In recent years, firms' environment is more and more competitive. If they always use the same strategy, it is not easy to get success. By case study, I will try to find different other places. Also using "Resource-Based Theory", it finds company's major capability, resource and future. Offer to make a decision when firms use strategic alliances.

Background: It is necessary for a company to hold some unique and irreplicable competitive advantage in order to be able to succeed in a market. In a market where public procurement is an important part the competitive advantages will be characterized by the fact that some of the participants on the market are public organizations and that their actions as for procurement fall under the legislation LOU. The characteristics of competitive advantage also depend on and change with continuous changes on a market. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to study the competitive advantages that are presenton a current market characterized by public procurement and how these are created. The purposes is also to based on the trends on the market today study and predict the nature of the competitive advantage on the market in the future as well as the changes that we think will occur on the relevant market. Realization: We have performed a case study of the market for enteral nutrition where data have been gathered from interviews with participants in the market and from studying the law of public procurement. The data is gathered and analysed based on an adapted model that we have derived from two theoretical perspectives of competitive advantage. The model that looks to the nature and the origin of competitive advantage has been tested and evaluated through application on the market. Results: Strategic assets are of great importance in order for a company to create a competitive advantage in the form of being established, relations, being established in municipalities and the offer on the market of enteral nutrition today. These strategic assets and competitive advantages will in the future be characterized by the trends that are present on the market today. These trends are identified as an increasing knowledge, products for specific diseases, cooperation, limited procurements, alternative distribution channels and working towards the patients. The creation and the nature of competitive advantage is shaped by an interaction between the resources and capabilities of the firm and the needs and the needs and the demands of the market.

<p>Background: It is necessary for a company to hold some unique and irreplicable competitive advantage in order to be able to succeed in a market. In a market where public procurement is an important part the competitive advantages will be characterized by the fact that some of the participants on the market are public organizations and that their actions as for procurement fall under the legislation LOU. The characteristics of competitive advantage also depend on and change with continuous changes on a market. </p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to study the competitive advantages that are presenton a current market characterized by public procurement and how these are created. The purposes is also to based on the trends on the market today study and predict the nature of the competitive advantage on the market in the future as well as the changes that we think will occur on the relevant market. </p><p>Realization: We have performed a case study of the market for enteral nutrition where data have been gathered from interviews with participants in the market and from studying the law of public procurement. The data is gathered and analysed based on an adapted model that we have derived from two theoretical perspectives of competitive advantage. The model that looks to the nature and the origin of competitive advantage has been tested and evaluated through application on the market. </p><p>Results: Strategic assets are of great importance in order for a company to create a competitive advantage in the form of being established, relations, being established in municipalities and the offer on the market of enteral nutrition today. These strategic assets and competitive advantages will in the future be characterized by the trends that are present on the market today. These trends are identified as an increasing knowledge, products for specific diseases, cooperation, limited procurements, alternative distribution channels and working towards the patients. The creation and the nature of competitive advantage is shaped by an interaction between the resources and capabilities of the firm and the needs and the needs and the demands of the market.</p>

Nesta pesquisa é estudada a atuação de um importante agente no funcionamento na cadeia produtiva do setor da construção civil, quais sejam as Empresas executoras de serviços de obras (EES), geralmente denominadas subempreiteiras (SE) ou empresas especializadas na execução de obras (EEE). Apesar de existirem várias pesquisas relacionadas com o estudo das suas características, existe pouca informação sobre como as EES estão organizadas. Nesse sentido, um marco analítico foi desenvolvido, analisando às EES segundo as capacidades possuídas para entregar seus resultados nas condições de competição encontradas. Para tanto, as causas que, por um lado, provocam o encerramento das atividades ou, por outro, a sua liderança no mercado foram estudadas sob a ótica de várias linhas do marketing relacionadas com a chamada lógica de serviço e com as correntes de vantagem competitiva sustentável (VCS). Tal marco empregou a noção de valor entregue no serviço prestado pelas EES a partir das suas fontes de VCS. Tais fontes foram discutidas em função dos ativos que as EES possuem. Tais ativos são compostos dos recursos tangíveis (como produtos, ferramentas, materiais, etc.) e intangíveis (como sistemas de gestão gerenciais e operacionais), que lhes permitem desenvolver uma estratégia de criação de valor de forma sustentável, também chamados de ativos estratégicos. Para seu desenvolvimento foi utilizado o método teoria fundamentada nos dados, entrevistando-se 6 representantes dos contratantes das EES, um consultor especialista em gestão empresarial, e 24 EES de 11 diferentes especialidades técnicas. As entrevistas ocorreram conjuntamente com a revisão bibliográfica e a análise dos resultados. A utilização do marco permitiu distinguir as EEE, um subconjunto das EES, em função das suas competências e acesso a recursos para produzir os seus serviços. Finalmente, espera-se que a abordagem desenvolvida nesta pesquisa seja utilizada para melhor entender as capacidades que as EES possuem para competir, servindo de base para futuras pesquisas sobre como melhorar as capacidades e condições de competição destas empresas. / This research studied the performance of an important agent in the construction industry, which are the trade executors (EES), usually called subcontractors (SE) and specialty contractors (EEE). Although there are several studies related to the study of their characteristics, little information exists about how EES are organized. In this sense, an analytical framework was developed to analyze the possessed ESS capabilities to deliver their results within the competition bounds. For this, the root causes of the closure activities and market leadership have been studied from the perspective of several lines of marketing related to call service logic and to sustainable competitive advantage (VCS). This framework used the concept of service value delivered by EES from their sources of VCS. These sources are discussed in terms of assets that have EES. Such assets consist of tangible assets (such as products, tools, materials, etc.) and intangible (such as management systems and operational systems) that allow them to develop a strategy to create sustainable value, also called strategic assets. The research method was \'grounded theory\', interviewing 6 representatives of their contractors, an expert consultant on business management, and 24 ESS of 11 different technical specialties. The interviews took place in conjunction with the literature review and analysis of results. The use of this method allowed us to distinguish the EEE, a subset of EES, depending on their possession of skills and access to resources to produce their service. Finally, it is expected that the approach developed in this research is used to better understand the capabilities that EES have within their competition, providing the basis for future research on how to improve the capacity and the competition of these firms.

Cette thèse porte sur les stratégies d’internationalisation des firmes chinoises, particulièrement celles qui s’implantent en Europe. À travers une série d’études empiriques nous visons à traiter plusieurs aspects au regard des stratégies employées par ces firmes chinoises. À travers une première étude de cas, nous avons identifié différents parcours internationaux adoptés par les firmes chinoises en référence avec les théories existantes. Par la suite, nous avons conduit à travers une deuxième étude de cas, une analyse comparative de deux cadres théoriques distincts (modèle OLI et LLL). Cela nous a permis de souligner le pouvoir explicatif important de ces deux théories durant des périodes et des contextes différents dans lesquels les firmes chinoises se sont situées. Troisièmement, nous avons visé plus spécifiquement les partenariats entre les multinationales chinoises et les PME françaises. Ce travail a souligné comment ces deux types de firmes, par la combinaison de leurs asymétries réciproques, peuvent surmonter diverses difficultés de leur développement respectif. Au final, selon le concept de distance psychique proposé par le modèle d’Uppsala, nous avons analysé l’impact de la distance psychique dans le cas des multinationales chinoises. Sur la base d’une étude quantitative, cette fois-ci, nous avons proposé qu’en raison de diverses évolutions sociétales (avancement des technologies d’information ; amélioration des moyens de transport, etc.) et de certaines capacités de ces firmes chinoises, les difficultés liées à la distance psychique rencontrée par ces firmes sont inférieures à celles envisagées par le modèle d’Uppsala. / This PhD focuses on the internationalization strategies of Chinese companies, specifically those that are setting up in Europe. Through a series of empirical studies, we aim to treat several aspects with regard to the strategies employed by these Chinese companies. In our first case study, we have identified various international development paths adopted by Chinese firms in reference to existing theories. Subsequently, we conducted, through a second case study, a comparative analysis of two distinct theoretical frameworks (OLI and LLL model). This allowed us to highlight the important explanatory potential of these two theories during different times and contexts in which Chinese firms are embedded. Thirdly, we focused more specifically on partnerships between Chinese multinationals and French SMEs. This work revealed how these two types of firms may overcome various difficulties in combining their reciprocal asymmetries. In the end, according to the concept of psychic distance proposed by the Uppsala model, we addressed the impact of psychic distance in the case of Chinese multinationals. Through a quantitative study, we proposed that due to various societal evolution (advancement of information technologies, improvement of the transport, etc.)and to certain capabilities of Chinese multinationals, the psychic distance related difficulties faced by Chinese multinationals are less than those presumed by the Uppsala model.

Nesta pesquisa é estudada a atuação de um importante agente no funcionamento na cadeia produtiva do setor da construção civil, quais sejam as Empresas executoras de serviços de obras (EES), geralmente denominadas subempreiteiras (SE) ou empresas especializadas na execução de obras (EEE). Apesar de existirem várias pesquisas relacionadas com o estudo das suas características, existe pouca informação sobre como as EES estão organizadas. Nesse sentido, um marco analítico foi desenvolvido, analisando às EES segundo as capacidades possuídas para entregar seus resultados nas condições de competição encontradas. Para tanto, as causas que, por um lado, provocam o encerramento das atividades ou, por outro, a sua liderança no mercado foram estudadas sob a ótica de várias linhas do marketing relacionadas com a chamada lógica de serviço e com as correntes de vantagem competitiva sustentável (VCS). Tal marco empregou a noção de valor entregue no serviço prestado pelas EES a partir das suas fontes de VCS. Tais fontes foram discutidas em função dos ativos que as EES possuem. Tais ativos são compostos dos recursos tangíveis (como produtos, ferramentas, materiais, etc.) e intangíveis (como sistemas de gestão gerenciais e operacionais), que lhes permitem desenvolver uma estratégia de criação de valor de forma sustentável, também chamados de ativos estratégicos. Para seu desenvolvimento foi utilizado o método teoria fundamentada nos dados, entrevistando-se 6 representantes dos contratantes das EES, um consultor especialista em gestão empresarial, e 24 EES de 11 diferentes especialidades técnicas. As entrevistas ocorreram conjuntamente com a revisão bibliográfica e a análise dos resultados. A utilização do marco permitiu distinguir as EEE, um subconjunto das EES, em função das suas competências e acesso a recursos para produzir os seus serviços. Finalmente, espera-se que a abordagem desenvolvida nesta pesquisa seja utilizada para melhor entender as capacidades que as EES possuem para competir, servindo de base para futuras pesquisas sobre como melhorar as capacidades e condições de competição destas empresas. / This research studied the performance of an important agent in the construction industry, which are the trade executors (EES), usually called subcontractors (SE) and specialty contractors (EEE). Although there are several studies related to the study of their characteristics, little information exists about how EES are organized. In this sense, an analytical framework was developed to analyze the possessed ESS capabilities to deliver their results within the competition bounds. For this, the root causes of the closure activities and market leadership have been studied from the perspective of several lines of marketing related to call service logic and to sustainable competitive advantage (VCS). This framework used the concept of service value delivered by EES from their sources of VCS. These sources are discussed in terms of assets that have EES. Such assets consist of tangible assets (such as products, tools, materials, etc.) and intangible (such as management systems and operational systems) that allow them to develop a strategy to create sustainable value, also called strategic assets. The research method was \'grounded theory\', interviewing 6 representatives of their contractors, an expert consultant on business management, and 24 ESS of 11 different technical specialties. The interviews took place in conjunction with the literature review and analysis of results. The use of this method allowed us to distinguish the EEE, a subset of EES, depending on their possession of skills and access to resources to produce their service. Finally, it is expected that the approach developed in this research is used to better understand the capabilities that EES have within their competition, providing the basis for future research on how to improve the capacity and the competition of these firms.

Esta dissertação se dedica à análise estratégica da contribuição das Incubadoras de Empresas de Base Tecnológica (IEBTs) localizadas no Estado de São Paulo para as suas empresas incubadas. Para isso foi realizada um revisão teórica sobre tipos de incubadoras de empresas no Brasil e no exterior. Esta revisão teórica foi complementada com a abordagem da VBR - Visão Baseada em Recursos, que entende que organizações são conjuntos de ativos que podem ser tangíveis e intangíveis e que é fundamental entender quais ativos são mais relevantes para a consecução dos objetivos estratégicos das organizações, no caso desta dissertação, das IEBTs localizadas no Estado de São Paulo, sendo os recursos estratégicos estudados conhecimento científico das universidades e centros de pesquisa e recursos financeiros. As hipóteses elaboradas a partir da revisão teórica partiram da premissa que ativos intangíveis como o conhecimento científico e a rede de relacionamentos estabelecida com universidades e centros de pesquisa constituem ativos estratégicos mais relevantes para fomentar a inovação em empresas incubadas em IEBTs do que os ativos tangíveis. Foram testadas as seguintes hipóteses: H1a- Empresas incubadas em IEBTs que possuem relacionamento com universidades e centros de pesquisa realizam um maior número de lançamento de novos produtos que empresas incubadas em IEBTs que não possuem relacionamento com universidades e centros de pesquisa. H1b - Quanto maior o número de acordos formais das IEBTs com universidades e centros de pesquisa, maior o número de lançamento de novos produtos pelas empresas incubadas; H2 - Quanto maior o financiamento de agências de fomento e órgãos externos a empresas incubadas em IEBTs, maior o número de lançamento de novos produtos. A metodologia envolveu um questionário estruturado enviado para 44 incubadoras, que, depois de classificadas com IEBTs ou não, foram reduzidas para 34 IEBTs, das quais 31 IEBTs participaram das etapas seguintes da pesquisa, que incluiu entrevistas pessoais com gestores e visitas a todas as 31 IEBTs. Foi aplicado também um survey ao universo de 461 empresas incubadas em IEBTs no Estado de São Paulo, que gerou uma amostra de 108 respondentes, que após a análise de missing data e outros foi reduzida para uma amostra de 100 empresas respondentes. Os testes estatísticos realizados apresentaram como principais resultados: IEBTs no Estado de São Paulo possuem maior relacionamento com universidades que com centros de pesquisa; o número de acordos formais em IEBTs é maior com centros de pesquisa que com universidades; empresas em IEBTs que se relacionam com centros de pesquisa lançam mais produtos que empresas em IEBTs que se relacionam com universidades; empresas incubadas financiadas pelo BNDES lançam mais produtos que empresas financiadas pelo CNPq e outras agências de fomento à pesquisa. Estes resultados são analisados à luz da teoria. / This dissertation is dedicated to the strategic analysis of the contribution of Technology Based Incubators (TBIs) in the State of São Paulo for their incubated companies. For this was held a theoretical review of types of business incubators in Brazil and abroad. This literature review was complemented with the approach of RBV - Resource-Based View, which proposes that organizations are sets of resources that can be tangible and intangible and it is essential to understand which resources are most relevant to the achievement of the strategic objectives of the organizations, in the case of this dissertation, the TBIs in the State of São Paulo, and strategic resources studied scientific knowledge from universities and research centers and financial resources. The hypotheses drawn from the literature review from the premise that intangible assets such as scientific knowledge and the network of relationships established with universities and research centers are the most important strategic assets to foster innovation in incubated companies in TBIs, in comparison with tangible assets. The following hypotheses were tested: H1 - In TBIs that have a relationship with universities and research centers incubated companies are launching more new products that incubated companies in TBIs that do not have a relationship with universities and research centers; H1b - The greater the number of formal agreements of TBIs with universities and research centers, the greater the number of new products released by the incubated companies; H2 - The higher the financing from funding agencies and others to the incubated companies in TBIs, the greater the number of new product launches. The methodology involved a structured questionnaire sent to 44 incubators, that after a first analysis were reduced to 34 TBIs, of which 31 TBIs participated in the following stages of the research, which included personal interviews with managers and visits to all 31 TBIs. It was also applied a survey to the universe of 461 companies incubated in TBIs in São Paulo, which generated a sample of 108 respondents, that after the missing data analysis was reduced to a sample of 100 respondents companies. Statistical tests showed as main results that: TBIs in São Paulo have more relationships with universities than with research centers; on the other side the number of formal agreements of TBIs is greater with research centers than with universities; incubated firms in TBIs relating with research centers launch more products that incubated firms in TBIs relating with universities; incubated companies financed by BNDES launch more products that incubated companies financed by CNPq and other agencies that support research. These results are analyzed in the light of the theory.

Esta dissertação se dedica à análise estratégica da contribuição das Incubadoras de Empresas de Base Tecnológica (IEBTs) localizadas no Estado de São Paulo para as suas empresas incubadas. Para isso foi realizada um revisão teórica sobre tipos de incubadoras de empresas no Brasil e no exterior. Esta revisão teórica foi complementada com a abordagem da VBR - Visão Baseada em Recursos, que entende que organizações são conjuntos de ativos que podem ser tangíveis e intangíveis e que é fundamental entender quais ativos são mais relevantes para a consecução dos objetivos estratégicos das organizações, no caso desta dissertação, das IEBTs localizadas no Estado de São Paulo, sendo os recursos estratégicos estudados conhecimento científico das universidades e centros de pesquisa e recursos financeiros. As hipóteses elaboradas a partir da revisão teórica partiram da premissa que ativos intangíveis como o conhecimento científico e a rede de relacionamentos estabelecida com universidades e centros de pesquisa constituem ativos estratégicos mais relevantes para fomentar a inovação em empresas incubadas em IEBTs do que os ativos tangíveis. Foram testadas as seguintes hipóteses: H1a- Empresas incubadas em IEBTs que possuem relacionamento com universidades e centros de pesquisa realizam um maior número de lançamento de novos produtos que empresas incubadas em IEBTs que não possuem relacionamento com universidades e centros de pesquisa. H1b - Quanto maior o número de acordos formais das IEBTs com universidades e centros de pesquisa, maior o número de lançamento de novos produtos pelas empresas incubadas; H2 - Quanto maior o financiamento de agências de fomento e órgãos externos a empresas incubadas em IEBTs, maior o número de lançamento de novos produtos. A metodologia envolveu um questionário estruturado enviado para 44 incubadoras, que, depois de classificadas com IEBTs ou não, foram reduzidas para 34 IEBTs, das quais 31 IEBTs participaram das etapas seguintes da pesquisa, que incluiu entrevistas pessoais com gestores e visitas a todas as 31 IEBTs. Foi aplicado também um survey ao universo de 461 empresas incubadas em IEBTs no Estado de São Paulo, que gerou uma amostra de 108 respondentes, que após a análise de missing data e outros foi reduzida para uma amostra de 100 empresas respondentes. Os testes estatísticos realizados apresentaram como principais resultados: IEBTs no Estado de São Paulo possuem maior relacionamento com universidades que com centros de pesquisa; o número de acordos formais em IEBTs é maior com centros de pesquisa que com universidades; empresas em IEBTs que se relacionam com centros de pesquisa lançam mais produtos que empresas em IEBTs que se relacionam com universidades; empresas incubadas financiadas pelo BNDES lançam mais produtos que empresas financiadas pelo CNPq e outras agências de fomento à pesquisa. Estes resultados são analisados à luz da teoria. / This dissertation is dedicated to the strategic analysis of the contribution of Technology Based Incubators (TBIs) in the State of São Paulo for their incubated companies. For this was held a theoretical review of types of business incubators in Brazil and abroad. This literature review was complemented with the approach of RBV - Resource-Based View, which proposes that organizations are sets of resources that can be tangible and intangible and it is essential to understand which resources are most relevant to the achievement of the strategic objectives of the organizations, in the case of this dissertation, the TBIs in the State of São Paulo, and strategic resources studied scientific knowledge from universities and research centers and financial resources. The hypotheses drawn from the literature review from the premise that intangible assets such as scientific knowledge and the network of relationships established with universities and research centers are the most important strategic assets to foster innovation in incubated companies in TBIs, in comparison with tangible assets. The following hypotheses were tested: H1 - In TBIs that have a relationship with universities and research centers incubated companies are launching more new products that incubated companies in TBIs that do not have a relationship with universities and research centers; H1b - The greater the number of formal agreements of TBIs with universities and research centers, the greater the number of new products released by the incubated companies; H2 - The higher the financing from funding agencies and others to the incubated companies in TBIs, the greater the number of new product launches. The methodology involved a structured questionnaire sent to 44 incubators, that after a first analysis were reduced to 34 TBIs, of which 31 TBIs participated in the following stages of the research, which included personal interviews with managers and visits to all 31 TBIs. It was also applied a survey to the universe of 461 companies incubated in TBIs in São Paulo, which generated a sample of 108 respondents, that after the missing data analysis was reduced to a sample of 100 respondents companies. Statistical tests showed as main results that: TBIs in São Paulo have more relationships with universities than with research centers; on the other side the number of formal agreements of TBIs is greater with research centers than with universities; incubated firms in TBIs relating with research centers launch more products that incubated firms in TBIs relating with universities; incubated companies financed by BNDES launch more products that incubated companies financed by CNPq and other agencies that support research. These results are analyzed in the light of the theory.

The convergence of mobile and social media, enabled by the ever-changing landscape of information and communication technologies and wireless technologies, has over the last decade, transformed our world into a Socio-Mobile Economy. Looking at the disruptive impact of this convergence on the global payment market, this study investigates the incentives behind different reactions and cooperation models that have been adopted by providers in the Swedish mobile payment market. The methodology of the study has been built on a combination of both theoretical and empirical bases. The theoretical base constitutes a literature review along the line of concepts such as innovation management, disruptive innovation, business model innovation, resource-based theory of the firm and the transaction cost theories, to identify existing gaps within the literature. The empirical base constitutes of qualitative in-depth interviews with three providers in the Swedish mobile payment market. The study shows three main reactions from the Swedish mobile payment providers. These providers have reacted to disrupt the disruption, attract a critical mass of customers, and to wrap their solutions with the right context. Currently, there is no cooperation between all three key input providers of a mobile payment solution, the banks, the MNOs and the card payment systems thus there are no full-integration or partial-integration models in the Swedish mobile payment market. Three cooperation models, the all-bank-centric, the MNO-centric and the light models were also identified in this market.