Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-01-21T09:35:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Milena Fiuza Diniz - 2015.pdf: 2191789 bytes, checksum: f9b07815a956dcbb354d5efe246b7a13 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-01-21T09:37:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Milena Fiuza Diniz - 2015.pdf: 2191789 bytes, checksum: f9b07815a956dcbb354d5efe246b7a13 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-21T09:37:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Milena Fiuza Diniz - 2015.pdf: 2191789 bytes, checksum: f9b07815a956dcbb354d5efe246b7a13 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / It is expected that networks of protected areas (NPAs) play a key role in conservation of several carnivores species, as jaguar, since habitat fragmentation and population isolation are strong threats. Therefore, the identification and establishment of connector structures, such as corridors and stepping-stones, are essential to ensure the population persistence of these species. Here, we used graph approach and the habitat availability metrics to design NPAs for jaguars in Atlantic Forest and ranking protected areas and other forest fragments according to their importance for landscape connectivity. Our results indicate that the protected jaguar areas (PJAs) are important to functional connectivity, mainly the state parks located in the Serra do Mar. The potential stepping-stone network, formed by 564 fragments with higher levels of importance for connectivity, increased the number of connections in landscape and reduced the amount of isolated PJAs. Only 15 fragments of this network, located in the south of the Atlantic Forest, contributed with 88% of interpatch connectivity, being considered as potential sites for jaguars reintroduction. Most of these connector areas are under the less restrictive protection of sustainable use protected areas. The approach used here has simple data requirements and provides a valuable initial guide to planning NPAs, can be applied to many other species. / (Sem resumo)

To remain competitive, companies are supposed to know the internal and external factors that are present in their sector and global reality, obtaining information that allow them to formulate strategies in order to stay in the market. Having this necessity in mind, the present dissertation presents the study on entrepreneurial, structural and systematic competitive factors in micro, small and medium-sized companies in the field of precious stones in Soledade RS. Through surveys, questionnaires have been applied to businesspeople from thirty-one precious stones industries, with the purpose of identifying the factors that exert major influence on the competitiveness of precious stones companies from Soledade - RS, according to the businesspeople s perception, with product delimitation of rough stones, stone works and artefacts and lapidated stones, by using the model of Coutinho and Ferraz (1995) and Ferraz, Kupfer and Haguenauer (1995). It has been verified that the groups of systematic and structural factors are the ones that mostly influence the competitiveness in this sample of companies. However, it has to be emphasized that, when comparing the average rates of influence of the three groups of variants (entrepreneurial, structural and systematic factors), the percentages obtained have been very much alike, from what may be concluded that the competitiveness of precious stones companies from Soledade is related to strategies that integrate these three groups of factors with similar degrees of influence. / Para que as empresas consigam se manter competitivas precisam conhecer os fatores internos e externos presentes na sua realidade setorial e global, obtendo informações que lhes permitam formular estratégias para se manterem no mercado. Tendo em vista essa necessidade, o presente trabalho de dissertação apresenta o estudo de fatores de competitividade empresariais, estruturais e sistêmicos em micro, pequenas e médias empresas industriais pertencentes ao setor de pedras preciosas de Soledade RS. Através de uma pesquisa de levantamento, foram aplicados questionários aos empresários de trinta e uma empresas industriais de pedras preciosas com o objetivo de identificar os fatores que exercem maior influência na competitividade das empresas de pedras preciosas de Soledade RS, segundo a percepção dos empresários, com delimitação nos produtos pedras preciosas em bruto, obras e artefatos em pedra e pedras lapidadas, utilizando o modelo de Coutinho e Ferraz (1995) e de Ferraz, Kupfer e Haguenauer (1995). Verificou-se que os conjuntos dos fatores sistêmicos e dos fatores estruturais são os que mais exercem influência na competitividade deste grupo de empresas. Porém, ressalva-se que ao se comparar os índices médios de influência dos três conjuntos de variáveis (fatores empresariais, estruturais e sistêmicos), obtiveram-se percentuais muito próximos, do que se conclui que a competitividade das empresas industriais de pedras preciosas de Soledade está relacionada a estratégias que integram esses três conjuntos de fatores com graus semelhantes de influência.

This thesis investigates the potential and limits of portable Raman spectrometers for their application in situ in the environment of museum collections. The data sets were obtained at the two locations. The first measurement took place in the Jewish Museum in Prague. Here we have studied stones from a silver Torah shield from the first half of the nineteen century. This shield is decorated with a set of precious and semi-precious stones and glass imitations. The shield originates from Poland and has been studied using two portable Raman spectrometers (785 nm and 532 and excitations). The second measurement took place in the premises of the Prague Loreto where we had available, at that time still unshown, objects of art for the forthcoming new exhibition. It was about jewelry like earrings, rings, bracelets and brooches, also about ordinary objects of daily use like mirrors, bowls and perfume bottles, or about the objects with religious themes, mostly crowns for the Virgin Mary and baby jesus. The obtained Raman bands correspond well with the reference values of the minerals, the deviation ranged in the order of +/- 3 cm-1 , which in general permits unambiguous identification of phases. Portable handheld Raman spectrometers working with a laser wavelength of 785 nm and 532 nm were able to quickly...

En France, environ 9,8% de la population souffre de lithiase urinaire. Nous proposons, ici, une nouvelle approche afin de caractériser ces matériaux et d'obtenir une meilleure compréhension de leur formation. Les médecins utilisent principalement des techniques FTIR pour déterminer les principales phases présentes dans une calcification pathologique donnée. Les méthodes de RMN semblent appropriées pour déterminer plus précisément la composition de ces calcifications pathologiques. Très peu d'analyses RMN de calculs rénaux et d'analogues synthétiques ont été réalisées à ce jour.Premièrement, les trois phases d'oxalate de calcium ont été synthétisées (CaC2O4?nH2O avec n = 1, 2, 3) en mettant en ¿uvre des protocoles originaux. L'analyse des spectres 1H, 13C CPMAS et 43Ca MAS à ultra-haut champ magnétique en abondance naturelle permet une identification précise des différentes phases et peut être interprétée en tenant compte du nombre d'inéquivalents des sites cristallographiques. L'hydroxyapatite a été étudiée en parallèle car pouvant également apparaître lors de lithiase urinaire.Enfin, nous montrons les résultats obtenus à partir de DNP MAS à 100 K sur les échantillons synthétiques. L'affinité de la combinaison biradical/solvant reste un facteur limitant pour les matériaux hétérogènes tels que ceux qui sont analysés dans cette étude. Nous devons être en mesure de trouver une combinaison appropriée pour les matériaux multi-composants complexes afin d'obtenir un gain équivalent sur tous les signaux. Finalement, il est démontré qu'il est possible de transposer l'approche méthodologique présentée ci-dessus à l'étude des calculs rénaux. / In France, about 9.8% of the population suffer from urolithiasis. The treatment of kidney stones, composed of 72% of hydrated calcium oxalates (CaC2O4∙nH2O) with n = 1, 2, 3, represents almost 900 million euros in annual spending and it is therefore necessary to understand the in vivo formation of these stones. Here we propose a new approach in order to characterize kidney stones and have a greater understanding of their formation. Physicians primarily use FTIR techniques to determine the major phases present in a given pathological calcification. NMR methods appears suitable to determine more accurately the composition of these pathological calcifications. Very few NMR analyzes of kidney stones and synthetic analogues were conducted to date. In a first step, the three phases of calcium oxalate were synthesized by implementing original protocols. Analysis of the 1H, 13C CP MAS and MAS 43Ca ultra-high magnetic field spectra at natural abundance allow precise identification of the different phases and can be interpreted by taking into account the number of inequivalent crystallographic sites. The hydroxyapatite was studied in parallel as it may also appear in urolithiase. Finally, we show results obtained from DNP MAS at 100 K on the synthetic samples. The affinity of the biradical/solvent combination remains a limiting factor for heterogeneous materials such as those analyzed in this study. We have to be able to find a suitable combination for complex multi-component materials and to obtain an equivalent gain on all signals. In a last step, it is demonstrated that it is possible to transpose the methodological approach presented above to the study of kidney stones.

Since the East Texas area has many minerals in the categories which yield semiprecious stones of commercial value--jasper, wood agate, wood opal, and silicified stone, the author undertook this study to determine: (1) the extent which these minerals could be utilized as sources for gems; (2) the equipment necessary for cutting and polishing the stones; and (3) the techniques for finishing the gems.

Orientador: Amauri Hassui / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T13:17:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_GilbertodeLima_M.pdf: 4592521 bytes, checksum: 2e679dc1a192c0f7897695fb43c81107 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Os processos de brunimento visam buscar precisão de usinagem mais acentuada em superfícies cilíndricas, principalmente em diâmetros internos, em que tais tolerâncias não podem ser obtidas por um processo de retificação cilíndrica. As operações anteriores deste processo também contribuem na qualidade final em termos de obtenção de características geométricas mais precisas. A determinação dos parâmetros de corte de usinagem, o tipo de ferramenta, neste caso a pedra de brunimento ou brunidor, as condições de fixação da peça a ser usinada e o fluido de corte também afetam tais requisitos de especificação geométrica no produto final. Quando as especificações do produto em erros de forma de circularidade e retilineidade demandam valores abaixo de 0,001mm e rugosidade média máxima de 0,10 µm Ra, para sua produção seriada é necessário a realização de uma operação complementar de lapidação, que em muitas aplicações são manuais e utilizam pastas de difícil remoção na superfície da peça. O presente trabalho busca estudar as operações de brunimento e lapidação, tendo como objetivo: realizar experimentos em busca de alternativas de processo para substituir a operação de lapidação diretamente pelo brunimento de precisão, aplicado em aços-liga de alta dureza. Como resultado final, obter erros de forma estatisticamente aceitáveis em produção seriada, inferiores à 0,001mm e rugosidade média abaixo de 0,10 µm Ra, através de experimentos planejados de todo sistema máquina e ferramenta. Os primeiros ensaios comprovaram a forte influência da baixa granulometria dos brunidores na rugosidade da peça, alcançando valores similares ao da lapidação. Os demais ensaios mostraram que a rotação do fuso da brunidora e o avanço dos brunidores em valores baixos, nos limites inferiores dos que foram definidos nos ensaios, proporcionaram melhores características geométricas de circularidade e retilineidade. A estabilidade dimensional do diâmetro da peça também foi melhorada nestas condições. A conclusão desta pesquisa foi de que é possível substituir uma operação de lapidação pelo brunimento de precisão. Palavras Chave: Brunimento, brunidor, brunidora, lapidação, circularidade, retilineidade, rugosidade / Abstract: Honing process is used when a high precision machining is required to correct bore errors on a cylindrical surface, mainly in internal diameters, which is more accurate than grinding process. The operations carried out before honing affect directly the final quality in order to achieve tighter tolerances. The specification of the cutting parameters, such as the tool type, in this case the honing stone, the fixturing condition and the honing coolant affect the geometric results on the final product. In some products applications when roundness and straightness specification is very tight, around or less than 0,001mm and surface finishing of 0,10 ?m Ra maximum, it is necessary a complementary operation of lapping, which is manual and uses the lapping paste, difficult to remove from the piece surface. The objective of this research is to analyze the behavior of the above parameters on precision honing process for hardened steels and suggest process alternatives to achieve the above tolerances directly from honing without lapping. The results must be statistically accepted in production environment by planned experiments in the machine and tooling system. The experiments confirmed the influence of lower honing stones grit size in the roughness quality and it was achieved equivalent surface from the lapping operation. In addition, it was demonstrated that lower spindle speed and stones feedrate figures, in the bottom limit from the range adopted in the trials resulted in a better geometry quality in the roundness and straightness. Also the diameter capability improved with this cutting condition. The conclusion of this research was that it is possible to replace a lapping operation to a precision honing. Keywords: Honing, honing stones, honing machine, lapping, cylindricity, roundness, straightness, surface finishing / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

In this thesis, an attempt is made to summarize the previous archeological research associated with two feature types in Sweden made from fire-cracked stones: the fire-cracked stone embankment and the burnt mound. The ?lim is to study how trends in interpretation and focus have developed. Furthermore, a compilation of ten excavation reports of burnt mounds between 2002 and 2013 is presented with the aim of determining their purpose, their usage of methods in general and petrography. The result of the summary confirms that there are discernable trends present and the result from the compilation of reports show that the larger scope is prioritized and that there are a number of commonly used methods, but that petrography is not among them.

Rounded objects, such as spheroids, are frequently found throughout the Fremont region. Because little information is known about these spheroids, this comprehensive analysis of spheroids contributes to definitions of and variation among Fremont spherical objects. I analyzed over 400 Fremont spheroids recording the size, weight, stone type, and other quantifiable aspects for each spheroid. The provenience of spheroids highlights some of the patterns and variability within the Fremont world. I also compare ethnographic accounts of purposes of spheroids in hopes to develop a better understanding of the function of these objects.

No description available.

The present study characterized the deep-sea gastropods community collected on whale bones and wood parcels artificially implanted in the deep Southwest Atlantic Ocean at 1500 and 3300 m depth for 23 months. A total of 5493 gastropods were collected and their distribution, abundance and diversity on substrates, depths and latitudes were calculated. Species richness and abundance of gastropods were higher in whale bones and deeper sites. Latitude did not seem to influence the distribution of mollusks. Five species were selected due to their abundance and possible ecological importance for further studies. Three were new species of the superfamily Abyssochrisoidea and were morphologically and genetically described (two Rubyspira and one Cordesia). The other two were Hyslogyrina rissoela (Heterobranchia) and Lusitanops cingulatus (Neogastropoda). To understand their feeding behavior and dispersal strategies were conduced stable isotopes analyzes, observations of gut content, and radular and larval shell morphology. Larval shell of most species suggested planktotrophic development. Animals on different growth stages were found. Gastropods presented a diversity of feeding strategies, such as bacterial mats grazing, predation and specialized bone eating. The overlap of this fauna with other chemosynthetic environments and with other basins corroborate with the ecological stepping stone hypothesis. Besides that, phylogenetic studies about Abyssochrysoidea were made. Their phylogenetic position within the Caenogastropoda are still uncertain but this group is considered closely related with Littorinidae. These snails are endemic from chemosynthetic environments, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents, cold seeps and organic falls in the deep-sea. The genus Rubyspira is not settled at family level and no molecular studies were made for Cordesia. The present study also attempts to assign these groups phylogenetically. Concatenated COI, 16S, 18S and 28S and individual gene trees were constructed for maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis. In all analyses the family Newtoniellidae were a sister group of Abyssochrysoidea. Morphological and genetic evidences suggest that Rubyspira and Cordesia are closer related to Abyssochrysos than to other provannid snails. The most accepted hypothesis is that Provannidae is paraphyletic. However, there are other ideas that indicates Rubyspira and Cordesia could be included in Abyssochrysidae or the Provannidae should be considered Abyssochrysidae. A morphologic revision of the superfamily should be made to better understand the relation within the group. Clades within the Abyssochrysoidea were always well supported and similar to those found in the literature. The position of Rubyspira and Cordesia within Abyssochrysoidea suggest whale bones and wood parcels did not play an evolutionary role as stepping stones for this group. / O presente estudo caracterizou a comunidade de gastrópodes de mar profundo coletados em carcaças de baleia e parcelas de madeira artificialmente implantadas no Sudoeste do Oceano Atlântico profundo a 1500 e 3300 m de profundidade por 23 meses. Um total de 5493 gastrópodes foram coletados e sua distribuição, abundância e biodiversidade nos substratos, profundidades e latitudes foram calculados. A riqueza e abundância dos gastrópodes foi maior nos ossos de baleia e em maiores profundidades. A latitude parece não ter influenciado na distribuição dos moluscos. Cinco espécies foram selecionadas devido à abundância e possível importância ecológica. Três são novas espécies da superfamília Abyssochrysoidea que foram descritas morfologicamente e filogeneticamente (duas Rubyspira e uma Cordesia). As outras duas foram Hyalogirina rissoela (Heterobranchia) e Lusitanops cingulatus (Neogastropoda). Para compreender os hábitos alimentares e de dispersão desses animais análises de isótopos estáveis, observações do conteúdo do trato digestório, da morfologia das rádulas e das conchas larvais foram realizadas. A concha larval da maioria das espécies sugere um desenvolvimento planctotrófico. Os moluscos encontrados apresentaram diversos tipos de hábitos alimentares como raspadores de carpete bacteriano, predadores e especialistas de ossos. A sobreposição dessa fauna com a de outros ambientes quimiossintéticos e de outras bacias oceânicas colabora com a hipótese ecológica das \"stepping stones\" no mar profundo. Além disso, estudos sobre a posição filogenética dos Abyssochrysoidea foi feita. Sua posição nos Caenogastropoda ainda é incerta, mas são considerados próximos aos Littorinidae. Esses animais são endêmicos de ambientes quimiossintéticos, como fontes hidrotermais de mar profundo, fontes frias e quedas orgânicas. O gênero Rubyspira não está atribuído à nenhuma Família e não foram realizados estudos moleculares para Cordesia. Esse estudo também tenta organizar esses grupos filogeneticamente. Árvores concatenadas e individuais dos genes COI, 16S, 18S e 28S foram construídas para máxima verossimilhança e análise bayesiana. Em todos resultados a família Newtoniellidae foi um grupo irmão dos Abyssochrysoidea. Evidências morfológicas e genéticas s para que sugerem que Rubyspira e Cordesia então mais próximos dos Abyssochrysos do que de outros provannides. A teoria mais aceita é de que os Provannidae são parafileticos. Porém há outras ideias de que Rubyspira e Cordesia poderiam ser inclusos em Abyssochrysidae, ou que os Provannidae fossem considerados Abyssochrysidae. Uma revisão dessa superfamilia deveria se feita para entender as relações desse grupo. Os clados de Abyssochrysoidea sempre foram bem suportados como na literatura. A posição de Rubyspira e Cordesia nos Abyssochrysoidea. aponta que os ossos de baleia e parcelas de madeira possam não terem servido como \"stepping stones\" evolutivas para esses gastrópodes.