of 1976. The stock purchase warrant consists of a negotiable instrument issued by open or closed company subject to authorized capital systematic which gives the holder the right to subscribe company\'s stock under the conditions and term established by its issuance. In the first part of the work, we examined the legal nature of negotiable instument and securities of the stock purchase warrants and related implications arising from such categorization. In the following part, the main features that shape the object of study were outlined, as well as other legal institutions that have similar traces in the capital market context. The study also covered aspects related to the exercise of stock purchase warrants and judicial protection applicable through specific execution in case of violation of the right embodied by the title. Finally, we examined the use of stock purchase warrants in the corporate practice through case brought before the Securities and Exchange Commission and in legal transactions involving the issuance of warrants.

The Internal Revenue Code invokes the concept of reasonableness as the major qualification for the stockholder executive compensation deduction for federal income tax purposes. However, neither the Code nor Regulations contain general guidelines for determining reasonable compensation. Consequently, disputes with the IRS are frequent, resulting in substantial litigation. The primary hypothesis of the study was that the IRS guideline variables were incapable of discriminating taxpayers who have won litigated reasonable compensation cases from those who have lost. The secondary hypothesis was that the IRS guideline variable group, the court case variable group, or the two groups combined were equally powerful in discriminating taxpayers who have won litigated reasonable compensation cases from taxpayers who have lost. The study included all unreasonable compensation cases litigated in the Tax Court from 195^ to September, 1980. Only cases related to the reasonableness of officer-shareholder compensation of closely-held corporations were included.

Este trabalho tem como objeto o estudo do regime jurídico do bônus de subscrição e de sua aplicação na prática societária. O instituto, que tem sua origem no direito norteamericano, assumiu contornos próprios com a sua introdução no direito brasileiro por meio da Lei nº 6.404/1976. O bônus de subscrição consiste em um título negociável emitido por companhia aberta ou fechada em regime de capital autorizado e confere ao seu titular o direito de subscrever ações da sociedade emissora nas condições e no prazo estabelecidos quando da emissão do bônus de subscrição. Na primeira parte do trabalho, foi analisada a natureza jurídica de título de crédito e de valor mobiliário do bônus de subscrição e relacionadas as implicações decorrentes dessa categorização. A seguir, foram traçadas as principais características que moldam o objeto do estudo, bem como dos institutos jurídicos que possuem traços de similaridades no contexto do mercado de capitais. A investigação abrangeu, ainda, os aspectos relacionados ao exercício do bônus de subscrição e a tutela jurisdicional pela execução específica cabível em caso de violação do direito incorporado pelo título. Por fim, foi examinada a aplicação do bônus de subscrição na prática societária por meio do estudo de caso concreto em que a utilização do título suscitou questionamento perante a Comissão de Valores Mobiliários e de negócios jurídicos envolvendo a emissão de bônus de subscrição. / This study explores the legal framework of stock purchase warrant and its employment in corporate practice. This institution was originatd in the North American Law and took specific outlines with its introduction in Brazilian law by Act 6.404 of 1976. The stock purchase warrant consists of a negotiable instrument issued by open or closed company subject to authorized capital systematic which gives the holder the right to subscribe company\'s stock under the conditions and term established by its issuance. In the first part of the work, we examined the legal nature of negotiable instument and securities of the stock purchase warrants and related implications arising from such categorization. In the following part, the main features that shape the object of study were outlined, as well as other legal institutions that have similar traces in the capital market context. The study also covered aspects related to the exercise of stock purchase warrants and judicial protection applicable through specific execution in case of violation of the right embodied by the title. Finally, we examined the use of stock purchase warrants in the corporate practice through case brought before the Securities and Exchange Commission and in legal transactions involving the issuance of warrants.

Ce travail doctoral s’interroge sur les déterminants des comportements d’épargne salariale. Le chapitre 1 présente un état des lieux de l’épargne salariale. Nous détaillons ensuite les principales règles de fonctionnement de l’épargne salariale. Nous présentons enfin les principaux déterminants des comportements d’épargne salariale identifiés par la littérature. Le chapitre 2 examine les déterminants socio-économiques de l’efficience des portefeuilles d’épargne salariale. Il propose également une analyse des déterminants des erreurs d’investissement des salariés mesurées par un indice. Nous dissocions les investissements faits dans le cadre des augmentations de capital réservées aux salariés et ceux faits au titre des autres plans d’épargne entreprise. Nous nous intéressons d’une part à la décision binaire d’investir ou pas, et à l’efficience du portefeuille d’autre part. Notre échantillon porte sur 30 000 salariés d’un groupe bancaire français et contient des informations sur les caractéristiques individuelles des salariés et le détail des montants investis dans les plans et leurs caractéristiques de rentabilité et de risque. Les caractéristiques des salariés affectent significativement l’efficience des portefeuilles. Nous mettons en évidence une forte concentration en actions de l’entreprise. Nous montrons également que l’investissement des salariés est sous optimal compte tenu de l’écart existant entre le ratio de Sharpe optimal que nous avons calculés et le ratio de Sharpe des salariés. Nous régressons enfin cette différence sur les caractéristiques des salariés. Le chapitre 3 analyse empiriquement les déterminants de l’investissement en actions de l’entreprise. L’actionnariat salarié diminuerait les comportements de retrait des salariés tels que l’absentéisme et la rotation du personnel. Or, la causalité inverse que nous postulerons n’avait jamais été analysée : l’effet de l’absentéisme et de la rotation du personnel sur l’investissement en actions de l’entreprise par ses salariés. Nous montrons que l’absentéisme et la rotation du personnel affectent significativement la participation. Nous validons nos hypothèses de recherche à l’aide de diverses méthodes de régression. Nous analysons un panel d’environ 15 000 salariés de près de 900 filiales d’un groupe français coté appartenant au secteur de la construction, des travaux publics et des concessions sur une période de 5 ans. La participation au plan d’actionnariat salarié dépend du niveau d’absentéisme et de rotation du personnel au sein de l’entreprise. L’absentéisme et la rotation du personnel influencent l’investissement en actions de l’entreprise différemment selon la catégorie socioprofessionnelle du salarié et les motifs d’absences et de sorties Le chapitre 4 administre un questionnaire à des épargnants individuels afin d’évaluer leur connaissance financière. Nous nous sommes inspirés des enquêtes de Lusardi et de la Banque Centrale Européenne afin de réaliser un questionnaire adapté au cas français. Nous constatons l’influence de l’éducation financière sur les décisions d’investir. Le questionnaire a été diffusé auprès des salariés d’un établissement bancaire d’une part et de leurs clients d’autre part. Bien que nos résultats confirment dans l’ensemble la littérature sur la connaissance financière, nous identifions plusieurs nouveaux résultats. / This dissertation questions the determinants of employee savings behavior. Chapter 1 presents an overview of employee savings schemes. We then detail the main rules of employee savings schemes. Finally, we present the main determinants of the behavior of employee savings schemes identified by the literature. Chapter 2 examines the socio-economic determinants of employee savings’ portfolio efficiency. It also proposes an analysis of the determinants of investment errors of employees measured by an index. We dissociate investments made in the context of Employee stock purchase plan and those made through other employee savings plans. We are interested in the binary decision to invest or not on the one hand and in the portfolio efficiency on the other hand. Our sample covers 30,000 employees of a French bank, contains information on the individual characteristics of employees and details of the amounts invested in the plans, their risk and risk characteristics. The characteristics of the employees significantly affect the efficiency of the portfolios. We highlight a strong concentration of company stocks. We also show that the investment of employees is not optimal given the gap between the optimal Sharpe ratio and the actual Sharpe ratio. We finally regress this difference on the characteristics of the employees. Chapter 3 empirically analyzes the determinants of investment in company shares. Employee stock ownership would reduce the withdrawal behavior of employees, such as absenteeism and turnover. However, the reverse causality we assume had never been analyzed: the effect of absenteeism and the staff turnover on the investment in employer’s stocks. We show that absenteeism and staff turnover significantly affect participation. We validate our hypotheses using a variety of regression methods. We analyze a panel of approximately 15,000 employees of nearly 900 subsidiaries over a period of 5 years of a French listed company belonging to the construction, public works and concessions sector. Participation in employee stock ownership plan depends on the level of absenteeism and turnover of employees within the company. Absenteeism and staff turnover influence the investment in company shares differently depending on the employee's occupations category and the reasons for absences and departures. Chapter 4 analyze the results of a survey we sent to individual savers to assess their financial literacy. We translated the surveys of Lusardi and the European Central Bank to produce a questionnaire adapted to the French case. We see the influence of financial education on investment decisions. The questionnaire was distributed to the employees of a bank on the one hand and their customers on the other. Although our results generally confirm the literature on financial literacy, we identify several new findings.