<p>The aim of this work is to give an example of how archaeoacoustics can broaden our understanding of archaeological remains and to further contribute to the almost non-existing research of ringing stones. With a theoretical discussion about sound from three different perspectives and by means of using different kinds of analysis, this essay will show that there are unknown relations between the three known ölandic ringing stones and the cultural landscape of Öland. Possible patterns in the placement of the stones and the possibility of the sound in this soundscape will be investigated. The essay will also suggest a resonant stone typology and discuss the necessity of one. Finally, the intention is also to shed new light upon the discussion on what the uses of the ringing stones might have been.</p>

This paper aims to investigate the connection between clearance cairns and burial cairns. From this point of view I try to answer the questions why they are built in the same area and why these two different types of cairns are so similary constructed. Further I consider different theories about mounds of fire-cracked stones.

The aim of this work is to give an example of how archaeoacoustics can broaden our understanding of archaeological remains and to further contribute to the almost non-existing research of ringing stones. With a theoretical discussion about sound from three different perspectives and by means of using different kinds of analysis, this essay will show that there are unknown relations between the three known ölandic ringing stones and the cultural landscape of Öland. Possible patterns in the placement of the stones and the possibility of the sound in this soundscape will be investigated. The essay will also suggest a resonant stone typology and discuss the necessity of one. Finally, the intention is also to shed new light upon the discussion on what the uses of the ringing stones might have been.

OHSAS 18000 Occupational Health and Safety Assessment System Series have a special importance to mining. OHSAS standardization aims to provide secure, more tranquil and healthier working space to the employees by means of establishing an assessment system. As mining activities are generally carried out in high risk environments, OHSAS has been improved and has increased its importance for mining in the world. In this study, Bigadi&ccedil / Boron Work is taken as a case for the application of OHSAS 18001. Theoretical information about OHSAS and risk assessment is provided, and some exemplifying mines that implemented this standard are given to illustrate their benefits. All possible hazard sources are identified and a &ldquo / Hazard Source Inventory&rdquo / is proposed. Together with this hazard source inventory, a risk assessment method is developed for Bigadi&ccedil / Boron Work. Several tasks are evaluated according to this proposed form. In order to define policy, principles and structure of Occupational Health and Safety Assessment System, an &ldquo / OHSA Manual&rdquo / is prepared. Several sets of standard forms were prepared and recommended for Bigadi&ccedil / Boron Work. Consistency throughout the organization was established by means of these created standard documents, procedures and forms. Proposed Job Safety Analysis form can be used to identify, analyze and record the steps involved in performing a specific task, and the existing or potential safety and health hazards associated with each step. Several safe job procedures were also prepared with the help of the risk assessment process. In addition to this, an &ldquo / Emergency Plan&rdquo / is proposed for enterprise to prevent loss of life, property and information, and provide safety in case of any emergency or natural disaster. An &ldquo / OHS Audit Instrument&rdquo / is suggested for the Bigadi&ccedil / Boron Work that will play a key role for continuous improvement of the system. Audits are integral part of OHSAS in order to identify hazards, improve health and safety conditions, and check compliance with regulations. These studies also show that there are some problems in the implementation of the system. The main problem is ineffective data recording and keeping. Lack of consciousness of employees and low commitment of top management constitute another important difficulty. Although these problems are commonly encountered in practice, applying OHSAS 18000 standard is still worthwhile method of improving work environment.

Different techniques were studied to evaluate the presence of different microorganisms that played important roles in decay processes of historic stones. In that scope, limestones and sandstones from Nemrut Mount Monument, and marbles and andesites from Temple of Augustus were studied. For measurement of enzymatic activity, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis method previously applied to assess soil microbial activity was carried out. Total microflora method based on countings of colony number was conducted for determination of the level of bacterial and fungal activity of stones. ATP bioluminescence method, developed for the field of hygiene monitoring, was carried out in order to detect global metabolic activity degree in historic stones. Most probable number (MPN) method was carried out to detect the number of microbial cells, namely nitrifying and sulphur oxidising bacteria which could take part in the decay processes. Moreover, fungi identification was done for determining occurance of detrimental species. Presence of lichenic and algal zones existed on stones of Nemrut Mount Monument and the presence of black discolorations on stones of Temple of Augustus was common. Results have shown that the bacterial and fungal activity was low, however considerable quantity of FDA hydrolyses has shown the importance of algal population in the stones of two studied historical sites. This study has proved that FDA hydrolyses, total microflora and MPN method were efficient for the evaluation of biodeterioration in historic stones.

No description available.

<p>The primary goal of this dissertation was to assess the feasibility of transforming an electromagnetic (EM) shock wave lithotripter with an acoustic lens as its focusing device from the original axisymmetric pressure distribution to a non-axisymmetric steerable acoustic field. This work was motivated by the desire to better match the distribution of effective acoustic pressure and pulse energy with the trajectory and anatomical features around renal and ureteral calculi during clinical shock wave lithotripsy (SWL). The acoustic field transformation was accomplished by the design of a fan-shaped acoustic barrier (mask) placed on top of the lithotripter acoustic lens to selectively reduce the source aperture along the direction of the barrier axis, therefore effectively broadening the beam width (<italic>BW</italic>) of the lithotripter field in this preferred direction. Moreover, the geometry of the original lens (L₁) was modified so that the acoustic focus of the new lens (L₂) at high output voltages (necessitated by the incorporation of the mask) is closely aligned with the lithotripter focus. The mask was further driven by a motor-controlled gear system to rotate around the lithotripter axis, generating a steerable and non-axisymmetric acoustic field. In this dissertation project, a linear acoustic model was first used for parametric studies to assess the effects of mask geometry (opening angle and thickness) on beam elongation and peak pressure reduction. Based on this analysis, two mask geometries (L₂+M₈₀₂₅ and L₂+M₉₀₃₀) were selected for modest and maximum beam elongation within the acceptable output range of the shock wave source. The acoustic and cavitation fields of the new lens with masks, as well as the corresponding field produced by the original lens, were characterized using fiber optical probe hydrophone measurements and stereoscopic high-speed imaging. Different output voltage settings were used for each lens configuration (i.e., 14 kV for L₁, 15.8 kV for L₂+M₈₀₂₅, and 17 kV L₂+M₉₀₃₀) to produce equivalent acoustic pulse energy of 45 mJ in all setups, measured in the lithotripter focal plane. Under this condition, L₂+M₈₀₂₅ and L₂+M₉₀₃₀ generate lower peak pressure (38.2 and 36.8 MPa) with a significantly broadened BW_y (11.4 and 14.3 mm) along the y-axis (head-to-toe direction of the patient), which is aligned with the mask axis, compared to the high peak pressure (44.1 MPa) and moderate <italic>BW</italic> (7.5 mm) of L₁. It is worth noting that L₂+M₈₀₂₅ and L₂+M₉₀₃₀ produce a <italic>BW</italic>_x (7.6 and 7.5 mm) in the orthogonal direction to the mask axis, which is also comparable to L₁. Similarly, the beam width of the cavitation field was broadened from 8.1 to 12.2 mm for L₂+M₈₀₂₅, and from 10.9 to 17.9 mm for L₂+M₉₀₃₀, compared to the range of 8.8 to 9.4 mm measured from L₁. In comparison, L₂+M₈₀₂₅ produces a denser and narrower bubble cloud along the y-axis than L₂+M₉₀₃₀. In vitro stone comminution (<italic>SC</italic>) tests in a tube holder (Diameter = 14 mm) have demonstrated that L₂+M₈₀₂₅ and L₂+M₉₀₃₀ are more effective at off-axis positions and during simulated respiratory motion along the elongated beam direction. The results of <italic>SC</italic> also confirmed the correlation between <italic>SC</italic> and the average peak pressure, p_+(avg), and effective acoustic pulse energy, E_eft, delivered to the stone, as shown in previous studies. Furthermore, a ureter model was developed and used to assess the performance of L₂+M₉₀₃₀, which has the maximally elongated <italic>BW</italic> under various static and simulated respiratory motion conditions. The results suggest that L₂+M₉₀₃₀ can produce significantly better <italic>SC</italic> than L₁ when the elongated beam is effectively aligned with the stone/fragments in the ureter or with their motion trajectory during the course of SWL treatment. Altogether, the results of this dissertation work have demonstrated <italic>in vitro</italic> that a non-axisymmetric and steerable acoustic field can significantly enhance stone comminution under clinically relevant SWL conditions. Future work is warranted to optimize the mask design and steering protocol to maximize the benefit of such an adaptable and versatile design to improve the performance and safety of clinical EM lithotripters.</p> / Dissertation

Introduction: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is the standard stone treatment. Increased excretion of tubular enzymes and hypercalciuria has been reported after ESWL. We investigated the importance of renally induced hypercalciuria after ESWL. Material and Methods: 30 calcium oxalate stoneformers (23 men, 7 women), mean age 53.3 (range 30–71) years, were evaluated prospectively. Plasma calcium and creatinine concentrations and 8-hour overnight urine were measured before ESWL and on the 1st and 2nd days after ESWL. To estimate the changes of tubular reabsorption, the calcium/creatinine clearance ratios were calculated. Results: Hypercalciuria (>5 mmol/24 h) was seen in 5/30 (16.7%) before, in 12/30 (40.0%) on day 1 and in 13/30 (43.3%) on day 2 after ESWL. The mean plasma levels of calcium were significantly decreased from 2.36 mmol/l before to 2.28 mmol/l on day 2 after ESWL (p< 0.01). The mean calcium/creatinine clearance ratio was significantly increased from 0.012 before to 0.019 after ESWL (p< 0.01). Before and on day 2 after ESWL, the calcium/creatinine clearance ratio was significantly correlated with the age of the patients (r = 0.33, p< 0.04). Conclusion: Our data show an age-related significantly increased urine calcium excretion after ESWL possibly due to decreased tubular calcium reabsorption. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

In this study, characterization of activated carbon produced from apricot stones by chemical activation technique using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as activating agent, at relatively low temperatures (300, 400 and 500oC), was investigated. To produce activated carbon acid impregnated samples were heated / at a heating rate of 20oC/min to the final carbonization temperatures, 300oC, 400oC and 500oC. For each temperature four different carbonization time (90, 120, 180 and 210 min.) were used to produce twelve different activated carbons. The pore structures of activated carbons were determined as follows: The volume and area of macropores in the pore diameter range of 8180-50 nm were determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry. Mesopore (in the range of 50-2 nm) areas and volumes were determined by N2 gas adsorption technique at -195.6oC, BET surface areas of the samples were also determined, in the relative pressure range of 0.05 to 0.02, by the same technique. The pore volume and the area of the micropores with diameters less than 2 nm were determined by CO2 adsorption measurements at 0oC by the application of Dubinin Radushkevich equation. N2 (BET) and CO2 (D-R) surface areas of the samples were in the range of 444-709m2/g and 433-650m2/g, respectively. AC4.2 sample (carbonization temperature of 400oC and carbonization time of 120 min.) was found to have the maximum BET and CO2 area as 709m2/g and 650m2/g, respectively. Surface areas of the samples consisting of around 10% mesopores and over 90% micropores. N2 adsorption isotherms also confirm that pores are in the micropore range.

Submitted by Kilvya Braga (kilvyabraga@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-01T15:29:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WANDENBERG BISMARK COLAÇO LIMA - TESE PPGCEMAT 2014.pdf: 5505255 bytes, checksum: a7cbe5978f9e1752dac3df3b7238fc4d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-01T15:29:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WANDENBERG BISMARK COLAÇO LIMA - TESE PPGCEMAT 2014.pdf: 5505255 bytes, checksum: a7cbe5978f9e1752dac3df3b7238fc4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-30 / A indústria de lavra e beneficiamento de rochas ornamentais vem sendo citadas pelos ambientalistas como uma grande fonte de contaminação e poluição do meio ambiente, devido à enorme quantidade de resíduos gerados e que frequentemente são lançados diretamente nos ecossistemas. Por outro lado o emprego de argamassa expansiva para demolição e corte de rochas, vem sendo uma das mais procuradas tecnologias de corte utilizadas pelas indústrias extrativas, por suas inúmeras vantagens, ante outras tecnologias de corte utilizadas na lavra de rochas ornamentais. Assim o objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a viabilidade da incorporação na argamassa expansiva de demolição de resíduos dos processos de lavra e beneficiamento de rochas ornamentais além do caulim e gesso. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de caracterização de duas argamassas expansivas comerciais dos resíduos gerados nos processos de lavra e beneficiamento do granito do caulim e do gesso, avaliando-se a influência do percentual de incorporação e da granulometria dos mesmos no desempenho da argamassa expansiva. Concluindo-se que é possível a incorporação do caulim, do gesso e dos resíduos do beneficiamento de granitos e do pó da perfuração do granito, como carga nas argamassas expansiva, sem perdas consideráveis da pressão de expansão, para utilização em corte de rochas na lavra de rochas ornamentais. / The mining industry and processing of ornamental rocks has been cited by environmentalists as a major source of contamination and pollution of the environment, due to the enormous amount of waste generated and which often are released directly in the ecosystems. On the other hand the use of expansive grout for demolition and cutting of rocks, has been one of the most sought after cutting technologies used by extractive industries, for its numerous advantages, compared to other cutting technologies used in the ornamental rock mining. So the aim of this work is to study the feasibility of incorporation into the expansive mortar demolition waste from mining processes and processing of ornamental rocks beyond the kaolin and gypsum. For both tests were carried out to characterize two expansive commercial mortars of waste generated in the processes of mining and processing kaolin and granite plaster, by evaluating the influence of percentage of incorporation and the granulometry of the same expansive mortar performance. In conclusion-if that is possible the incorporation of kaolin, gypsum and waste from processing of Granites and granite drilling dust, as cargo on the expansive mortar, without considerable losses of the expansion pressure for use in cutting of rocks in the ornamental rock mining.